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Stack

Read this in other languages:简体中文, Русский, 日本語, Português

In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements, with two principal operations:

  • push, which adds an element to the collection, and
  • pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.

The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its alternative name, LIFO (last in, first out). Additionally, a peek operation may give access to the top without modifying the stack. The name "stack" for this type of structure comes from the analogy to a set of physical items stacked on top of each other, which makes it easy to take an item off the top of the stack, while getting to an item deeper in the stack may require taking off multiple other items first.

Simple representation of a stack runtime with push and pop operations.

Stack

References

, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { // Add copy buttons to all 
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(function() {
function addCopyButtons() {
document.querySelectorAll('pre code').forEach(function(codeBlock) {
if (codeBlock.parentElement.hasAttribute('data-copy-added')) return;
codeBlock.parentElement.setAttribute('data-copy-added', 'true');
var btn = document.createElement('button');
btn.textContent = 'Copy';
btn.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;top:4px;right:4px;padding:2px 8px;font-size:11px;background:#4ecdc4;border:none;border-radius:4px;color:#1a1a2e;cursor:pointer;opacity:0.7;transition:opacity 0.2s;';
btn.onmouseover = function() { this.style.opacity = '1'; };
btn.onmouseout = function() { this.style.opacity = '0.7'; };
btn.onclick = function() {
navigator.clipboard.writeText(codeBlock.textContent).then(function() {
btn.textContent = 'Copied!';
setTimeout(function() { btn.textContent = 'Copy'; }, 1500);
});
};
codeBlock.parentElement.style.position = 'relative';
codeBlock.parentElement.appendChild(btn);
});
}
addCopyButtons();
// Re-run on dynamic content
var observer = new MutationObserver(addCopyButtons);
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "github.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "github\\.com" + '

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Stack
Read this in other languages:简体中文,
Русский,
日本語,
Português
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves
as a collection of elements, with two principal operations:
  • push, which adds an element to the collection, and
  • pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its
alternative name, LIFO (last in, first out). Additionally, a
peek operation may give access to the top without modifying
the stack. The name "stack" for this type of structure comes
from the analogy to a set of physical items stacked on top of
each other, which makes it easy to take an item off the top
of the stack, while getting to an item deeper in the stack
may require taking off multiple other items first.
Simple representation of a stack runtime with push and pop operations.
Stack
References

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode
(function() {
var style = document.createElement('style');
style.textContent = '
.markdown-body {
color-scheme: dark light;
}
.markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; }
.markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; }
.markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; }
.markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; }
.markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; }
.markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; }
';
document.head.appendChild(style);
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Stack
Read this in other languages:简体中文,
Русский,
日本語,
Português
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves
as a collection of elements, with two principal operations:
  • push, which adds an element to the collection, and
  • pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its
alternative name, LIFO (last in, first out). Additionally, a
peek operation may give access to the top without modifying
the stack. The name "stack" for this type of structure comes
from the analogy to a set of physical items stacked on top of
each other, which makes it easy to take an item off the top
of the stack, while getting to an item deeper in the stack
may require taking off multiple other items first.
Simple representation of a stack runtime with push and pop operations.
Stack
References

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer
(function() {
var ref = document.referrer;
var terms = [];
if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) {
var url = new URL(ref);
var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p');
if (q) {
terms = q.split(/\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; });
}
}
if (terms.length === 0) return;
var style = document.createElement('style');
style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';
document.head.appendChild(style);
function highlight(node) {
if (node.nodeType === 3) { // text node
var text = node.textContent;
var found = false;
terms.forEach(function(term) {
var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\') + ')', 'gi');
if (regex.test(text)) {
found = true;
var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();
var parts = text.split(regex);
parts.forEach(function(part, i) {
if (i % 2 === 0) {
frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part));
} else {
var span = document.createElement('span');
span.className = 'userscript-highlight';
span.textContent = part;
frag.appendChild(span);
}
});
node.parentNode.replaceChild(frag, node);
}
});
} else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element
var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT'];
if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) {
Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight);
}
}
}
highlight(document.body);
// Re-highlight on dynamic content
var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
mutations.forEach(function(m) {
m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node);
});
});
});
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Stack
Read this in other languages:简体中文,
Русский,
日本語,
Português
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves
as a collection of elements, with two principal operations:
  • push, which adds an element to the collection, and
  • pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its
alternative name, LIFO (last in, first out). Additionally, a
peek operation may give access to the top without modifying
the stack. The name "stack" for this type of structure comes
from the analogy to a set of physical items stacked on top of
each other, which makes it easy to take an item off the top
of the stack, while getting to an item deeper in the stack
may require taking off multiple other items first.
Simple representation of a stack runtime with push and pop operations.
Stack
References

