dir.c

/**********************************************************************

 dir.c -

 $Author$
 created at: Wed Jan 5 09:51:01 JST 1994

 Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
 Copyright (C) 2000 Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
 Copyright (C) 2000 Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan

**********************************************************************/

#include "ruby/internal/config.h"

#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#ifndef USE_OPENDIR_AT
# if defined(HAVE_FDOPENDIR) && defined(HAVE_DIRFD) && \
 defined(HAVE_OPENAT) && defined(HAVE_FSTATAT)
# define USE_OPENDIR_AT 1
# else
# define USE_OPENDIR_AT 0
# endif
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
# include <fcntl.h>
#endif

#ifndef O_CLOEXEC
# define O_CLOEXEC 0
#endif

#undef HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN
#if defined HAVE_DIRENT_H && !defined _WIN32
# include <dirent.h>
# define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
#elif defined HAVE_DIRECT_H && !defined _WIN32
# include <direct.h>
# define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
#else
# define dirent direct
# define NAMLEN(dirent) (dirent)->d_namlen
# define HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN 1
# ifdef HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H
# include <sys/ndir.h>
# endif
# ifdef HAVE_SYS_DIR_H
# include <sys/dir.h>
# endif
# ifdef HAVE_NDIR_H
# include <ndir.h>
# endif
# ifdef _WIN32
# include "win32/dir.h"
# endif
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_STDLIB_H
char *getenv();
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_STRING_H
char *strchr(char*,char);
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_ATTR_H
#include <sys/attr.h>
#endif

#define USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME 1	/* platform dependent APIs to
 * get real basenames */
#define USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH 2	/* select the matching
 * basename by fnmatch */

#ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
# define RUP32(size) ((size)+3/4)
# define SIZEUP32(type) RUP32(sizeof(type))
#elif defined _WIN32
# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
#elif defined DOSISH
# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
#else
# define USE_NAME_ON_FS 0
#endif

#ifdef __APPLE__
# define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 1
# include <sys/param.h>
# include <sys/mount.h>
# include <sys/vnode.h>
#else
# define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 0
#endif

#include "encindex.h"
#include "id.h"
#include "internal.h"
#include "internal/array.h"
#include "internal/dir.h"
#include "internal/encoding.h"
#include "internal/error.h"
#include "internal/file.h"
#include "internal/gc.h"
#include "internal/io.h"
#include "internal/object.h"
#include "internal/imemo.h"
#include "internal/vm.h"
#include "ruby/encoding.h"
#include "ruby/ruby.h"
#include "ruby/thread.h"
#include "ruby/util.h"
#include "builtin.h"

#ifndef AT_FDCWD
# define AT_FDCWD -1
#endif

#define vm_initialized rb_cThread

/* define system APIs */
#ifdef _WIN32
# undef chdir
# define chdir(p) rb_w32_uchdir(p)
# undef mkdir
# define mkdir(p, m) rb_w32_umkdir((p), (m))
# undef rmdir
# define rmdir(p) rb_w32_urmdir(p)
# undef opendir
# define opendir(p) rb_w32_uopendir(p)
# define ruby_getcwd() rb_w32_ugetcwd(NULL, 0)
# define IS_WIN32 1
#else
# define IS_WIN32 0
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
struct getattrlist_args {
 const char *path;
 int fd;
 struct attrlist *list;
 void *buf;
 size_t size;
 unsigned int options;
};

# define GETATTRLIST_ARGS(list_, buf_, options_) (struct getattrlist_args) \
 {.list = list_, .buf = buf_, .size = sizeof(buf_), .options = options_}

static void *
nogvl_getattrlist(void *args)
{
 struct getattrlist_args *arg = args;
 return (void *)(VALUE)getattrlist(arg->path, arg->list, arg->buf, arg->size, arg->options);
}

static int
gvl_getattrlist(struct getattrlist_args *args, const char *path)
{
 args->path = path;
 return IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_getattrlist, args);
}

# ifdef HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
static void *
nogvl_fgetattrlist(void *args)
{
 struct getattrlist_args *arg = args;
 return (void *)(VALUE)fgetattrlist(arg->fd, arg->list, arg->buf, arg->size, arg->options);
}

static int
gvl_fgetattrlist(struct getattrlist_args *args, int fd)
{
 args->fd = fd;
 return IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_fgetattrlist, args);
}
# endif
#endif

#if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST || !defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST
# define need_normalization(dirp, path) need_normalization(dirp)
# else
# define need_normalization(dirp, path) need_normalization(path)
# endif
static inline int
need_normalization(DIR *dirp, const char *path)
{
# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST || defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST
 u_int32_t attrbuf[SIZEUP32(fsobj_tag_t)];
 struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, ATTR_CMN_OBJTAG,};
 struct getattrlist_args args = GETATTRLIST_ARGS(&al, attrbuf, 0);
# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
 int ret = gvl_fgetattrlist(&args, dirfd(dirp));
# else
 int ret = gvl_getattrlist(&args, path);
# endif
 if (!ret) {
 const fsobj_tag_t *tag = (void *)(attrbuf+1);
 switch (*tag) {
 case VT_HFS:
 case VT_CIFS:
 return TRUE;
 }
 }
# endif
 return FALSE;
}

static inline int
has_nonascii(const char *ptr, size_t len)
{
 while (len > 0) {
 if (!ISASCII(*ptr)) return 1;
 ptr++;
 --len;
 }
 return 0;
}

# define IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(something) something
#else
# define IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(something) /* nothing */
#endif

#if defined(IFTODT) && defined(DT_UNKNOWN)
# define EMULATE_IFTODT 0
#else
# define EMULATE_IFTODT 1
#endif

#if EMULATE_IFTODT
# define IFTODT(m)	(((m) & S_IFMT) / ((~S_IFMT & (S_IFMT-1)) + 1))
#endif

typedef enum {
#if !EMULATE_IFTODT
 path_exist = DT_UNKNOWN,
 path_directory = DT_DIR,
 path_regular = DT_REG,
 path_symlink = DT_LNK,
#else
 path_exist,
 path_directory = IFTODT(S_IFDIR),
 path_regular = IFTODT(S_IFREG),
 path_symlink = IFTODT(S_IFLNK),
#endif
 path_noent = -1,
 path_unknown = -2
} rb_pathtype_t;

#define FNM_NOESCAPE	0x01
#define FNM_PATHNAME	0x02
#define FNM_DOTMATCH	0x04
#define FNM_CASEFOLD	0x08
#define FNM_EXTGLOB	0x10
#if CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM
#define FNM_SYSCASE	FNM_CASEFOLD
#else
#define FNM_SYSCASE	0
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
#define FNM_SHORTNAME	0x20
#else
#define FNM_SHORTNAME	0
#endif
#define FNM_GLOB_NOSORT 0x40
#define FNM_GLOB_SKIPDOT 0x80

#define FNM_NOMATCH	1
#define FNM_ERROR	2

# define Next(p, e, enc) ((p)+ rb_enc_mbclen((p), (e), (enc)))
# define Inc(p, e, enc) ((p) = Next((p), (e), (enc)))

static char *
bracket(
 const char *p, /* pattern (next to '[') */
 const char *pend,
 const char *s, /* string */
 const char *send,
 int flags,
 rb_encoding *enc)
{
 const int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;
 const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
 unsigned int c1, c2;
 int r;
 int ok = 0, not = 0;

 if (p >= pend) return NULL;
 if (*p == '!' || *p == '^') {
 not = 1;
 p++;
 }

 while (*p != ']') {
 const char *t1 = p;
 if (escape && *t1 == '\\')
 t1++;
 if (!*t1)
 return NULL;
 p = t1 + (r = rb_enc_mbclen(t1, pend, enc));
 if (p >= pend) return NULL;
 if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
 const char *t2 = p + 1;
 int r2;
 if (escape && *t2 == '\\')
 t2++;
 if (!*t2)
 return NULL;
 p = t2 + (r2 = rb_enc_mbclen(t2, pend, enc));
 if (ok) continue;
 if ((r <= (send-s) && memcmp(t1, s, r) == 0) ||
 (r2 <= (send-s) && memcmp(t2, s, r2) == 0)) {
 ok = 1;
 continue;
 }
 c1 = rb_enc_codepoint(s, send, enc);
 if (nocase) c1 = rb_enc_toupper(c1, enc);
 c2 = rb_enc_codepoint(t1, pend, enc);
 if (nocase) c2 = rb_enc_toupper(c2, enc);
 if (c1 < c2) continue;
 c2 = rb_enc_codepoint(t2, pend, enc);
 if (nocase) c2 = rb_enc_toupper(c2, enc);
 if (c1 > c2) continue;
 }
 else {
 if (ok) continue;
 if (r <= (send-s) && memcmp(t1, s, r) == 0) {
 ok = 1;
 continue;
 }
 if (!nocase) continue;
 c1 = rb_enc_toupper(rb_enc_codepoint(s, send, enc), enc);
 c2 = rb_enc_toupper(rb_enc_codepoint(p, pend, enc), enc);
 if (c1 != c2) continue;
 }
 ok = 1;
 }

 return ok == not ? NULL : (char *)p + 1;
}

/* If FNM_PATHNAME is set, only path element will be matched. (up to '/' or '\0')
 Otherwise, entire string will be matched.
 End marker itself won't be compared.
 And if function succeeds, *pcur reaches end marker.
*/
#define UNESCAPE(p) (escape && *(p) == '\\' ? (p) + 1 : (p))
#define ISEND(p) (!*(p) || (pathname && *(p) == '/'))
#define RETURN(val) return *pcur = p, *scur = s, (val);

static int
fnmatch_helper(
 const char **pcur, /* pattern */
 const char **scur, /* string */
 int flags,
 rb_encoding *enc)
{
 const int period = !(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH);
 const int pathname = flags & FNM_PATHNAME;
 const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
 const int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;

 const char *ptmp = 0;
 const char *stmp = 0;

 const char *p = *pcur;
 const char *pend = p + strlen(p);
 const char *s = *scur;
 const char *send = s + strlen(s);

 int r;

 if (period && *s == '.' && *UNESCAPE(p) != '.') /* leading period */
 RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);

 while (1) {
 switch (*p) {
 case '*':
 do { p++; } while (*p == '*');
 if (ISEND(UNESCAPE(p))) {
 p = UNESCAPE(p);
 RETURN(0);
 }
 if (ISEND(s))
 RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
 ptmp = p;
 stmp = s;
 continue;

 case '?':
 if (ISEND(s))
 RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
 p++;
 Inc(s, send, enc);
 continue;

 case '[': {
 const char *t;
 if (ISEND(s))
 RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
 if ((t = bracket(p + 1, pend, s, send, flags, enc)) != 0) {
 p = t;
 Inc(s, send, enc);
 continue;
 }
 goto failed;
 }
 }

 /* ordinary */
 p = UNESCAPE(p);
 if (ISEND(s))
 RETURN(ISEND(p) ? 0 : FNM_NOMATCH);
 if (ISEND(p))
 goto failed;
 r = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, pend, enc);
 if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(r))
 goto failed;
 if (r <= (send-s) && memcmp(p, s, r) == 0) {
 p += r;
 s += r;
 continue;
 }
 if (!nocase) goto failed;
 if (rb_enc_toupper(rb_enc_codepoint(p, pend, enc), enc) !=
 rb_enc_toupper(rb_enc_codepoint(s, send, enc), enc))
 goto failed;
 p += r;
 Inc(s, send, enc);
 continue;

 failed: /* try next '*' position */
 if (ptmp && stmp) {
 p = ptmp;
 Inc(stmp, send, enc); /* !ISEND(*stmp) */
 s = stmp;
 continue;
 }
 RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
 }
}

static int
fnmatch(
 const char *pattern,
 rb_encoding *enc,
 const char *string,
 int flags)
{
 const char *p = pattern;
 const char *s = string;
 const char *send = s + strlen(string);
 const int period = !(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH);
 const int pathname = flags & FNM_PATHNAME;

 const char *ptmp = 0;
 const char *stmp = 0;

 if (pathname) {
 while (1) {
 if (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/') {
 do { p += 3; } while (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/');
 ptmp = p;
 stmp = s;
 }
 if (fnmatch_helper(&p, &s, flags, enc) == 0) {
 while (*s && *s != '/') Inc(s, send, enc);
 if (*p && *s) {
 p++;
 s++;
 continue;
 }
 if (!*p && !*s)
 return 0;
 }
 /* failed : try next recursion */
 if (ptmp && stmp && !(period && *stmp == '.')) {
 while (*stmp && *stmp != '/') Inc(stmp, send, enc);
 if (*stmp) {
 p = ptmp;
 stmp++;
 s = stmp;
 continue;
 }
 }
 return FNM_NOMATCH;
 }
 }
 else
 return fnmatch_helper(&p, &s, flags, enc);
}

VALUE rb_cDir;
static VALUE sym_directory, sym_link, sym_file, sym_unknown;

