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Ruby

Ruby is an interpreted language with dynamic typing used for scripting mostly.

puts"hello there"

is the hello world

puts"hello, #{1 + 1}"# 2

You can put expressions inside the `#{}` and they will be evaluated.

days="Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"puts"Here are the days: #{days}"

Use triple quotes to write multiline strings.

fat_cat="""I'll do a list:\t* Cat food\t* Fishies\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass"""# this will print# I'll do a list:# * Cat food# * Fishies# * Catnip# * Grass

puts is simply print with a newline

Get user input:

print"how old are you"age=gets.chompputs"okay so you are #{age} years old"

You can convert the string to integer using age = gets.chomp.to_i, similarly, to_f makes it a float

You can accept the arguments from the user

first,second,third=ARGVputs"Your first variable is: #{first}"# here, first has the 1st argument for eg

To accept input, one should use $stdin.gets.chomp

We can read a file using:

filename=ARGV.first# or file_again = $stdin.gets.chomptxt=open(filename)putstxt.read

Methods

deffoo(x)x*2end

The last statement is the return type. Calling is foo 2, or foo(2)

Recall what blocks are, they are a block of code, that can be executed. All methods accept an implicit block. You can insert it whereever needed with the yield keyword

defsurroundputs'{'yieldputs'}'endputssurround{puts'hello world'}#=> {#=> hello world#=> }

The block can also be converted to a proc object, which can be called with .call invocation.

defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)end

The arguments passed to call are given to the block

defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)endguests{ |n| "You have #{n} guests."}# => "You have 4 guests."

By convention, all methods that return booleans end with a question mark.

By convention, if a method name ends with an exclamation mark, it does something destructive like mutate the receiver. Many methods have a ! version to make a change, and a non-! version to just return a new changed version. Like we saw in reverse!

Classes

Classes can be defined with a class keyword. There are:

  • class variables @@foo, which are shared by all instances of this class.
  • instance variables @foo, which can be initialized anywhere, belong to the particular instance of the class

Basic setter:

defname=(name)@name=nameend

Basic initializer:

definitialize(name,age=0)# Assign the argument to the 'name' instance variable for the instance.@name=name# If no age given, we will fall back to the default in the arguments list.@age=ageend

Basic getter method

defname@nameend

Example:

classFoodefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getName# Foobar

The getter/setter is such a pattern that there are shortcuts to auto create them:

attr_reader :name

So, this works now:

classFooattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getNameputsf.name# Foobar# Foobar

Note, when I call f.name = "bar", I am actually doing f.name=("bar") aka f.name= "bar" So I better have a method called name=

Another example:

classPersonattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name)@name=nameenddefname=(name)@name=nameendendjohn=Person.new("John")john.name="Jim"putsjohn.name# => Jim

It can also be a single line attr_accessor :name

A class method uses self to distinguish from instance methods. It can only be called on the class, not an instance.

classHumandefself.say(msg)putsmsgendendputsHuman.say"hello"# hello

Variable’s scopes are defined by the way we name them. Variables that start with $ have global scope.

$var ="I'm a global var"defined? $var #=> "global-variable"

Variables that start with @ have instance scope.

@var="I'm an instance var"defined?@var#=> "instance-variable"

Variables that start with @@ have class scope.

@@var="I'm a class var"defined?@@var#=> "class variable"

Variables that start with a capital letter are constants.

Var="I'm a constant"defined?Var#=> "constant"

Modules

Including modules binds their methods to the class instances.

classPersonincludeModuleExampleend

Extending modules binds their methods to the class itself.

classBookextendModuleExampleend

Ruby misc

2+2 The + symbol is just syntactic sugar for the calling the + function on the number So, these are equivalent

puts2+2puts2.+ 2

Note, in ruby, the syntax to call functions is: fn_name [<arg1> <arg2> ... ]

For loop are like this elsewhere,

forcounterin1..5puts"iteration #{counter}"end

In ruby, they look like this:

(1..5).eachdo |counter|
puts"iteration #{counter}"end

This is a block. The ‘each’ method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range. The block is passed a counter as a parameter.