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page
(function() {
var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',
'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',
'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];
function cleanUrl(url) {
try {
var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);
var changed = false;
trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {
if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {
u.searchParams.delete(p);
changed = true;
}
});
return changed ? u.toString() : url;
} catch (e) {
return url;
}
}
function cleanLinks() {
document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {
var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);
if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;
});
}
cleanLinks();
var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
mutations.forEach(function(m) {
m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1) {
if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();
node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {
var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);
if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;
});
}
});
});
});
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "youtube.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '

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Stack
Read this in other languages:简体中文,
Русский,
日本語,
Português
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves
as a collection of elements, with two principal operations:
  • push, which adds an element to the collection, and
  • pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its
alternative name, LIFO (last in, first out). Additionally, a
peek operation may give access to the top without modifying
the stack. The name "stack" for this type of structure comes
from the analogy to a set of physical items stacked on top of
each other, which makes it easy to take an item off the top
of the stack, while getting to an item deeper in the stack
may require taking off multiple other items first.
Simple representation of a stack runtime with push and pop operations.
Stack
References

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube
(function() {
function tryTheater() {
var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label="Theater mode"], ytd-player #player button[title="Theater mode"]');
if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {
btn.click();
}
}
// Try immediately
tryTheater();
// Try after navigation (SPA)
var lastUrl = location.href;
setInterval(function() {
if (location.href !== lastUrl) {
lastUrl = location.href;
setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);
}
}, 1000);
// Also try on player load
var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Stack
Read this in other languages:简体中文,
Русский,
日本語,
Português
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves
as a collection of elements, with two principal operations:
  • push, which adds an element to the collection, and
  • pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its
alternative name, LIFO (last in, first out). Additionally, a
peek operation may give access to the top without modifying
the stack. The name "stack" for this type of structure comes
from the analogy to a set of physical items stacked on top of
each other, which makes it easy to take an item off the top
of the stack, while getting to an item deeper in the stack
may require taking off multiple other items first.
Simple representation of a stack runtime with push and pop operations.
Stack
References

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Remove or un-stick sticky/fixed headers that block content
(function() {
function unstick() {
document.querySelectorAll('header, nav, [role="banner"], .header, .navbar, .sticky, .fixed-top, [style*="position: fixed"], [style*="position:sticky"]').forEach(function(el) {
if (el.style.position === 'fixed' || el.style.position === 'sticky' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'fixed' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'sticky') {
el.style.position = 'static';
el.style.top = 'auto';
el.style.zIndex = 'auto';
}
});
}
unstick();
var observer = new MutationObserver(unstick);
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style', 'class'] });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Kill Sticky Headers]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Stack
Read this in other languages:简体中文,
Русский,
日本語,
Português
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves
as a collection of elements, with two principal operations:
  • push, which adds an element to the collection, and
  • pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its
alternative name, LIFO (last in, first out). Additionally, a
peek operation may give access to the top without modifying
the stack. The name "stack" for this type of structure comes
from the analogy to a set of physical items stacked on top of
each other, which makes it easy to take an item off the top
of the stack, while getting to an item deeper in the stack
may require taking off multiple other items first.
Simple representation of a stack runtime with push and pop operations.
Stack
References

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site
(function() {
var enabled = true;
function applyDarkMode() {
if (!enabled) return;
// Create style element if it doesn't exist
var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');
if (!style) {
style = document.createElement('style');
style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';
document.head.appendChild(style);
}
// Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video
style.textContent = '
/* Invert everything except media */
html {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;
background: #1a1a2e !important;
}
/* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */
img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*="background-image"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;
}
/* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */
.no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,
[data-theme="light"], [data-theme="light"],
.ace_editor, .ace_editor *,
.CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,
.monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,
.markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,
.highlight, .highlight *,
pre code, pre code * {
filter: none !important;
}
/* Fix common UI elements */
.modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;
background: #2d2d44 !important;
border-color: #444 !important;
}
/* Scrollbars */
::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }
/* Selection */
::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }
::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }
';
}
function removeDarkMode() {
var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');
if (style) style.remove();
}
// Toggle with Alt+Shift+D
document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {
e.preventDefault();
enabled = !enabled;
if (enabled) {
applyDarkMode();
console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');
} else {
removeDarkMode();
console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');
}
}
});
// Apply on load
applyDarkMode();
// Re-apply on dynamic content
var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {
applyDarkMode();
}
});
observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });
console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); }
})();
})();

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Stack
Read this in other languages:简体中文,
Русский,
日本語,
Português
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves
as a collection of elements, with two principal operations:
  • push, which adds an element to the collection, and
  • pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its
alternative name, LIFO (last in, first out). Additionally, a
peek operation may give access to the top without modifying
the stack. The name "stack" for this type of structure comes
from the analogy to a set of physical items stacked on top of
each other, which makes it easy to take an item off the top
of the stack, while getting to an item deeper in the stack
may require taking off multiple other items first.
Simple representation of a stack runtime with push and pop operations.
Stack
References