#if defined(DT_BLK) || defined(S_IFBLK)
static VALUE sym_block_device;
#endif
#if defined(DT_CHR) || defined(S_IFCHR)
static VALUE sym_character_device;
#endif
#if defined(DT_FIFO) || defined(S_IFIFO)
static VALUE sym_fifo;
#endif
#if defined(DT_SOCK) || defined(S_IFSOCK)
static VALUE sym_socket;
#endif

struct dir_data {
 DIR *dir;
 const VALUE path;
 rb_encoding *enc;
};

static void
dir_free(void *ptr)
{
 struct dir_data *dir = ptr;

 if (dir->dir) closedir(dir->dir);
}

RUBY_REFERENCES(dir_refs) = {
 RUBY_REF_EDGE(struct dir_data, path),
 RUBY_REF_END
};

static const rb_data_type_t dir_data_type = {
 "dir",
 {
 RUBY_REFS_LIST_PTR(dir_refs),
 dir_free,
 NULL, // Nothing allocated externally, so don't need a memsize function
 },
 0, NULL, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_THREAD_SAFE_FREE | RUBY_TYPED_DECL_MARKING | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
};

static VALUE dir_close(VALUE);

static VALUE
dir_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;
 VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dirp);

 dirp->dir = NULL;
 RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &dirp->path, Qnil);
 dirp->enc = NULL;

 return obj;
}

static void *
nogvl_opendir(void *ptr)
{
 const char *path = ptr;

 return opendir(path);
}

static DIR *
opendir_without_gvl(const char *path)
{
 if (vm_initialized) {
 union { const void *in; void *out; } u;

 u.in = path;

 return IO_WITHOUT_GVL(nogvl_opendir, u.out);
 }
 else
 return opendir(path);
}

static void
close_dir_data(struct dir_data *dp)
{
 if (dp->dir) {
 if (closedir(dp->dir) < 0) {
 dp->dir = NULL;
 rb_sys_fail("closedir");
 }
 dp->dir = NULL;
 }
}

static void
check_closedir(DIR *dirp)
{
 if (closedir(dirp) < 0)
 rb_sys_fail("closedir");
}

static VALUE
dir_initialize(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE dir, VALUE dirname, VALUE enc)
{
 struct dir_data *dp;
 VALUE orig;
 const char *path;
 rb_encoding *fsenc = NIL_P(enc) ? rb_filesystem_encoding() : rb_to_encoding(enc);

 FilePathValue(dirname);
 orig = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
 dirname = rb_str_encode_ospath(dirname);
 dirname = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);

 TypedData_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);
 close_dir_data(dp);
 RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, Qnil);
 dp->enc = fsenc;
 path = RSTRING_PTR(dirname);
 dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
 if (dp->dir == NULL) {
 int e = errno;
 if (rb_gc_for_fd(e)) {
 dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
 }
#ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
 else if (e == EIO) {
 u_int32_t attrbuf[1];
 struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0};
 struct getattrlist_args args = GETATTRLIST_ARGS(&al, attrbuf, FSOPT_NOFOLLOW);
 if (gvl_getattrlist(&args, path) == 0) {
 dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
 }
 }
#endif
 if (dp->dir == NULL) {
 RB_GC_GUARD(dirname);
 rb_syserr_fail_path(e, orig);
 }
 }
 RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, orig);

 return dir;
}

static VALUE
dir_s_open(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE dirname, VALUE enc)
{
 struct dir_data *dp;
 VALUE dir = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);

 dir_initialize(ec, dir, dirname, enc);

 return dir;
}

static VALUE
dir_s_close(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE dir)
{
 return dir_close(dir);
}

# if defined(HAVE_FDOPENDIR) && defined(HAVE_DIRFD)
static void *
nogvl_fdopendir(void *fd)
{
 return fdopendir((int)(VALUE)fd);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.for_fd(fd) -> dir
 *
 * Returns a new \Dir object representing the directory specified by the given
 * integer directory file descriptor +fd+:
 *
 * d0 = Dir.new('..')
 * d1 = Dir.for_fd(d0.fileno)
 *
 * Note that the returned +d1+ does not have an associated path:
 *
 * d0.path # => '..'
 * d1.path # => nil
 *
 * This method uses the
 * {fdopendir()}[https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/fdopendir.3p.html]
 * function defined by POSIX 2008;
 * the method is not implemented on non-POSIX platforms (raises NotImplementedError).
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_for_fd(VALUE klass, VALUE fd)
{
 struct dir_data *dp;
 VALUE dir = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);

 if (!(dp->dir = IO_WITHOUT_GVL(nogvl_fdopendir, (void *)(VALUE)NUM2INT(fd)))) {
 rb_sys_fail("fdopendir");
 UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }

 RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, Qnil);
 return dir;
}
#else
#define dir_s_for_fd rb_f_notimplement
#endif

NORETURN(static void dir_closed(void));

static void
dir_closed(void)
{
 rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "closed directory");
}

static struct dir_data *
dir_get(VALUE dir)
{
 rb_check_frozen(dir);
 return rb_check_typeddata(dir, &dir_data_type);
}

static struct dir_data *
dir_check(VALUE dir)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp = dir_get(dir);
 if (!dirp->dir) dir_closed();
 return dirp;
}

#define GetDIR(obj, dirp) ((dirp) = dir_check(obj))


/*
 * call-seq:
 * inspect -> string
 *
 * Returns a string description of +self+:
 *
 * Dir.new('example').inspect # => "#<Dir:example>"
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_inspect(VALUE dir)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;

 TypedData_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dirp);
 if (!NIL_P(dirp->path)) {
 VALUE str = rb_str_new_cstr("#<");
 rb_str_append(str, rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(dir)));
 rb_str_cat2(str, ":");
 rb_str_append(str, dirp->path);
 rb_str_cat2(str, ">");
 return str;
 }
 return rb_funcallv(dir, idTo_s, 0, 0);
}

/* Workaround for Solaris 10 that does not have dirfd.
 Note: Solaris 11 (POSIX.1-2008 compliant) has dirfd(3C).
 */
#if defined(__sun) && !defined(HAVE_DIRFD)
# if defined(HAVE_DIR_D_FD)
# define dirfd(x) ((x)->d_fd)
# define HAVE_DIRFD 1
# elif defined(HAVE_DIR_DD_FD)
# define dirfd(x) ((x)->dd_fd)
# define HAVE_DIRFD 1
# endif
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_DIRFD
/*
 * call-seq:
 * fileno -> integer
 *
 * Returns the file descriptor used in <em>dir</em>.
 *
 * d = Dir.new('..')
 * d.fileno # => 8
 *
 * This method uses the
 * {dirfd()}[https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/dirfd.3.html]
 * function defined by POSIX 2008;
 * the method is not implemented on non-POSIX platforms (raises NotImplementedError).
 */
static VALUE
dir_fileno(VALUE dir)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;
 int fd;

 GetDIR(dir, dirp);
 fd = dirfd(dirp->dir);
 if (fd == -1)
 rb_sys_fail("dirfd");
 return INT2NUM(fd);
}
#else
#define dir_fileno rb_f_notimplement
#endif

/*
 * call-seq:
 * path -> string or nil
 *
 * Returns the +dirpath+ string that was used to create +self+
 * (or +nil+ if created by method Dir.for_fd):
 *
 * Dir.new('example').path # => "example"
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_path(VALUE dir)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;

 TypedData_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dirp);
 if (NIL_P(dirp->path)) return Qnil;
 return rb_str_dup(dirp->path);
}

#if defined _WIN32
static int
fundamental_encoding_p(rb_encoding *enc)
{
 switch (rb_enc_to_index(enc)) {
 case ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT:
 case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII:
 case ENCINDEX_UTF_8:
 return TRUE;
 default:
 return FALSE;
 }
}
# define READDIR(dir, enc) rb_w32_readdir((dir), (enc))
# define READDIR_NOGVL READDIR
#else
NORETURN(static void *sys_failure(void *function));
static void *
sys_failure(void *function)
{
 rb_sys_fail(function);
}

static void *
nogvl_readdir(void *dir)
{
 rb_errno_set(0);
 if ((dir = readdir(dir)) == NULL) {
 if (rb_errno())
 rb_thread_call_with_gvl(sys_failure, (void *)"readdir");
 }
 return dir;
}

# define READDIR(dir, enc) IO_WITHOUT_GVL(nogvl_readdir, (void *)(dir))
# define READDIR_NOGVL(dir, enc) nogvl_readdir((dir))
#endif

/* safe to use without GVL */
static int
to_be_skipped(const struct dirent *dp)
{
 const char *name = dp->d_name;
 if (name[0] != '.') return FALSE;
#ifdef HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN
 switch (NAMLEN(dp)) {
 case 2:
 if (name[1] != '.') return FALSE;
 case 1:
 return TRUE;
 default:
 break;
 }
#else
 if (!name[1]) return TRUE;
 if (name[1] != '.') return FALSE;
 if (!name[2]) return TRUE;
#endif
 return FALSE;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * read -> string or nil
 *
 * Reads and returns the next entry name from +self+;
 * returns +nil+ if at end-of-stream;
 * see {Dir As Stream-Like}[rdoc-ref:Dir@Dir+As+Stream-Like]:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('example')
 * dir.read # => "."
 * dir.read # => ".."
 * dir.read # => "config.h"
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_read(VALUE dir)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;
 struct dirent *dp;

 GetDIR(dir, dirp);
 rb_errno_set(0);
 if ((dp = READDIR(dirp->dir, dirp->enc)) != NULL) {
 return rb_external_str_new_with_enc(dp->d_name, NAMLEN(dp), dirp->enc);
 }
 else {
 int e = errno;
 if (e != 0) rb_syserr_fail(e, 0);
 return Qnil;		/* end of stream */
 }
}

struct dir_entry_args {
 struct dir_data *dirp;
 struct dirent *dp;
};

static VALUE dir_each_entry(VALUE, VALUE (*)(VALUE, VALUE, struct dir_entry_args *), VALUE, int);

static VALUE
dir_yield(VALUE arg, VALUE path, struct dir_entry_args *_unused)
{
 return rb_yield(path);
}

static int do_lstat(int fd, const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc);

static VALUE
dir_yield_with_type(VALUE arg, VALUE path, struct dir_entry_args *dir_entry)
{
 VALUE type;
 switch (dir_entry->dp->d_type) {
#ifdef DT_BLK
 case DT_BLK:
 type = sym_block_device;
 break;
#endif
#ifdef DT_CHR
 case DT_CHR:
 type = sym_character_device;
 break;
#endif
 case DT_DIR:
 type = sym_directory;
 break;
#ifdef DT_FIFO
 case DT_FIFO:
 type = sym_fifo;
 break;
#endif
 case DT_LNK:
 type = sym_link;
 break;
 case DT_REG:
 type = sym_file;
 break;
#ifdef DT_SOCK
 case DT_SOCK:
 type = sym_socket;
 break;
#endif
 default:
 type = sym_unknown;
 break;
 }

#ifdef HAVE_DIRFD
 if (RUBY_DEBUG || RB_UNLIKELY(type == sym_unknown)) {
 struct stat st;
 if (do_lstat(dirfd(dir_entry->dirp->dir), dir_entry->dp->d_name, &st, 0, rb_filesystem_encoding()) == 0) {
 switch (st.st_mode & S_IFMT) {
 case S_IFDIR:
 type = sym_directory;
 break;
 case S_IFLNK:
 type = sym_link;
 break;
 case S_IFREG:
 type = sym_file;
 break;
#ifdef S_IFSOCK
 case S_IFSOCK:
 type = sym_socket;
 break;
#endif
#ifdef S_IFIFO
 case S_IFIFO:
 type = sym_fifo;
 break;
#endif
#ifdef S_IFBLK
 case S_IFBLK:
 type = sym_block_device;
 break;
#endif
#ifdef S_IFCHR
 case S_IFCHR:
 type = sym_character_device;
 break;
#endif
 default:
 break;
 }
 }
 }
#endif // HAVE_DIRFD

 if (NIL_P(arg)) {
 return rb_yield_values(2, path, type);
 }
 else {
 return rb_ary_push(arg, rb_assoc_new(path, type));
 }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * each {|entry_name| ... } -> self
 *
 * Calls the block with each entry name in +self+:
 *
 * Dir.new('example').each {|entry_name| p entry_name }
 *
 * Output:

 * "."
 * ".."
 * "config.h"
 * "lib"
 * "main.rb"
 *
 * With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_each(VALUE dir)
{
 RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
 return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, FALSE);
}

static VALUE
dir_each_entry(VALUE dir, VALUE (*each)(VALUE, VALUE, struct dir_entry_args *), VALUE arg, int children_only)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;
 struct dirent *dp;
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(int norm_p);

 GetDIR(dir, dirp);
 rewinddir(dirp->dir);
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(norm_p = need_normalization(dirp->dir, RSTRING_PTR(dirp->path)));
 while ((dp = READDIR(dirp->dir, dirp->enc)) != NULL) {
 const char *name = dp->d_name;
 size_t namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
 VALUE path;

 if (children_only && name[0] == '.') {
 if (namlen == 1) continue; /* current directory */
 if (namlen == 2 && name[1] == '.') continue; /* parent directory */
 }
#if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, namlen) &&
 !NIL_P(path = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, namlen))) {
 path = rb_external_str_with_enc(path, dirp->enc);
 }
 else
#endif
 path = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(name, namlen, dirp->enc);
 struct dir_entry_args each_args = {
 .dirp = dirp,
 .dp = dp,
 };
 (*each)(arg, path, &each_args);
 }
 return dir;
}

