[Java] Continue adding nullability/nullness annotations for Arrow Vector Module

[davisusanibar]

Describe the enhancement requested

The purpose of this PR apache/arrow#37723 is to add nullability/nullness annotations to Arrow Memory modules.

As part of this improvement, we will continue to work on the next module, the Arrow Java Vector Module.

Also, consider adding the Checker Framework profile to the top level java/pom.xml to make future development easier

Component(s)

Java