The lambda nature of blocks is more easily visible by alternative equivalent form:

(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }

But the general syntax to follow is:

array.eachdo |foo|
putsfooend
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})();
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try {
var __m = "github.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "github\\.com" + '

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Ruby
Ruby is an interpreted language with dynamic typing used for scripting mostly.
puts"hello there"
is the hello world
puts"hello, #{1 + 1}"# 2
You can put expressions inside the `#{}` and they will be evaluated.
days="Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"puts"Here are the days: #{days}"
Use triple quotes to write multiline strings.
fat_cat="""I'll do a list:\t* Cat food\t* Fishies\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass"""# this will print# I'll do a list:# * Cat food# * Fishies# * Catnip# * Grass
puts is simply print with a newline
Get user input:
print"how old are you"age=gets.chompputs"okay so you are #{age} years old"
You can convert the string to integer using
age = gets.chomp.to_i, similarly, to_f makes it a float
You can accept the arguments from the user
first,second,third=ARGVputs"Your first variable is: #{first}"# here, first has the 1st argument for eg
To accept input, one should use $stdin.gets.chomp
We can read a file using:
filename=ARGV.first# or file_again = $stdin.gets.chomptxt=open(filename)putstxt.read
Methods
deffoo(x)x*2end
The last statement is the return type.
Calling is foo 2, or foo(2)
Recall what blocks are, they are a block of code, that can be executed.
All methods accept an implicit block. You can insert it whereever needed with the yield keyword
defsurroundputs'{'yieldputs'}'endputssurround{puts'hello world'}#=> {#=> hello world#=> }
The block can also be converted to a proc object, which can be called with .call invocation.
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)end
The arguments passed to call are given to the block
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)endguests{ |n| "You have #{n} guests."}# => "You have 4 guests."
By convention, all methods that return booleans end with a question mark.
By convention, if a method name ends with an exclamation mark, it does something destructive like mutate the receiver. Many methods have a ! version to make a change, and a non-! version to just return a new changed version.
Like we saw in reverse!
Classes
Classes can be defined with a class keyword.
There are:
  • class variables @@foo, which are shared by all instances of this class.
  • instance variables @foo, which can be initialized anywhere, belong to the particular instance of the class
Basic setter:
defname=(name)@name=nameend
Basic initializer:
definitialize(name,age=0)# Assign the argument to the 'name' instance variable for the instance.@name=name# If no age given, we will fall back to the default in the arguments list.@age=ageend
Basic getter method
defname@nameend
Example:
classFoodefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getName# Foobar
The getter/setter is such a pattern that there are shortcuts to auto create them:
attr_reader :name
So, this works now:
classFooattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getNameputsf.name# Foobar# Foobar
Note, when I call f.name = "bar", I am actually doing f.name=("bar") aka f.name= "bar"
So I better have a method called name=
Another example:
classPersonattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name)@name=nameenddefname=(name)@name=nameendendjohn=Person.new("John")john.name="Jim"putsjohn.name# => Jim
It can also be a single line attr_accessor :name
A class method uses self to distinguish from instance methods.
It can only be called on the class, not an instance.
classHumandefself.say(msg)putsmsgendendputsHuman.say"hello"# hello
Variable’s scopes are defined by the way we name them.
Variables that start with $ have global scope.
$var ="I'm a global var"defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
Variables that start with @ have instance scope.
@var="I'm an instance var"defined?@var#=> "instance-variable"
Variables that start with @@ have class scope.
@@var="I'm a class var"defined?@@var#=> "class variable"
Variables that start with a capital letter are constants.
Var="I'm a constant"defined?Var#=> "constant"
Modules
Including modules binds their methods to the class instances.
classPersonincludeModuleExampleend
Extending modules binds their methods to the class itself.
classBookextendModuleExampleend
Ruby misc
2+2
The + symbol is just syntactic sugar for the calling the + function on the number
So, these are equivalent
puts2+2puts2.+ 2
Note, in ruby, the syntax to call functions is:
fn_name [<arg1> <arg2> ... ]
For loop are like this elsewhere,
forcounterin1..5puts"iteration #{counter}"end
In ruby, they look like this:
(1..5).eachdo |counter|
puts"iteration #{counter}"end
This is a block.
The ‘each’ method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range.
The block is passed a counter as a parameter.
The lambda nature of blocks is more easily visible by alternative equivalent form:
(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }
But the general syntax to follow is:
array.eachdo |foo|
putsfooend