#ifdef HAVE_TELLDIR
/*
 * call-seq:
 * tell -> integer
 *
 * Returns the current position of +self+;
 * see {Dir As Stream-Like}[rdoc-ref:Dir@Dir+As+Stream-Like]:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('example')
 * dir.tell # => 0
 * dir.read # => "."
 * dir.tell # => 1
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_tell(VALUE dir)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;
 long pos;

 GetDIR(dir, dirp);
 if((pos = telldir(dirp->dir)) < 0)
 rb_sys_fail("telldir");
 return rb_int2inum(pos);
}
#else
#define dir_tell rb_f_notimplement
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SEEKDIR
/*
 * call-seq:
 * seek(position) -> self
 *
 * Sets the position in +self+ and returns +self+.
 * The value of +position+ should have been returned from an earlier call to #tell;
 * if not, the return values from subsequent calls to #read are unspecified.
 *
 * See {Dir As Stream-Like}[rdoc-ref:Dir@Dir+As+Stream-Like].
 *
 * Examples:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('example')
 * dir.pos # => 0
 * dir.seek(3) # => #<Dir:example>
 * dir.pos # => 3
 * dir.seek(30) # => #<Dir:example>
 * dir.pos # => 5
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_seek(VALUE dir, VALUE pos)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;
 long p = NUM2LONG(pos);

 GetDIR(dir, dirp);
 seekdir(dirp->dir, p);
 return dir;
}
#else
#define dir_seek rb_f_notimplement
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SEEKDIR
/*
 * call-seq:
 * pos = position -> integer
 *
 * Sets the position in +self+ and returns +position+.
 * The value of +position+ should have been returned from an earlier call to #tell;
 * if not, the return values from subsequent calls to #read are unspecified.
 *
 * See {Dir As Stream-Like}[rdoc-ref:Dir@Dir+As+Stream-Like].
 *
 * Examples:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('example')
 * dir.pos # => 0
 * dir.pos = 3 # => 3
 * dir.pos # => 3
 * dir.pos = 30 # => 30
 * dir.pos # => 5
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_set_pos(VALUE dir, VALUE pos)
{
 dir_seek(dir, pos);
 return pos;
}
#else
#define dir_set_pos rb_f_notimplement
#endif

/*
 * call-seq:
 * rewind -> self
 *
 * Sets the position in +self+ to zero;
 * see {Dir As Stream-Like}[rdoc-ref:Dir@Dir+As+Stream-Like]:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('example')
 * dir.read # => "."
 * dir.read # => ".."
 * dir.pos # => 2
 * dir.rewind # => #<Dir:example>
 * dir.pos # => 0
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_rewind(VALUE dir)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;

 GetDIR(dir, dirp);
 rewinddir(dirp->dir);
 return dir;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * close -> nil
 *
 * Closes the stream in +self+, if it is open, and returns +nil+;
 * ignored if +self+ is already closed:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('example')
 * dir.read # => "."
 * dir.close # => nil
 * dir.close # => nil
 * dir.read # Raises IOError.
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_close(VALUE dir)
{
 struct dir_data *dirp;

 dirp = dir_get(dir);
 if (!dirp->dir) return Qnil;
 close_dir_data(dirp);

 return Qnil;
}

static void *
nogvl_chdir(void *ptr)
{
 const char *path = ptr;

 return (void *)(VALUE)chdir(path);
}

static void
dir_chdir0(VALUE path)
{
 if (IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_chdir, (void*)RSTRING_PTR(path)) < 0)
 rb_sys_fail_path(path);
}

static struct {
 VALUE thread;
 VALUE path;
 int line;
 int blocking;
} chdir_lock = {
 .blocking = 0, .thread = Qnil,
 .path = Qnil, .line = 0,
};

static void
chdir_enter(void)
{
 if (chdir_lock.blocking == 0) {
 chdir_lock.path = rb_source_location(&chdir_lock.line);
 }
 chdir_lock.blocking++;
 if (NIL_P(chdir_lock.thread)) {
 chdir_lock.thread = rb_thread_current();
 }
}

static void
chdir_leave(void)
{
 chdir_lock.blocking--;
 if (chdir_lock.blocking == 0) {
 chdir_lock.thread = Qnil;
 chdir_lock.path = Qnil;
 chdir_lock.line = 0;
 }
}

static int
chdir_alone_block_p(void)
{
 int block_given = rb_block_given_p();
 if (chdir_lock.blocking > 0) {
 if (rb_thread_current() != chdir_lock.thread)
 rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
 if (!block_given) {
 if (!NIL_P(chdir_lock.path)) {
 rb_warn("conflicting chdir during another chdir block\n"
 "%" PRIsVALUE ":%d: note: previous chdir was here",
 chdir_lock.path, chdir_lock.line);
 }
 else {
 rb_warn("conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
 }
 }
 }
 return block_given;
}

struct chdir_data {
 VALUE old_path, new_path;
 int done;
 bool yield_path;
};

static VALUE
chdir_yield(VALUE v)
{
 struct chdir_data *args = (void *)v;
 dir_chdir0(args->new_path);
 args->done = TRUE;
 chdir_enter();
 return args->yield_path ? rb_yield(args->new_path) : rb_yield_values2(0, NULL);
}

static VALUE
chdir_restore(VALUE v)
{
 struct chdir_data *args = (void *)v;
 if (args->done) {
 chdir_leave();
 dir_chdir0(args->old_path);
 }
 return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
chdir_path(VALUE path, bool yield_path)
{
 if (chdir_alone_block_p()) {
 struct chdir_data args;

 args.old_path = rb_str_encode_ospath(rb_dir_getwd());
 args.new_path = path;
 args.done = FALSE;
 args.yield_path = yield_path;
 return rb_ensure(chdir_yield, (VALUE)&args, chdir_restore, (VALUE)&args);
 }
 else {
 char *p = RSTRING_PTR(path);
 int r = IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_chdir, p);
 if (r < 0)
 rb_sys_fail_path(path);
 }

 return INT2FIX(0);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.chdir(new_dirpath) -> 0
 * Dir.chdir -> 0
 * Dir.chdir(new_dirpath) {|new_dirpath| ... } -> object
 * Dir.chdir {|cur_dirpath| ... } -> object
 *
 * Changes the current working directory.
 *
 * With argument +new_dirpath+ and no block,
 * changes to the given +dirpath+:
 *
 * Dir.pwd # => "/example"
 * Dir.chdir('..') # => 0
 * Dir.pwd # => "/"
 *
 * With no argument and no block:
 *
 * - Changes to the value of environment variable +HOME+ if defined.
 * - Otherwise changes to the value of environment variable +LOGDIR+ if defined.
 * - Otherwise makes no change.
 *
 * With argument +new_dirpath+ and a block, temporarily changes the working directory:
 *
 * - Calls the block with the argument.
 * - Changes to the given directory.
 * - Executes the block (yielding the new path).
 * - Restores the previous working directory.
 * - Returns the block's return value.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 * Dir.chdir('/var/spool/mail')
 * Dir.pwd # => "/var/spool/mail"
 * Dir.chdir('/tmp') do
 * Dir.pwd # => "/tmp"
 * end
 * Dir.pwd # => "/var/spool/mail"
 *
 * With no argument and a block,
 * calls the block with the current working directory (string)
 * and returns the block's return value.
 *
 * Calls to \Dir.chdir with blocks may be nested:
 *
 * Dir.chdir('/var/spool/mail')
 * Dir.pwd # => "/var/spool/mail"
 * Dir.chdir('/tmp') do
 * Dir.pwd # => "/tmp"
 * Dir.chdir('/usr') do
 * Dir.pwd # => "/usr"
 * end
 * Dir.pwd # => "/tmp"
 * end
 * Dir.pwd # => "/var/spool/mail"
 *
 * In a multi-threaded program an error is raised if a thread attempts
 * to open a +chdir+ block while another thread has one open,
 * or a call to +chdir+ without a block occurs inside
 * a block passed to +chdir+ (even in the same thread).
 *
 * Raises an exception if the target directory does not exist.
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_chdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
 VALUE path = Qnil;

 if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
 path = rb_str_encode_ospath(rb_get_path(argv[0]));
 }
 else {
 const char *dist = getenv("HOME");
 if (!dist) {
 dist = getenv("LOGDIR");
 if (!dist) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "HOME/LOGDIR not set");
 }
 path = rb_str_new2(dist);
 }

 return chdir_path(path, true);
}

#if defined(HAVE_FCHDIR) && defined(HAVE_DIRFD) && HAVE_FCHDIR && HAVE_DIRFD
static void *
nogvl_fchdir(void *ptr)
{
 const int *fd = ptr;

 return (void *)(VALUE)fchdir(*fd);
}

static void
dir_fchdir(int fd)
{
 if (IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_fchdir, (void *)&fd) < 0)
 rb_sys_fail("fchdir");
}

struct fchdir_data {
 VALUE old_dir;
 int fd;
 int done;
};

static VALUE
fchdir_yield(VALUE v)
{
 struct fchdir_data *args = (void *)v;
 dir_fchdir(args->fd);
 args->done = TRUE;
 chdir_enter();
 return rb_yield_values(0);
}

static VALUE
fchdir_restore(VALUE v)
{
 struct fchdir_data *args = (void *)v;
 if (args->done) {
 chdir_leave();
 dir_fchdir(RB_NUM2INT(dir_fileno(args->old_dir)));
 }
 dir_close(args->old_dir);
 return Qnil;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.fchdir(fd) -> 0
 * Dir.fchdir(fd) { ... } -> object
 *
 * Changes the current working directory to the directory
 * specified by the integer file descriptor +fd+.
 *
 * When passing a file descriptor over a UNIX socket or to a child process,
 * using +fchdir+ instead of +chdir+ avoids the
 * {time-of-check to time-of-use vulnerability}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-check_to_time-of-use]
 *
 * With no block, changes to the directory given by +fd+:
 *
 * Dir.chdir('/var/spool/mail')
 * Dir.pwd # => "/var/spool/mail"
 * dir = Dir.new('/usr')
 * fd = dir.fileno
 * Dir.fchdir(fd)
 * Dir.pwd # => "/usr"
 *
 * With a block, temporarily changes the working directory:
 *
 * - Calls the block with the argument.
 * - Changes to the given directory.
 * - Executes the block (yields no args).
 * - Restores the previous working directory.
 * - Returns the block's return value.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 * Dir.chdir('/var/spool/mail')
 * Dir.pwd # => "/var/spool/mail"
 * dir = Dir.new('/tmp')
 * fd = dir.fileno
 * Dir.fchdir(fd) do
 * Dir.pwd # => "/tmp"
 * end
 * Dir.pwd # => "/var/spool/mail"
 *
 * This method uses the
 * {fchdir()}[https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/fchdir.3p.html]
 * function defined by POSIX 2008;
 * the method is not implemented on non-POSIX platforms (raises NotImplementedError).
 *
 * Raises an exception if the file descriptor is not valid.
 *
 * In a multi-threaded program an error is raised if a thread attempts
 * to open a +chdir+ block while another thread has one open,
 * or a call to +chdir+ without a block occurs inside
 * a block passed to +chdir+ (even in the same thread).
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_fchdir(VALUE klass, VALUE fd_value)
{
 int fd = RB_NUM2INT(fd_value);

 if (chdir_alone_block_p()) {
 struct fchdir_data args;
 args.old_dir = dir_s_alloc(klass);
 dir_initialize(NULL, args.old_dir, rb_fstring_cstr("."), Qnil);
 args.fd = fd;
 args.done = FALSE;
 return rb_ensure(fchdir_yield, (VALUE)&args, fchdir_restore, (VALUE)&args);
 }
 else {
 int r = IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_fchdir, &fd);
 if (r < 0)
 rb_sys_fail("fchdir");
 }

 return INT2FIX(0);
}
#else
#define dir_s_fchdir rb_f_notimplement
#endif

/*
 * call-seq:
 * chdir -> 0
 * chdir { ... } -> object
 *
 * Changes the current working directory to +self+:
 *
 * Dir.pwd # => "/"
 * dir = Dir.new('example')
 * dir.chdir
 * Dir.pwd # => "/example"
 *
 * With a block, temporarily changes the working directory:
 *
 * - Calls the block.
 * - Changes to the given directory.
 * - Executes the block (yields no args).
 * - Restores the previous working directory.
 * - Returns the block's return value.
 *
 * Uses Dir.fchdir if available, and Dir.chdir if not, see those
 * methods for caveats.
 */
static VALUE
dir_chdir(VALUE dir)
{
#if defined(HAVE_FCHDIR) && defined(HAVE_DIRFD) && HAVE_FCHDIR && HAVE_DIRFD
 return dir_s_fchdir(rb_cDir, dir_fileno(dir));
#else
 return chdir_path(dir_get(dir)->path, false);
#endif
}

static VALUE last_cwd;

#ifndef _WIN32
static VALUE
getcwd_to_str(VALUE arg)
{
 const char *path = (const char *)arg;
#ifdef __APPLE__
 return rb_str_normalize_ospath(path, strlen(path));
#else
 return rb_str_new2(path);
#endif
}

static VALUE
getcwd_xfree(VALUE arg)
{
 xfree((void *)arg);
 return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
rb_dir_getwd_ospath_slowpath(void)
{
 char *path = ruby_getcwd();
 return rb_ensure(getcwd_to_str, (VALUE)path, getcwd_xfree, (VALUE)path);
}

VALUE
rb_dir_getwd_ospath(void)
{
 char buf[PATH_MAX < LONG_MAX ? PATH_MAX : -1];
 char *path = getcwd(buf, PATH_MAX);
 if (!path) {
 return rb_dir_getwd_ospath_slowpath();
 }
 size_t len = strlen(path);
 RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(len < PATH_MAX);

 VALUE cached_cwd = RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_LOAD(last_cwd);

 if (!cached_cwd || (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(cached_cwd) != len ||
 memcmp(RSTRING_PTR(cached_cwd), path, len) != 0) {
#ifdef __APPLE__
 cached_cwd = rb_str_normalize_ospath(path, (long)len);
#else
 cached_cwd = rb_str_new(path, (long)len);
#endif
 rb_str_freeze(cached_cwd);
 RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_SET(last_cwd, cached_cwd);
 }
 return cached_cwd;
}
#endif

VALUE
rb_dir_getwd(void)
{
 rb_encoding *fs = rb_filesystem_encoding();
 int fsenc = rb_enc_to_index(fs);
 VALUE cwd = rb_str_new_shared(rb_dir_getwd_ospath());

 switch (fsenc) {
 case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII:
 fsenc = ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT;
 case ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT:
 break;
#if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
 default:
 return rb_str_conv_enc(cwd, NULL, fs);
#endif
 }
 return rb_enc_associate_index(cwd, fsenc);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.pwd -> string
 *
 * Returns the path to the current working directory:
 *
 * Dir.chdir("/tmp") # => 0
 * Dir.pwd # => "/tmp"
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_getwd(VALUE dir)
{
 return rb_dir_getwd();
}

static VALUE
check_dirname(VALUE dir)
{
 VALUE d = dir;
 char *path, *pend;
 long len;
 rb_encoding *enc;

 FilePathValue(d);
 enc = rb_enc_get(d);
 RSTRING_GETMEM(d, path, len);
 pend = path + len;
 pend = rb_enc_path_end(rb_enc_path_skip_prefix(path, pend, enc), pend, enc);
 if (pend - path < len) {
 d = rb_str_subseq(d, 0, pend - path);
 StringValueCStr(d);
 }
 return rb_str_encode_ospath(d);
}

#if defined(HAVE_CHROOT)
static void *
nogvl_chroot(void *dirname)
{
 return (void *)(VALUE)chroot((const char *)dirname);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.chroot(dirpath) -> 0
 *
 * Changes the root directory of the calling process to that specified in +dirpath+.
 * The new root directory is used for pathnames beginning with <tt>'/'</tt>.
 * The root directory is inherited by all children of the calling process.
 *
 * Only a privileged process may call +chroot+.
 *
 * See {Linux chroot}[https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/chroot.2.html].
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_chroot(VALUE dir, VALUE path)
{
 path = check_dirname(path);
 if (IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_chroot, (void *)RSTRING_PTR(path)) == -1)
 rb_sys_fail_path(path);

 return INT2FIX(0);
}
#else
#define dir_s_chroot rb_f_notimplement
#endif

struct mkdir_arg {
 const char *path;
 mode_t mode;
};

static void *
nogvl_mkdir(void *ptr)
{
 struct mkdir_arg *m = ptr;

 return (void *)(VALUE)mkdir(m->path, m->mode);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.mkdir(dirpath, permissions = 0775) -> 0
 *
 * Creates a directory in the underlying file system
 * at +dirpath+ with the given +permissions+;
 * see {File Permissions}[rdoc-ref:File@File+Permissions]:
 *
 * Dir.mkdir('foo')
 * File.stat(Dir.new('foo')).mode.to_s(8) # => "40775"
 * Dir.mkdir('bar', 0644)
 * File.stat(Dir.new('bar')).mode.to_s(8) # => "40644"
 * Dir.rmdir('foo')
 * Dir.rmdir('bar')
 *
 * Argument +permissions+ is ignored on Windows.
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_mkdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
 struct mkdir_arg m;
 VALUE path, vmode;
 int r;

 if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &path, &vmode) == 2) {
 m.mode = NUM2MODET(vmode);
 }
 else {
 m.mode = 0777;
 }

 path = check_dirname(path);
 m.path = RSTRING_PTR(path);
 r = IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_mkdir, &m);
 if (r < 0)
 rb_sys_fail_path(path);

 return INT2FIX(0);
}

static void *
nogvl_rmdir(void *ptr)
{
 const char *path = ptr;

 return (void *)(VALUE)rmdir(path);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.rmdir(dirpath) -> 0
 *
 * Removes the directory at +dirpath+ from the underlying file system:
 *
 * Dir.rmdir('foo') # => 0
 *
 * Raises an exception if the directory is not empty.
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_rmdir(VALUE obj, VALUE dir)
{
 const char *p;
 int r;

 dir = check_dirname(dir);
 p = RSTRING_PTR(dir);
 r = IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_rmdir, (void *)p);
 if (r < 0)
 rb_sys_fail_path(dir);

 return INT2FIX(0);
}

struct warning_args {
#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
 const char *func;
#endif
 const char *mesg;
 rb_encoding *enc;
};

#ifndef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
#define sys_enc_warning_in(func, mesg, enc) sys_enc_warning(mesg, enc)
#endif

static VALUE
sys_warning_1(VALUE mesg)
{
 const struct warning_args *arg = (struct warning_args *)mesg;
#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
 rb_sys_enc_warning(arg->enc, "%s: %s", arg->func, arg->mesg);
#else
 rb_sys_enc_warning(arg->enc, "%s", arg->mesg);
#endif
 return Qnil;
}

static void
sys_enc_warning_in(const char *func, const char *mesg, rb_encoding *enc)
{
 struct warning_args arg;
#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
 arg.func = func;
#endif
 arg.mesg = mesg;
 arg.enc = enc;
 rb_protect(sys_warning_1, (VALUE)&arg, 0);
}

#define GLOB_VERBOSE	(1U << (sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT - 1))
#define sys_warning(val, enc) \
 ((flags & GLOB_VERBOSE) ? sys_enc_warning_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, (val), (enc)) :(void)0)

static inline size_t
glob_alloc_size(size_t x, size_t y)
{
 size_t z;
 if (rb_mul_size_overflow(x, y, SSIZE_MAX, &z)) {
 rb_memerror(); /* or...? */
 }
 else {
 return z;
 }
}

static inline void *
glob_alloc_n(size_t x, size_t y)
{
 return malloc(glob_alloc_size(x, y));
}

static inline void *
glob_realloc_n(void *p, size_t x, size_t y)
{
 return realloc(p, glob_alloc_size(x, y));
}

#define GLOB_ALLOC(type) ((type *)malloc(sizeof(type)))
#define GLOB_ALLOC_N(type, n) ((type *)glob_alloc_n(sizeof(type), n))
#define GLOB_REALLOC(ptr, size) realloc((ptr), (size))
#define GLOB_REALLOC_N(ptr, n) glob_realloc_n(ptr, sizeof(*(ptr)), n)
#define GLOB_FREE(ptr) free(ptr)
#define GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status) (((status) == -1) ? rb_memerror() : rb_jump_tag(status))

/*
 * ENOTDIR can be returned by stat(2) if a non-leaf element of the path
 * is not a directory.
 */
ALWAYS_INLINE(static int to_be_ignored(int e));
static inline int
to_be_ignored(int e)
{
 return e == ENOENT || e == ENOTDIR;
}

#ifdef _WIN32
#define STAT(args)	(int)(VALUE)nogvl_stat(&(args))
#define LSTAT(args)	(int)(VALUE)nogvl_lstat(&(args))
#else
#define STAT(args)	IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_stat, (void *)&(args))
#define LSTAT(args)	IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_lstat, (void *)&(args))
#endif

typedef int ruby_glob_errfunc(const char*, VALUE, const void*, int);
typedef struct {
 ruby_glob_func *match;
 ruby_glob_errfunc *error;
} ruby_glob_funcs_t;

static const char *
at_subpath(int fd, size_t baselen, const char *path)
{
#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
 if (fd != (int)AT_FDCWD && baselen > 0) {
 path += baselen;
 if (*path == '/') ++path;
 }
#endif
 return *path ? path : ".";
}

#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
struct fstatat_args {
 int fd;
 int flag;
 const char *path;
 struct stat *pst;
};

static void *
nogvl_fstatat(void *args)
{
 struct fstatat_args *arg = (struct fstatat_args *)args;
 return (void *)(VALUE)fstatat(arg->fd, arg->path, arg->pst, arg->flag);
}
#else
struct stat_args {
 const char *path;
 struct stat *pst;
};

static void *
nogvl_stat(void *args)
{
 struct stat_args *arg = (struct stat_args *)args;
 return (void *)(VALUE)stat(arg->path, arg->pst);
}
#endif

/* System call with warning */
static int
do_stat(int fd, const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
{
#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
 struct fstatat_args args;
 args.fd = fd;
 args.path = path;
 args.pst = pst;
 args.flag = 0;
 int ret = IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_fstatat, (void *)&args);
#else
 struct stat_args args;
 args.path = path;
 args.pst = pst;
 int ret = STAT(args);
#endif
 if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
 sys_warning(path, enc);

 return ret;
}

#if defined HAVE_LSTAT || defined lstat || USE_OPENDIR_AT
#if !USE_OPENDIR_AT
static void *
nogvl_lstat(void *args)
{
 struct stat_args *arg = (struct stat_args *)args;
 return (void *)(VALUE)lstat(arg->path, arg->pst);
}
#endif

static int
do_lstat(int fd, const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
{
#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
 struct fstatat_args args;
 args.fd = fd;
 args.path = path;
 args.pst = pst;
 args.flag = AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW;
 int ret = IO_WITHOUT_GVL_INT(nogvl_fstatat, (void *)&args);
#else
 struct stat_args args;
 args.path = path;
 args.pst = pst;
 int ret = LSTAT(args);
#endif
 if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
 sys_warning(path, enc);

 return ret;
}
#else
#define do_lstat do_stat
#endif

struct opendir_at_arg {
 int basefd;
 const char *path;
};

static void *
with_gvl_gc_for_fd(void *ptr)
{
 int *e = ptr;

 return (void *)RBOOL(rb_gc_for_fd(*e));
}

static int
gc_for_fd_with_gvl(int e)
{
 if (vm_initialized)
 return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_with_gvl(with_gvl_gc_for_fd, &e);
 else
 return RBOOL(rb_gc_for_fd(e));
}

static void *
nogvl_opendir_at(void *ptr)
{
 const struct opendir_at_arg *oaa = ptr;
 DIR *dirp;

#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
 const int opendir_flags = (O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|
# ifdef O_DIRECTORY
 O_DIRECTORY|
# endif /* O_DIRECTORY */
 0);
 int fd = openat(oaa->basefd, oaa->path, opendir_flags);

 dirp = fd >= 0 ? fdopendir(fd) : 0;
 if (!dirp) {
 int e = errno;

 switch (gc_for_fd_with_gvl(e)) {
 default:
 if (fd < 0) fd = openat(oaa->basefd, oaa->path, opendir_flags);
 if (fd >= 0) dirp = fdopendir(fd);
 if (dirp) return dirp;

 e = errno;
 /* fallthrough*/
 case 0:
 if (fd >= 0) close(fd);
 rb_errno_set(e);
 }
 }
#else /* !USE_OPENDIR_AT */
 dirp = opendir(oaa->path);
 if (!dirp && gc_for_fd_with_gvl(errno))
 dirp = opendir(oaa->path);
#endif /* !USE_OPENDIR_AT */

 return dirp;
}

static DIR *
opendir_at(int basefd, const char *path)
{
 struct opendir_at_arg oaa;

 oaa.basefd = basefd;
 oaa.path = path;

 if (vm_initialized)
 return IO_WITHOUT_GVL(nogvl_opendir_at, &oaa);
 else
 return nogvl_opendir_at(&oaa);
}

static DIR *
do_opendir(const int basefd, size_t baselen, const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc,
 ruby_glob_errfunc *errfunc, VALUE arg, int *status)
{
 DIR *dirp;
#ifdef _WIN32
 VALUE tmp = 0;
 if (!fundamental_encoding_p(enc)) {
 tmp = rb_enc_str_new(path, strlen(path), enc);
 tmp = rb_str_encode_ospath(tmp);
 path = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
 }
#endif
 dirp = opendir_at(basefd, at_subpath(basefd, baselen, path));
 if (!dirp) {
 int e = errno;

 *status = 0;
 if (!to_be_ignored(e)) {
 if (errfunc) {
 *status = (*errfunc)(path, arg, enc, e);
 }
 else {
 sys_warning(path, enc);
 }
 }
 }
#ifdef _WIN32
 if (tmp) rb_str_resize(tmp, 0); /* GC guard */
#endif

 return dirp;
}

/* Globing pattern */
enum glob_pattern_type { PLAIN, ALPHA, BRACE, MAGICAL, RECURSIVE, MATCH_ALL, MATCH_DIR };

/* Return nonzero if S has any special globbing chars in it. */
static enum glob_pattern_type
has_magic(const char *p, const char *pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
{
 const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
 int hasalpha = 0;
 int hasmagical = 0;

 register char c;

 while (p < pend && (c = *p++) != 0) {
 switch (c) {
 case '{':
 return BRACE;

 case '*':
 case '?':
 case '[':
 hasmagical = 1;
 break;

 case '\\':
 if (escape && p++ >= pend)
 continue;
 break;

#ifdef _WIN32
 case '.':
 break;

 case '~':
 hasalpha = 1;
 break;
#endif
 default:
 if (IS_WIN32 || ISALPHA(c)) {
 hasalpha = 1;
 }
 break;
 }

 p = Next(p-1, pend, enc);
 }

 return hasmagical ? MAGICAL : hasalpha ? ALPHA : PLAIN;
}

/* Find separator in globbing pattern. */
static char *
find_dirsep(const char *p, const char *pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
{
 const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);

 register char c;
 int open = 0;

 while ((c = *p++) != 0) {
 switch (c) {
 case '[':
 open = 1;
 continue;
 case ']':
 open = 0;
 continue;

 case '{':
 open = 1;
 continue;
 case '}':
 open = 0;
 continue;

 case '/':
 if (!open)
 return (char *)p-1;
 continue;

 case '\\':
 if (escape && !(c = *p++))
 return (char *)p-1;
 continue;
 }

 p = Next(p-1, pend, enc);
 }

 return (char *)p-1;
}

/* Remove escaping backslashes */
static char *
remove_backslashes(char *p, register const char *pend, rb_encoding *enc)
{
 char *t = p;
 char *s = p;

 while (*p) {
 if (*p == '\\') {
 if (t != s)
 memmove(t, s, p - s);
 t += p - s;
 s = ++p;
 if (!*p) break;
 }
 Inc(p, pend, enc);
 }

 while (*p++);

 if (t != s)
 memmove(t, s, p - s); /* move '\0' too */

 return p;
}

struct glob_pattern {
 char *str;
 enum glob_pattern_type type;
 struct glob_pattern *next;
};

static void glob_free_pattern(struct glob_pattern *list);

static struct glob_pattern *
glob_make_pattern(const char *p, const char *e, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
{
 struct glob_pattern *list, *tmp, **tail = &list;
 int dirsep = 0; /* pattern is terminated with '/' */
 int recursive = 0;

 while (p < e && *p) {
 tmp = GLOB_ALLOC(struct glob_pattern);
 if (!tmp) goto error;
 if (p + 2 < e && p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/') {
 /* fold continuous RECURSIVEs (needed in glob_helper) */
 do { p += 3; while (*p == '/') p++; } while (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/');
 tmp->type = RECURSIVE;
 tmp->str = 0;
 dirsep = 1;
 recursive = 1;
 }
 else {
 const char *m = find_dirsep(p, e, flags, enc);
 const enum glob_pattern_type magic = has_magic(p, m, flags, enc);
 const enum glob_pattern_type non_magic = (USE_NAME_ON_FS || FNM_SYSCASE) ? PLAIN : ALPHA;
 char *buf;

 if (!(FNM_SYSCASE || magic > non_magic) && !recursive && *m) {
 const char *m2;
 while (has_magic(m+1, m2 = find_dirsep(m+1, e, flags, enc), flags, enc) <= non_magic &&
 *m2) {
 m = m2;
 }
 }
 buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, m-p+1);
 if (!buf) {
 GLOB_FREE(tmp);
 goto error;
 }
 memcpy(buf, p, m-p);
 buf[m-p] = '\0';
 tmp->type = magic > MAGICAL ? MAGICAL : magic > non_magic ? magic : PLAIN;
 tmp->str = buf;
 if (*m) {
 dirsep = 1;
 p = m + 1;
 }
 else {
 dirsep = 0;
 p = m;
 }
 }
 *tail = tmp;
 tail = &tmp->next;
 }

 tmp = GLOB_ALLOC(struct glob_pattern);
 if (!tmp) {
 goto error;
 }
 tmp->type = dirsep ? MATCH_DIR : MATCH_ALL;
 tmp->str = 0;
 *tail = tmp;
 tmp->next = 0;

 return list;

 error:
 *tail = 0;
 glob_free_pattern(list);
 return 0;
}

static void
glob_free_pattern(struct glob_pattern *list)
{
 while (list) {
 struct glob_pattern *tmp = list;
 list = list->next;
 if (tmp->str)
 GLOB_FREE(tmp->str);
 GLOB_FREE(tmp);
 }
}

static char *
join_path(const char *path, size_t len, int dirsep, const char *name, size_t namlen)
{
 char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len+namlen+(dirsep?1:0)+1);

 if (!buf) return 0;
 memcpy(buf, path, len);
 if (dirsep) {
 buf[len++] = '/';
 }
 memcpy(buf+len, name, namlen);
 buf[len+namlen] = '\0';
 return buf;
}

#ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
# define is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) is_case_sensitive(dirp)
# else
# define is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) is_case_sensitive(path)
# endif
static int
is_case_sensitive(DIR *dirp, const char *path)
{
 struct {
 u_int32_t length;
 vol_capabilities_attr_t cap[1];
 } __attribute__((aligned(4), packed)) attrbuf[1];
 struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, 0, ATTR_VOL_INFO|ATTR_VOL_CAPABILITIES};
 const vol_capabilities_attr_t *const cap = attrbuf[0].cap;
 const int idx = VOL_CAPABILITIES_FORMAT;
 const uint32_t mask = VOL_CAP_FMT_CASE_SENSITIVE;
 struct getattrlist_args args = GETATTRLIST_ARGS(&al, attrbuf, FSOPT_NOFOLLOW);
# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
 int ret = gvl_fgetattrlist(&args, dirfd(dirp));
# else
 int ret = gvl_getattrlist(&args, path);
# endif
 if (ret)
 return -1;

 if (!(cap->valid[idx] & mask))
 return -1;
 return (cap->capabilities[idx] & mask) != 0;
}

static char *
replace_real_basename(char *path, long base, rb_encoding *enc, int norm_p, int flags, rb_pathtype_t *type)
{
 struct {
 u_int32_t length;
 attrreference_t ref[1];
 fsobj_type_t objtype;
 char path[MAXPATHLEN * 3];
 } __attribute__((aligned(4), packed)) attrbuf[1];
 struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, ATTR_CMN_NAME|ATTR_CMN_OBJTYPE};
 const attrreference_t *const ar = attrbuf[0].ref;
 const char *name;
 long len;
 char *tmp;
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(VALUE utf8str = Qnil);

 *type = path_noent;
 struct getattrlist_args args = GETATTRLIST_ARGS(&al, attrbuf, FSOPT_NOFOLLOW);
 if (gvl_getattrlist(&args, path)) {
 if (!to_be_ignored(errno))
 sys_warning(path, enc);
 return path;
 }

 switch (attrbuf[0].objtype) {
 case VREG: *type = path_regular; break;
 case VDIR: *type = path_directory; break;
 case VLNK: *type = path_symlink; break;
 default: *type = path_exist; break;
 }
 name = (char *)ar + ar->attr_dataoffset;
 len = (long)ar->attr_length - 1;
 if (name + len > (char *)attrbuf + sizeof(attrbuf))
 return path;

# if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, len)) {
 if (!NIL_P(utf8str = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, len))) {
 RSTRING_GETMEM(utf8str, name, len);
 }
 }
# endif

 tmp = GLOB_REALLOC(path, base + len + 1);
 if (tmp) {
 path = tmp;
 memcpy(path + base, name, len);
 path[base + len] = '\0';
 }
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(if (!NIL_P(utf8str)) rb_str_resize(utf8str, 0));
 return path;
}
#elif defined _WIN32
VALUE rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(const WCHAR *wstr, rb_encoding *enc);
int rb_w32_reparse_symlink_p(const WCHAR *path);

static char *
replace_real_basename(char *path, long base, rb_encoding *enc, int norm_p, int flags, rb_pathtype_t *type)
{
 char *plainname = path;
 volatile VALUE tmp = 0;
 WIN32_FIND_DATAW fd;
 WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA fa;
 WCHAR *wplain;
 HANDLE h = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
 long wlen;
 int e = 0;
 if (!fundamental_encoding_p(enc)) {
 tmp = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(plainname, enc);
 tmp = rb_str_encode_ospath(tmp);
 plainname = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
 }
 wplain = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, plainname, -1, &wlen);
 if (tmp) rb_str_resize(tmp, 0);
 if (!wplain) return path;
 if (GetFileAttributesExW(wplain, GetFileExInfoStandard, &fa)) {
 h = FindFirstFileW(wplain, &fd);
 e = rb_w32_map_errno(GetLastError());
 }
 if (fa.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
 if (!rb_w32_reparse_symlink_p(wplain))
 fa.dwFileAttributes &= ~FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT;
 }
 free(wplain);
 if (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
 *type = path_noent;
 if (e && !to_be_ignored(e)) {
 errno = e;
 sys_warning(path, enc);
 }
 return path;
 }
 FindClose(h);
 *type =
 (fa.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) ? path_symlink :
 (fa.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) ? path_directory :
 path_regular;
 if (tmp) {
 char *buf;
 tmp = rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(fd.cFileName, enc);
 wlen = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
 buf = GLOB_REALLOC(path, base + wlen + 1);
 if (buf) {
 path = buf;
 memcpy(path + base, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), wlen);
 path[base + wlen] = 0;
 }
 rb_str_resize(tmp, 0);
 }
 else {
 char *utf8filename;
 wlen = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, fd.cFileName, -1, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
 utf8filename = GLOB_REALLOC(0, wlen);
 if (utf8filename) {
 char *buf;
 WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, fd.cFileName, -1, utf8filename, wlen, NULL, NULL);
 buf = GLOB_REALLOC(path, base + wlen + 1);
 if (buf) {
 path = buf;
 memcpy(path + base, utf8filename, wlen);
 path[base + wlen] = 0;
 }
 GLOB_FREE(utf8filename);
 }
 }
 return path;
}
#elif USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
# error not implemented
#endif

#ifndef S_ISDIR
# define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
#endif

#ifndef S_ISLNK
# ifndef S_IFLNK
# define S_ISLNK(m) (0)
# else
# define S_ISLNK(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK)
# endif
#endif

struct glob_args {
 void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *);
 const char *path;
 const char *base;
 size_t baselen;
 VALUE value;
 rb_encoding *enc;
};

#define glob_call_func(func, path, arg, enc) (*(func))((path), (arg), (void *)(enc))

static VALUE
glob_func_caller(VALUE val)
{
 struct glob_args *args = (struct glob_args *)val;

 glob_call_func(args->func, args->path, args->value, args->enc);
 return Qnil;
}

struct glob_error_args {
 const char *path;
 rb_encoding *enc;
 int error;
};

static VALUE
glob_func_warning(VALUE val)
{
 struct glob_error_args *arg = (struct glob_error_args *)val;
 rb_syserr_enc_warning(arg->error, arg->enc, "%s", arg->path);
 return Qnil;
}

#if 0
static int
rb_glob_warning(const char *path, VALUE a, const void *enc, int error)
{
 int status;
 struct glob_error_args args;

 args.path = path;
 args.enc = enc;
 args.error = error;
 rb_protect(glob_func_warning, (VALUE)&args, &status);
 return status;
}
#endif

NORETURN(static VALUE glob_func_error(VALUE val));

static VALUE
glob_func_error(VALUE val)
{
 struct glob_error_args *arg = (struct glob_error_args *)val;
 VALUE path = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(arg->path, arg->enc);
 rb_syserr_fail_str(arg->error, path);
 UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
}

static int
rb_glob_error(const char *path, VALUE a, const void *enc, int error)
{
 int status;
 struct glob_error_args args;
 VALUE (*errfunc)(VALUE) = glob_func_error;

 switch (error) {
 case EACCES:
#ifdef ENOTCAPABLE
 case ENOTCAPABLE:
#endif
 errfunc = glob_func_warning;
 }
 args.path = path;
 args.enc = enc;
 args.error = error;
 rb_protect(errfunc, (VALUE)&args, &status);
 return status;
}

typedef struct rb_dirent {
 long d_namlen;
 const char *d_name;
#ifdef _WIN32
 const char *d_altname;
#endif
 uint8_t d_type;
} rb_dirent_t;

static inline int
dirent_match(const char *pat, rb_encoding *enc, const char *name, const rb_dirent_t *dp, int flags)
{
 if (fnmatch(pat, enc, name, flags) == 0) return 1;
#ifdef _WIN32
 if (dp->d_altname && (flags & FNM_SHORTNAME)) {
 if (fnmatch(pat, enc, dp->d_altname, flags) == 0) return 1;
 }
#endif
 return 0;
}

struct push_glob_args {
 int fd;
 const char *path;
 size_t baselen;
 size_t namelen;
 int dirsep; /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
 rb_pathtype_t pathtype; /* type of 'path' */
 int flags;
 const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs;
 VALUE arg;
};

struct dirent_brace_args {
 const char *name;
 const rb_dirent_t *dp;
 int flags;
};

static int
dirent_match_brace(const char *pattern, VALUE val, void *enc)
{
 struct dirent_brace_args *arg = (struct dirent_brace_args *)val;

 return dirent_match(pattern, enc, arg->name, arg->dp, arg->flags);
}

/* join paths from pattern list of glob_make_pattern() */
static char*
join_path_from_pattern(struct glob_pattern **beg)
{
 struct glob_pattern *p;
 char *path = NULL;
 size_t path_len = 0;

 for (p = *beg; p; p = p->next) {
 const char *str;
 switch (p->type) {
 case RECURSIVE:
 str = "**";
 break;
 case MATCH_DIR:
 /* append last slash */
 str = "";
 break;
 default:
 str = p->str;
 if (!str) continue;
 }
 if (!path) {
 path_len = strlen(str);
 path = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, path_len + 1);
 if (path) {
 memcpy(path, str, path_len);
 path[path_len] = '\0';
 }
 }
 else {
 size_t len = strlen(str);
 char *tmp;
 tmp = GLOB_REALLOC(path, path_len + len + 2);
 if (tmp) {
 path = tmp;
 path[path_len++] = '/';
 memcpy(path + path_len, str, len);
 path_len += len;
 path[path_len] = '\0';
 }
 }
 }
 return path;
}

static int push_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc);

static int ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
 rb_encoding *enc, VALUE var);

static const size_t rb_dirent_name_offset =
 offsetof(rb_dirent_t, d_type) + sizeof(uint8_t);

static rb_dirent_t *
dirent_copy(const struct dirent *dp, rb_dirent_t *rdp)
{
 if (!dp) return NULL;
 size_t namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
 const size_t altlen =
#ifdef _WIN32
 dp->d_altlen ? dp->d_altlen + 1 :
#endif
 0;
 rb_dirent_t *newrdp = rdp;
 if (!rdp && !(newrdp = malloc(rb_dirent_name_offset + namlen + 1 + altlen)))
 return NULL;
 newrdp->d_namlen = namlen;
 if (!rdp) {
 char *name = (char *)newrdp + rb_dirent_name_offset;
 memcpy(name, dp->d_name, namlen);
 name[namlen] = '\0';
#ifdef _WIN32
 newrdp->d_altname = NULL;
 if (altlen) {
 char *const altname = name + namlen + 1;
 memcpy(altname, dp->d_altname, altlen - 1);
 altname[altlen - 1] = '\0';
 newrdp->d_altname = altname;
 }
#endif
 newrdp->d_name = name;
 }
 else {
 newrdp->d_name = dp->d_name;
#ifdef _WIN32
 newrdp->d_altname = dp->d_altname;
#endif
 }
#if !EMULATE_IFTODT
 newrdp->d_type = dp->d_type;
#else
 newrdp->d_type = 0;
#endif
 return newrdp;
}

typedef union {
 struct {
 DIR *dirp;
 rb_dirent_t ent;
 } nosort;
 struct {
 size_t count, idx;
 rb_dirent_t **entries;
 } sort;
} ruby_glob_entries_t;

static int
glob_sort_cmp(const void *a, const void *b, void *e)
{
 const rb_dirent_t *ent1 = *(void **)a;
 const rb_dirent_t *ent2 = *(void **)b;
 return strcmp(ent1->d_name, ent2->d_name);
}

static void
glob_dir_finish(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, int flags)
{
 if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
 check_closedir(ent->nosort.dirp);
 ent->nosort.dirp = NULL;
 }
 else if (ent->sort.entries) {
 for (size_t i = 0, count = ent->sort.count; i < count;) {
 GLOB_FREE(ent->sort.entries[i++]);
 }
 GLOB_FREE(ent->sort.entries);
 ent->sort.entries = NULL;
 ent->sort.count = ent->sort.idx = 0;
 }
}

static ruby_glob_entries_t *
glob_opendir(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, DIR *dirp, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
{
 MEMZERO(ent, ruby_glob_entries_t, 1);
 if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
 ent->nosort.dirp = dirp;
 return ent;
 }
 else {
 void *newp;
 struct dirent *dp;
 size_t count = 0, capacity = 0;
 ent->sort.count = 0;
 ent->sort.idx = 0;
 ent->sort.entries = 0;
#ifdef _WIN32
 if ((capacity = dirp->nfiles) > 0) {
 if (!(newp = GLOB_ALLOC_N(rb_dirent_t, capacity))) {
 check_closedir(dirp);
 return NULL;
 }
 ent->sort.entries = newp;
 }
#endif
 while ((dp = READDIR(dirp, enc)) != NULL) {
 rb_dirent_t *rdp = dirent_copy(dp, NULL);
 if (!rdp) {
 goto nomem;
 }
 if (count >= capacity) {
 capacity += 256;
 if (!(newp = GLOB_REALLOC_N(ent->sort.entries, capacity))) {
 GLOB_FREE(rdp);
 goto nomem;
 }
 ent->sort.entries = newp;
 }
 ent->sort.entries[count++] = rdp;
 ent->sort.count = count;
 }
 check_closedir(dirp);
 if (count < capacity) {
 if (!(newp = GLOB_REALLOC_N(ent->sort.entries, count))) {
 glob_dir_finish(ent, 0);
 return NULL;
 }
 ent->sort.entries = newp;
 }
 ruby_qsort(ent->sort.entries, ent->sort.count, sizeof(ent->sort.entries[0]),
 glob_sort_cmp, NULL);
 return ent;
 }

 nomem:
 glob_dir_finish(ent, 0);
 check_closedir(dirp);
 return NULL;
}

static rb_dirent_t *
glob_getent(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
{
 if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
 return dirent_copy(READDIR(ent->nosort.dirp, enc), &ent->nosort.ent);
 }
 else if (ent->sort.idx < ent->sort.count) {
 return ent->sort.entries[ent->sort.idx++];
 }
 else {
 return NULL;
 }
}

static int
glob_helper(
 int fd,
 const char *path,
 size_t baselen,
 size_t namelen,
 int dirsep, /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
 rb_pathtype_t pathtype, /* type of 'path' */
 struct glob_pattern **beg,
 struct glob_pattern **end,
 int flags,
 const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs,
 VALUE arg,
 rb_encoding *enc)
{
 struct stat st;
 int status = 0;
 struct glob_pattern **cur, **new_beg, **new_end;
 int plain = 0, brace = 0, magical = 0, recursive = 0, match_all = 0, match_dir = 0;
 int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
 size_t pathlen = baselen + namelen;

 rb_check_stack_overflow();

 for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
 struct glob_pattern *p = *cur;
 if (p->type == RECURSIVE) {
 recursive = 1;
 p = p->next;
 }
 switch (p->type) {
 case PLAIN:
 plain = 1;
 break;
 case ALPHA:
#if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
 plain = 1;
#else
 magical = 1;
#endif
 break;
 case BRACE:
 if (!recursive || strchr(p->str, '/')) {
 brace = 1;
 }
 break;
 case MAGICAL:
 magical = 2;
 break;
 case MATCH_ALL:
 match_all = 1;
 break;
 case MATCH_DIR:
 match_dir = 1;
 break;
 case RECURSIVE:
 rb_bug("continuous RECURSIVEs");
 }
 }

 if (brace) {
 struct push_glob_args args;
 char* brace_path = join_path_from_pattern(beg);
 if (!brace_path) return -1;
 args.fd = fd;
 args.path = path;
 args.baselen = baselen;
 args.namelen = namelen;
 args.dirsep = dirsep;
 args.pathtype = pathtype;
 args.flags = flags;
 args.funcs = funcs;
 args.arg = arg;
 status = ruby_brace_expand(brace_path, flags, push_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
 GLOB_FREE(brace_path);
 return status;
 }

 if (*path) {
 if (match_all && pathtype == path_unknown) {
 if (do_lstat(fd, path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
 pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 }
 else {
 pathtype = path_noent;
 }
 }
 if (match_dir && (pathtype == path_unknown || pathtype == path_symlink)) {
 if (do_stat(fd, path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
 pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 }
 else {
 pathtype = path_noent;
 }
 }
 if (match_all && pathtype > path_noent) {
 const char *subpath = path + baselen + (baselen && path[baselen] == '/');
 status = glob_call_func(funcs->match, subpath, arg, enc);
 if (status) return status;
 }
 if (match_dir && pathtype == path_directory) {
 int seplen = (baselen && path[baselen] == '/');
 const char *subpath = path + baselen + seplen;
 char *tmp = join_path(subpath, namelen - seplen, dirsep, "", 0);
 if (!tmp) return -1;
 status = glob_call_func(funcs->match, tmp, arg, enc);
 GLOB_FREE(tmp);
 if (status) return status;
 }
 }

 if (pathtype == path_noent) return 0;

 if (magical || recursive) {
 rb_dirent_t *dp;
 DIR *dirp;
# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 char *plainname = 0;
# endif
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(int norm_p);
# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 if (cur + 1 == end && (*cur)->type <= ALPHA) {
 plainname = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, (*cur)->str, strlen((*cur)->str));
 if (!plainname) return -1;
 dirp = do_opendir(fd, basename, plainname, flags, enc, funcs->error, arg, &status);
 GLOB_FREE(plainname);
 }
 else
# else
 ;
# endif
 dirp = do_opendir(fd, baselen, path, flags, enc, funcs->error, arg, &status);
 if (dirp == NULL) {
# if FNM_SYSCASE || NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 if ((magical < 2) && !recursive && (errno == EACCES)) {
 /* no read permission, fallback */
 goto literally;
 }
# endif
 return status;
 }
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(norm_p = need_normalization(dirp, *path ? path : "."));

# if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 if (!(norm_p || magical || recursive)) {
 check_closedir(dirp);
 goto literally;
 }
# endif
# ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
 if (is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) == 0)
 flags |= FNM_CASEFOLD;
# endif
 ruby_glob_entries_t globent;
 if (!glob_opendir(&globent, dirp, flags, enc)) {
 status = 0;
 if (funcs->error) {
 status = (*funcs->error)(path, arg, enc, ENOMEM);
 }
 else {
 sys_warning(path, enc);
 }
 return status;
 }

 int skipdot = (flags & FNM_GLOB_SKIPDOT);
 flags |= FNM_GLOB_SKIPDOT;

 while ((dp = glob_getent(&globent, flags, enc)) != NULL) {
 char *buf;
 rb_pathtype_t new_pathtype = path_unknown;
 const char *name;
 size_t namlen;
 int dotfile = 0;
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(VALUE utf8str = Qnil);

 name = dp->d_name;
 namlen = dp->d_namlen;
 if (name[0] == '.') {
 ++dotfile;
 if (namlen == 1) {
 /* unless DOTMATCH, skip current directories not to recurse infinitely */
 if (recursive && !(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH)) continue;
 if (skipdot) continue;
 ++dotfile;
 new_pathtype = path_directory; /* force to skip stat/lstat */
 }
 else if (namlen == 2 && name[1] == '.') {
 /* always skip parent directories not to recurse infinitely */
 continue;
 }
 }

# if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, namlen)) {
 if (!NIL_P(utf8str = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, namlen))) {
 RSTRING_GETMEM(utf8str, name, namlen);
 }
 }
# endif
 buf = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, name, namlen);
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(if (!NIL_P(utf8str)) rb_str_resize(utf8str, 0));
 if (!buf) {
 status = -1;
 break;
 }
 name = buf + pathlen + (dirsep != 0);
#if !EMULATE_IFTODT
 if (dp->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN) {
 /* Got it. We need no more lstat. */
 new_pathtype = dp->d_type;
 }
#endif
 if (recursive && dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1) &&
 new_pathtype == path_unknown) {
 /* RECURSIVE never match dot files unless FNM_DOTMATCH is set */
 if (do_lstat(fd, buf, &st, flags, enc) == 0)
 new_pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 else
 new_pathtype = path_noent;
 }

 new_beg = new_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern *, (end - beg) * 2);
 if (!new_beg) {
 GLOB_FREE(buf);
 status = -1;
 break;
 }

 for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
 struct glob_pattern *p = *cur;
 struct dirent_brace_args args;
 if (p->type == RECURSIVE) {
 if (new_pathtype == path_directory || /* not symlink but real directory */
 new_pathtype == path_exist) {
 if (dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1))
 *new_end++ = p; /* append recursive pattern */
 }
 p = p->next; /* 0 times recursion */
 }
 switch (p->type) {
 case BRACE:
 args.name = name;
 args.dp = dp;
 args.flags = flags;
 if (ruby_brace_expand(p->str, flags, dirent_match_brace,
 (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse) > 0)
 *new_end++ = p->next;
 break;
 case ALPHA:
# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 if (plainname) {
 *new_end++ = p->next;
 break;
 }
# endif
 case PLAIN:
 case MAGICAL:
 if (dirent_match(p->str, enc, name, dp, flags))
 *new_end++ = p->next;
 default:
 break;
 }
 }

 status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen, name - buf - baselen + namlen, 1,
 new_pathtype, new_beg, new_end,
 flags, funcs, arg, enc);
 GLOB_FREE(buf);
 GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
 if (status) break;
 }

 glob_dir_finish(&globent, flags);
 }
 else if (plain) {
 struct glob_pattern **copy_beg, **copy_end, **cur2;

# if FNM_SYSCASE || NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 literally:
# endif
 copy_beg = copy_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern *, end - beg);
 if (!copy_beg) return -1;
 for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur)
 *copy_end++ = (*cur)->type <= ALPHA ? *cur : 0;

 for (cur = copy_beg; cur < copy_end; ++cur) {
 if (*cur) {
 rb_pathtype_t new_pathtype = path_unknown;
 char *buf;
 char *name;
 size_t len = strlen((*cur)->str) + 1;
 name = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len);
 if (!name) {
 status = -1;
 break;
 }
 memcpy(name, (*cur)->str, len);
 if (escape)
 len = remove_backslashes(name, name+len-1, enc) - name;

 new_beg = new_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern *, end - beg);
 if (!new_beg) {
 GLOB_FREE(name);
 status = -1;
 break;
 }
 *new_end++ = (*cur)->next;
 for (cur2 = cur + 1; cur2 < copy_end; ++cur2) {
 if (*cur2 && fnmatch((*cur2)->str, enc, name, flags) == 0) {
 *new_end++ = (*cur2)->next;
 *cur2 = 0;
 }
 }

 buf = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, name, len);
 GLOB_FREE(name);
 if (!buf) {
 GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
 status = -1;
 break;
 }
#if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
 if ((*cur)->type == ALPHA) {
 buf = replace_real_basename(buf, pathlen + (dirsep != 0), enc,
 IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(1)+0,
 flags, &new_pathtype);
 if (!buf) break;
 }
#endif
 status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen,
 namelen + strlen(buf + pathlen), 1,
 new_pathtype, new_beg, new_end,
 flags, funcs, arg, enc);
 GLOB_FREE(buf);
 GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
 if (status) break;
 }
 }

 GLOB_FREE(copy_beg);
 }

 return status;
}

static int
push_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
{
 struct push_glob_args *arg = (struct push_glob_args *)val;
 struct glob_pattern *list;
 int status;

 list = glob_make_pattern(path, path + strlen(path), arg->flags, enc);
 if (!list) {
 return -1;
 }
 status = glob_helper(arg->fd, arg->path, arg->baselen, arg->namelen, arg->dirsep,
 arg->pathtype, &list, &list + 1, arg->flags, arg->funcs,
 arg->arg, enc);
 glob_free_pattern(list);
 return status;
}

static int ruby_glob0(const char *path, int fd, const char *base, int flags,
 const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs, VALUE arg, rb_encoding *enc);

struct push_glob0_args {
 int fd;
 const char *base;
 int flags;
 const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs;
 VALUE arg;
};

static int
push_glob0_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
{
 struct push_glob0_args *arg = (struct push_glob0_args *)val;
 return ruby_glob0(path, arg->fd, arg->base, arg->flags, arg->funcs, arg->arg, enc);
}

static int
ruby_glob0(const char *path, int fd, const char *base, int flags,
 const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs, VALUE arg,
 rb_encoding *enc)
{
 struct glob_pattern *list;
 const char *root, *start;
 char *buf;
 size_t n, baselen = 0;
 int status, dirsep = FALSE;

 start = root = path;

 if (*root == '{') {
 struct push_glob0_args args;
 args.fd = fd;
 args.base = base;
 args.flags = flags;
 args.funcs = funcs;
 args.arg = arg;
 return ruby_brace_expand(path, flags, push_glob0_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
 }

 flags |= FNM_SYSCASE;
#if defined DOSISH
 root = rb_enc_path_skip_prefix(root, root + strlen(root), enc);
#endif

 if (*root == '/') root++;

 n = root - start;
 if (!n && base) {
 n = strlen(base);
 baselen = n;
 start = base;
 dirsep = TRUE;
 }
 buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, n + 1);
 if (!buf) return -1;
 MEMCPY(buf, start, char, n);
 buf[n] = '\0';

 list = glob_make_pattern(root, root + strlen(root), flags, enc);
 if (!list) {
 GLOB_FREE(buf);
 return -1;
 }
 status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen, n-baselen, dirsep,
 path_unknown, &list, &list + 1,
 flags, funcs, arg, enc);
 glob_free_pattern(list);
 GLOB_FREE(buf);

 return status;
}

int
ruby_glob(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg)
{
 ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs;
 funcs.match = func;
 funcs.error = 0;
 return ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE,
 &funcs, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
}

static int
rb_glob_caller(const char *path, VALUE a, void *enc)
{
 int status;
 struct glob_args *args = (struct glob_args *)a;

 args->path = path;
 rb_protect(glob_func_caller, a, &status);
 return status;
}

static const ruby_glob_funcs_t rb_glob_funcs = {
 rb_glob_caller, rb_glob_error,
};

void
rb_glob(const char *path, void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), VALUE arg)
{
 struct glob_args args;
 int status;

 args.func = func;
 args.value = arg;
 args.enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();

 status = ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, GLOB_VERBOSE, &rb_glob_funcs,
 (VALUE)&args, args.enc);
 if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
}

static void
push_pattern(const char *path, VALUE ary, void *enc)
{
#if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
 VALUE name = rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(path);
 rb_encoding *eenc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
 name = rb_str_conv_enc(name, NULL, eenc ? eenc : enc);
#else
 VALUE name = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(path, strlen(path), enc);
#endif
 rb_ary_push(ary, name);
}

static int
ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
 rb_encoding *enc, VALUE var)
{
 const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
 const char *p = str;
 const char *pend = p + strlen(p);
 const char *s = p;
 const char *lbrace = 0, *rbrace = 0;
 int nest = 0, status = 0;

 while (*p) {
 if (*p == '{' && nest++ == 0) {
 lbrace = p;
 }
 if (*p == '}' && lbrace && --nest == 0) {
 rbrace = p;
 break;
 }
 if (*p == '\\' && escape) {
 if (!*++p) break;
 }
 Inc(p, pend, enc);
 }

 if (lbrace && rbrace) {
 size_t len = strlen(s) + 1;
 char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len);
 long shift;

 if (!buf) return -1;
 memcpy(buf, s, lbrace-s);
 shift = (lbrace-s);
 p = lbrace;
 while (p < rbrace) {
 const char *t = ++p;
 nest = 0;
 while (p < rbrace && !(*p == ',' && nest == 0)) {
 if (*p == '{') nest++;
 if (*p == '}') nest--;
 if (*p == '\\' && escape) {
 if (++p == rbrace) break;
 }
 Inc(p, pend, enc);
 }
 memcpy(buf+shift, t, p-t);
 strlcpy(buf+shift+(p-t), rbrace+1, len-(shift+(p-t)));
 status = ruby_brace_expand(buf, flags, func, arg, enc, var);
 if (status) break;
 }
 GLOB_FREE(buf);
 }
 else if (!lbrace && !rbrace) {
 status = glob_call_func(func, s, arg, enc);
 }

 RB_GC_GUARD(var);
 return status;
}

struct brace_args {
 ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs;
 VALUE value;
 int flags;
};

static int
glob_brace(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
{
 struct brace_args *arg = (struct brace_args *)val;

 return ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, arg->flags, &arg->funcs, arg->value, enc);
}

int
ruby_brace_glob_with_enc(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_encoding *enc)
{
 struct brace_args args;

 flags &= ~GLOB_VERBOSE;
 args.funcs.match = func;
 args.funcs.error = 0;
 args.value = arg;
 args.flags = flags;
 return ruby_brace_expand(str, flags, glob_brace, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
}

int
ruby_brace_glob(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg)
{
 return ruby_brace_glob_with_enc(str, flags, func, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
}

static int
push_glob(VALUE ary, VALUE str, VALUE base, int flags)
{
 struct glob_args args;
 int fd;
 rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_get(str);

#if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
 str = rb_str_encode_ospath(str);
#endif
 if (rb_enc_to_index(enc) == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII)
 enc = rb_filesystem_encoding();
 if (rb_enc_to_index(enc) == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII)
 enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
 flags |= GLOB_VERBOSE;
 args.func = push_pattern;
 args.value = ary;
 args.enc = enc;
 args.base = 0;
 fd = AT_FDCWD;
 if (!NIL_P(base)) {
 if (!RB_TYPE_P(base, T_STRING) || !rb_enc_check(str, base)) {
 struct dir_data *dirp = RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(base);
 if (!dirp->dir) dir_closed();
#ifdef HAVE_DIRFD
 if ((fd = dirfd(dirp->dir)) == -1)
 rb_sys_fail_path(dir_inspect(base));
#endif
 base = dirp->path;
 }
 args.base = RSTRING_PTR(base);
 }
#if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
 enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
#endif

 return ruby_glob0(RSTRING_PTR(str), fd, args.base, flags, &rb_glob_funcs,
 (VALUE)&args, enc);
}

static VALUE
rb_push_glob(VALUE str, VALUE base, int flags) /* '\0' is delimiter */
{
 VALUE ary;
 int status;

 /* can contain null bytes as separators */
 if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING)) {
 FilePathValue(str);
 }
 else if (!rb_str_to_cstr(str)) {
 rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "nul-separated glob pattern is deprecated");
 }
 else {
 rb_enc_check(str, rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_usascii_encoding()));
 }
 ary = rb_ary_new();

 status = push_glob(ary, str, base, flags);
 if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);

 return ary;
}

static VALUE
dir_globs(VALUE args, VALUE base, int flags)
{
 VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 long i;

 for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(args); ++i) {
 int status;
 VALUE str = RARRAY_AREF(args, i);
 FilePathValue(str);
 status = push_glob(ary, str, base, flags);
 if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
 }
 RB_GC_GUARD(args);

 return ary;
}

static VALUE
dir_glob_option_base(VALUE base)
{
 if (NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(base)) {
 return Qnil;
 }
#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
 if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(base, &dir_data_type)) {
 return base;
 }
#endif
 FilePathValue(base);
 if (!RSTRING_LEN(base)) return Qnil;
 return base;
}

static int
dir_glob_option_sort(VALUE sort)
{
 return (rb_bool_expected(sort, "sort", TRUE) ? 0 : FNM_GLOB_NOSORT);
}

static VALUE
dir_s_aref(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE base, VALUE sort)
{
 const int flags = dir_glob_option_sort(sort);
 base = dir_glob_option_base(base);
 if (RARRAY_LEN(args) == 1) {
 return rb_push_glob(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0), base, flags);
 }
 return dir_globs(args, base, flags);
}

static VALUE
dir_s_glob(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE str, VALUE rflags, VALUE base, VALUE sort)
{
 VALUE ary = rb_check_array_type(str);
 const int flags = (NUM2INT(rflags) | dir_glob_option_sort(sort)) & ~FNM_CASEFOLD;
 base = dir_glob_option_base(base);
 if (NIL_P(ary)) {
 ary = rb_push_glob(str, base, flags);
 }
 else {
 ary = dir_globs(ary, base, flags);
 }

 if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 rb_ary_each(ary);
 return Qnil;
 }
 return ary;
}

static VALUE
dir_open_dir(int argc, VALUE *argv)
{
 VALUE dir = rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cDir, rb_intern("open"), argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);

 rb_check_typeddata(dir, &dir_data_type);
 return dir;
}


/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.foreach(dirpath, encoding: 'UTF-8') {|entry_name| ... } -> nil
 *
 * Calls the block with each entry name in the directory at +dirpath+;
 * sets the given encoding onto each passed +entry_name+:
 *
 * Dir.foreach('/example') {|entry_name| p entry_name }
 *
 * Output:
 *
 * "config.h"
 * "lib"
 * "main.rb"
 * ".."
 * "."
 *
 * Encoding:
 *
 * Dir.foreach('/example') {|entry_name| p entry_name.encoding; break }
 * Dir.foreach('/example', encoding: 'US-ASCII') {|entry_name| p entry_name.encoding; break }
 *
 * Output:
 *
 * #<Encoding:UTF-8>
 * #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
 *
 * See {String Encoding}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@String+Encoding].
 *
 * Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
 */
static VALUE
dir_foreach(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
{
 VALUE dir;

 RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, argc, argv);
 dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
 rb_ensure(dir_each, dir, dir_close, dir);
 return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
dir_entry_ary_push(VALUE ary, VALUE entry, struct dir_entry_args *_unused)
{
 return rb_ary_push(ary, entry);
}

static VALUE
dir_collect(VALUE dir)
{
 VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 dir_each_entry(dir, dir_entry_ary_push, ary, FALSE);
 return ary;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.entries(dirname, encoding: 'UTF-8') -> array
 *
 * Returns an array of the entry names in the directory at +dirpath+;
 * sets the given encoding onto each returned entry name:
 *
 * Dir.entries('/example') # => ["config.h", "lib", "main.rb", "..", "."]
 * Dir.entries('/example').first.encoding
 * # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
 * Dir.entries('/example', encoding: 'US-ASCII').first.encoding
 * # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
 *
 * See {String Encoding}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@String+Encoding].
 *
 * Raises an exception if the directory does not exist.
 */
static VALUE
dir_entries(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
{
 VALUE dir;

 dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
 return rb_ensure(dir_collect, dir, dir_close, dir);
}

static VALUE
dir_each_child(VALUE dir)
{
 return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, TRUE);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.each_child(dirpath) {|entry_name| ... } -> nil
 * Dir.each_child(dirpath, encoding: 'UTF-8') {|entry_name| ... } -> nil
 *
 * Like Dir.foreach, except that entries <tt>'.'</tt> and <tt>'..'</tt>
 * are not included.
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_each_child(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
{
 VALUE dir;

 RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, argc, argv);
 dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
 rb_ensure(dir_each_child, dir, dir_close, dir);
 return Qnil;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * each_child {|entry_name| ... } -> self
 *
 * Calls the block with each entry name in +self+
 * except <tt>'.'</tt> and <tt>'..'</tt>:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('/example')
 * dir.each_child {|entry_name| p entry_name }
 *
 * Output:
 *
 * "config.h"
 * "lib"
 * "main.rb"
 *
 * If no block is given, returns an enumerator.
 */
static VALUE
dir_each_child_m(VALUE dir)
{
 RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
 return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, TRUE);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * children -> array
 *
 * Returns an array of the entry names in +self+
 * except for <tt>'.'</tt> and <tt>'..'</tt>:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('/example')
 * dir.children # => ["config.h", "lib", "main.rb"]
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_collect_children(VALUE dir)
{
 VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 dir_each_entry(dir, dir_entry_ary_push, ary, TRUE);
 return ary;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * scan -> entries
 * scan {|entry_name, entry_type| ... } -> nil
 *
 * Scans the entries in +self+, except for <tt>'.'</tt> and <tt>'..'</tt>.
 *
 * With no block given, returns +entries+, an array of 2-element arrays.
 * Each nested array contains an entry name and its type:
 *
 * dir = Dir.new('/example')
 * dir.scan # => [["config.h", :file], ["lib", :directory], ["main.rb", :file]]
 *
 * With a block given, calls the block with each entry name and its type;
 * returns +nil+:
 *
 * entries = []
 * dir.scan do |entry_name, entry_type|
 * entries << [entry_name, entry_type]
 * end # => nil
 * entries # => [["config.h", :file], ["lib", :directory], ["main.rb", :file]]
 *
 */
static VALUE
dir_scan_children(VALUE dir)
{
 if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield_with_type, Qnil, TRUE);
 return Qnil;
 }
 else {
 VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield_with_type, ary, TRUE);
 return ary;
 }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.children(dirpath) -> array
 * Dir.children(dirpath, encoding: 'UTF-8') -> array
 *
 * Returns an array of the entry names in the directory at +dirpath+
 * except for <tt>'.'</tt> and <tt>'..'</tt>;
 * sets the given encoding onto each returned entry name:
 *
 * Dir.children('/example') # => ["config.h", "lib", "main.rb"]
 * Dir.children('/example').first.encoding
 * # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
 * Dir.children('/example', encoding: 'US-ASCII').first.encoding
 * # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
 *
 * See {String Encoding}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@String+Encoding].
 *
 * Raises an exception if the directory does not exist.
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_children(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
{
 VALUE dir;

 dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
 return rb_ensure(dir_collect_children, dir, dir_close, dir);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.scan(dirpath) -> entries
 * Dir.scan(dirpath, encoding: 'UTF-8') -> entries
 * Dir.scan(dirpath) {|entry_name, entry_type| ... } -> nil
 * Dir.scan(dirpath, encoding: 'UTF-8') {|entry_name, entry_type| ... } -> nil
 *
 * Scans the entries in the directory at +dirpath+, except for <tt>'.'</tt>
 * and <tt>'..'</tt>.
 *
 * With no block given, returns +entries+, an array of 2-element arrays.
 * Each nested array contains an entry name and its type:
 *
 * Dir.scan('/example') # => [["config.h", :file], ["lib", :directory], ["main.rb", :file]]
 *
 * With a block given, calls the block with each entry name and its type;
 * returns +nil+:
 *
 * entries = []
 * Dir.scan('/example') do |entry_name, entry_type|
 * entries << [entry_name, entry_type]
 * end # => nil
 * entries # => [["config.h", :file], ["lib", :directory], ["main.rb", :file]]
 *
 * The type symbol is one of +:file+, +:directory+, +:characterSpecial+,
 * +:blockSpecial+, +:fifo+, +:link+, +:socket+, or +:unknown+.
 *
 * The given +encoding+ is used as the external encoding for each entry name:
 *
 * Dir.scan('/example').first.first.encoding
 * # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
 * Dir.scan('/example', encoding: 'US-ASCII').first.first.encoding
 * # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
 *
 * See {String Encoding}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@String+Encoding].
 *
 * Raises an exception if the directory does not exist.
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_scan(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
 VALUE dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
 return rb_ensure(dir_scan_children, dir, dir_close, dir);
}

static int
fnmatch_brace(const char *pattern, VALUE val, void *enc)
{
 struct brace_args *arg = (struct brace_args *)val;
 VALUE path = arg->value;
 rb_encoding *enc_pattern = enc;
 rb_encoding *enc_path = rb_enc_get(path);

 if (enc_pattern != enc_path) {
 if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc_pattern))
 return FNM_NOMATCH;
 if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc_path))
 return FNM_NOMATCH;
 if (!rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(path)) {
 int cr = ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT;
 long len = strlen(pattern);
 if (rb_str_coderange_scan_restartable(pattern, pattern + len,
 enc_pattern, &cr) != len)
 return FNM_NOMATCH;
 if (cr != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT)
 return FNM_NOMATCH;
 }
 }
 return (fnmatch(pattern, enc, RSTRING_PTR(path), arg->flags) == 0);
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
file_s_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
 VALUE pattern, path;
 VALUE rflags;
 int flags;

 if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &pattern, &path, &rflags) == 3)
 flags = NUM2INT(rflags);
 else
 flags = 0;

 StringValueCStr(pattern);
 FilePathStringValue(path);

 if (flags & FNM_EXTGLOB) {
 struct brace_args args;

 args.value = path;
 args.flags = flags;
 if (ruby_brace_expand(RSTRING_PTR(pattern), flags, fnmatch_brace,
 (VALUE)&args, rb_enc_get(pattern), pattern) > 0)
 return Qtrue;
 }
 else {
 rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_compatible(pattern, path);
 if (!enc) return Qfalse;
 if (fnmatch(RSTRING_PTR(pattern), enc, RSTRING_PTR(path), flags) == 0)
 return Qtrue;
 }
 RB_GC_GUARD(pattern);

 return Qfalse;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.home(user_name = nil) -> dirpath
 *
 * Returns the home directory path of the user specified with +user_name+
 * if it is not +nil+, or the current login user:
 *
 * Dir.home # => "/home/me"
 * Dir.home('root') # => "/root"
 *
 * Raises ArgumentError if +user_name+ is not a user name.
 */
static VALUE
dir_s_home(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
 VALUE user;
 const char *u = 0;

 rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
 user = (argc > 0) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
 if (!NIL_P(user)) {
 StringValue(user);
 rb_must_asciicompat(user);
 u = StringValueCStr(user);
 if (*u) {
 return rb_home_dir_of(user, rb_str_new(0, 0));
 }
 }
 return rb_default_home_dir(rb_str_new(0, 0));

}

#if 0
/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.exist?(dirpath) -> true or false
 *
 * Returns whether +dirpath+ is a directory in the underlying file system:
 *
 * Dir.exist?('/example') # => true
 * Dir.exist?('/nosuch') # => false
 * Dir.exist?('/example/main.rb') # => false
 *
 * Same as File.directory?.
 *
 */
VALUE
rb_file_directory_p(void)
{
}
#endif

static void *
nogvl_dir_empty_p(void *ptr)
{
 const char *path = ptr;
 DIR *dir = opendir(path);
 struct dirent *dp;
 VALUE result = Qtrue;

 if (!dir) {
 int e = errno;
 switch (gc_for_fd_with_gvl(e)) {
 default:
 dir = opendir(path);
 if (dir) break;
 e = errno;
 /* fall through */
 case 0:
 if (e == ENOTDIR) return (void *)Qfalse;
 return (void *)INT2FIX(e);
 }
 }
 while ((dp = READDIR_NOGVL(dir, NULL)) != NULL) {
 if (!to_be_skipped(dp)) {
 result = Qfalse;
 break;
 }
 }
 check_closedir(dir);
 return (void *)result;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 * Dir.empty?(dirpath) -> true or false
 *
 * Returns whether +dirpath+ specifies an empty directory:
 *
 * dirpath = '/tmp/foo'
 * Dir.mkdir(dirpath)
 * Dir.empty?(dirpath) # => true
 * Dir.empty?('/example') # => false
 * Dir.empty?('/example/main.rb') # => false
 *
 * Raises an exception if +dirpath+ does not specify a directory or file
 * in the underlying file system.
 */
static VALUE
rb_dir_s_empty_p(VALUE obj, VALUE dirname)
{
 VALUE result, orig;
 const char *path;
 enum {false_on_notdir = 1};

 FilePathValue(dirname);
 orig = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
 dirname = rb_str_encode_ospath(dirname);
 dirname = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
 path = RSTRING_PTR(dirname);

#if defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST && defined ATTR_DIR_ENTRYCOUNT
 {
 u_int32_t attrbuf[SIZEUP32(fsobj_tag_t)];
 struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, ATTR_CMN_OBJTAG,};
 struct getattrlist_args args = GETATTRLIST_ARGS(&al, attrbuf, 0);
 if (gvl_getattrlist(&args, path) != 0)
 rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
 if (*(const fsobj_tag_t *)(attrbuf+1) == VT_HFS) {
 al.commonattr = 0;
 al.dirattr = ATTR_DIR_ENTRYCOUNT;
 if (gvl_getattrlist(&args, path) == 0) {
 if (attrbuf[0] >= 2 * sizeof(u_int32_t))
 return RBOOL(attrbuf[1] == 0);
 if (false_on_notdir) return Qfalse;
 }
 rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
 }
 }
#endif

 result = (VALUE)IO_WITHOUT_GVL(nogvl_dir_empty_p, (void *)path);
 if (FIXNUM_P(result)) {
 rb_syserr_fail_path((int)FIX2LONG(result), orig);
 }
 return result;
}

void
Init_Dir(void)
{
 sym_directory = ID2SYM(rb_intern("directory"));
 sym_link = ID2SYM(rb_intern("link"));
 sym_file = ID2SYM(rb_intern("file"));
 sym_unknown = ID2SYM(rb_intern("unknown"));

#if defined(DT_BLK) || defined(S_IFBLK)
 sym_block_device = ID2SYM(rb_intern("blockSpecial"));
#endif
#if defined(DT_CHR) || defined(S_IFCHR)
 sym_character_device = ID2SYM(rb_intern("characterSpecial"));
#endif
#if defined(DT_FIFO) || defined(S_IFIFO)
 sym_fifo = ID2SYM(rb_intern("fifo"));
#endif
#if defined(DT_SOCK) || defined(S_IFSOCK)
 sym_socket = ID2SYM(rb_intern("socket"));
#endif

 rb_gc_register_address(&chdir_lock.path);
 rb_gc_register_address(&chdir_lock.thread);
 rb_gc_register_address(&last_cwd);

 rb_cDir = rb_define_class("Dir", rb_cObject);

 rb_include_module(rb_cDir, rb_mEnumerable);

 rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cDir, dir_s_alloc);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"for_fd", dir_s_for_fd, 1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "foreach", dir_foreach, -1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "entries", dir_entries, -1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "each_child", dir_s_each_child, -1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "children", dir_s_children, -1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "scan", dir_s_scan, -1);

 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"fileno", dir_fileno, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"path", dir_path, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"to_path", dir_path, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"inspect", dir_inspect, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"read", dir_read, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each", dir_each, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each_child", dir_each_child_m, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"children", dir_collect_children, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"scan", dir_scan_children, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"rewind", dir_rewind, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"tell", dir_tell, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"seek", dir_seek, 1);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"pos", dir_tell, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"pos=", dir_set_pos, 1);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"close", dir_close, 0);
 rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"chdir", dir_chdir, 0);

 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"fchdir", dir_s_fchdir, 1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"chdir", dir_s_chdir, -1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"getwd", dir_s_getwd, 0);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"pwd", dir_s_getwd, 0);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"chroot", dir_s_chroot, 1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"mkdir", dir_s_mkdir, -1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"rmdir", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"delete", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"unlink", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"home", dir_s_home, -1);

 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"exist?", rb_file_directory_p, 1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"empty?", rb_dir_s_empty_p, 1);

 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile,"fnmatch", file_s_fnmatch, -1);
 rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile,"fnmatch?", file_s_fnmatch, -1);

 /* {File::FNM_NOESCAPE}[rdoc-ref:File::Constants@File-3A-3AFNM_NOESCAPE] */
 rb_file_const("FNM_NOESCAPE", INT2FIX(FNM_NOESCAPE));
 /* {File::FNM_PATHNAME}[rdoc-ref:File::Constants@File-3A-3AFNM_PATHNAME] */
 rb_file_const("FNM_PATHNAME", INT2FIX(FNM_PATHNAME));
 /* {File::FNM_DOTMATCH}[rdoc-ref:File::Constants@File-3A-3AFNM_DOTMATCH] */
 rb_file_const("FNM_DOTMATCH", INT2FIX(FNM_DOTMATCH));
 /* {File::FNM_CASEFOLD}[rdoc-ref:File::Constants@File-3A-3AFNM_CASEFOLD] */
 rb_file_const("FNM_CASEFOLD", INT2FIX(FNM_CASEFOLD));
 /* {File::FNM_EXTGLOB}[rdoc-ref:File::Constants@File-3A-3AFNM_EXTGLOB] */
 rb_file_const("FNM_EXTGLOB", INT2FIX(FNM_EXTGLOB));
 /* {File::FNM_SYSCASE}[rdoc-ref:File::Constants@File-3A-3AFNM_SYSCASE] */
 rb_file_const("FNM_SYSCASE", INT2FIX(FNM_SYSCASE));
 /* {File::FNM_SHORTNAME}[rdoc-ref:File::Constants@File-3A-3AFNM_SHORTNAME] */
 rb_file_const("FNM_SHORTNAME", INT2FIX(FNM_SHORTNAME));
}

#include "dir.rbinc"