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode
(function() {
var style = document.createElement('style');
style.textContent = '
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color-scheme: dark light;
}
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})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
ruby.org
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333 lines (246 loc) · 5.97 KB
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333 lines (246 loc) · 5.97 KB
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Ruby
Ruby is an interpreted language with dynamic typing used for scripting mostly.
puts"hello there"
is the hello world
puts"hello, #{1 + 1}"# 2
You can put expressions inside the `#{}` and they will be evaluated.
days="Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"puts"Here are the days: #{days}"
Use triple quotes to write multiline strings.
fat_cat="""I'll do a list:\t* Cat food\t* Fishies\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass"""# this will print# I'll do a list:# * Cat food# * Fishies# * Catnip# * Grass
puts is simply print with a newline
Get user input:
print"how old are you"age=gets.chompputs"okay so you are #{age} years old"
You can convert the string to integer using
age = gets.chomp.to_i, similarly, to_f makes it a float
You can accept the arguments from the user
first,second,third=ARGVputs"Your first variable is: #{first}"# here, first has the 1st argument for eg
To accept input, one should use $stdin.gets.chomp
We can read a file using:
filename=ARGV.first# or file_again = $stdin.gets.chomptxt=open(filename)putstxt.read
Methods
deffoo(x)x*2end
The last statement is the return type.
Calling is foo 2, or foo(2)
Recall what blocks are, they are a block of code, that can be executed.
All methods accept an implicit block. You can insert it whereever needed with the yield keyword
defsurroundputs'{'yieldputs'}'endputssurround{puts'hello world'}#=> {#=> hello world#=> }
The block can also be converted to a proc object, which can be called with .call invocation.
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)end
The arguments passed to call are given to the block
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)endguests{ |n| "You have #{n} guests."}# => "You have 4 guests."
By convention, all methods that return booleans end with a question mark.
By convention, if a method name ends with an exclamation mark, it does something destructive like mutate the receiver. Many methods have a ! version to make a change, and a non-! version to just return a new changed version.
Like we saw in reverse!
Classes
Classes can be defined with a class keyword.
There are:
  • class variables @@foo, which are shared by all instances of this class.
  • instance variables @foo, which can be initialized anywhere, belong to the particular instance of the class
Basic setter:
defname=(name)@name=nameend
Basic initializer:
definitialize(name,age=0)# Assign the argument to the 'name' instance variable for the instance.@name=name# If no age given, we will fall back to the default in the arguments list.@age=ageend
Basic getter method
defname@nameend
Example:
classFoodefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getName# Foobar
The getter/setter is such a pattern that there are shortcuts to auto create them:
attr_reader :name
So, this works now:
classFooattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getNameputsf.name# Foobar# Foobar
Note, when I call f.name = "bar", I am actually doing f.name=("bar") aka f.name= "bar"
So I better have a method called name=
Another example:
classPersonattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name)@name=nameenddefname=(name)@name=nameendendjohn=Person.new("John")john.name="Jim"putsjohn.name# => Jim
It can also be a single line attr_accessor :name
A class method uses self to distinguish from instance methods.
It can only be called on the class, not an instance.
classHumandefself.say(msg)putsmsgendendputsHuman.say"hello"# hello
Variable’s scopes are defined by the way we name them.
Variables that start with $ have global scope.
$var ="I'm a global var"defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
Variables that start with @ have instance scope.
@var="I'm an instance var"defined?@var#=> "instance-variable"
Variables that start with @@ have class scope.
@@var="I'm a class var"defined?@@var#=> "class variable"
Variables that start with a capital letter are constants.
Var="I'm a constant"defined?Var#=> "constant"
Modules
Including modules binds their methods to the class instances.
classPersonincludeModuleExampleend
Extending modules binds their methods to the class itself.
classBookextendModuleExampleend
Ruby misc
2+2
The + symbol is just syntactic sugar for the calling the + function on the number
So, these are equivalent
puts2+2puts2.+ 2
Note, in ruby, the syntax to call functions is:
fn_name [<arg1> <arg2> ... ]
For loop are like this elsewhere,
forcounterin1..5puts"iteration #{counter}"end
In ruby, they look like this:
(1..5).eachdo |counter|
puts"iteration #{counter}"end
This is a block.
The ‘each’ method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range.
The block is passed a counter as a parameter.
The lambda nature of blocks is more easily visible by alternative equivalent form:
(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }
But the general syntax to follow is:
array.eachdo |foo|
putsfooend

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer
(function() {
var ref = document.referrer;
var terms = [];
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var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p');
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var style = document.createElement('style');
style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';
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var found = false;
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})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
ruby.org
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333 lines (246 loc) · 5.97 KB
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333 lines (246 loc) · 5.97 KB
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Ruby
Ruby is an interpreted language with dynamic typing used for scripting mostly.
puts"hello there"
is the hello world
puts"hello, #{1 + 1}"# 2
You can put expressions inside the `#{}` and they will be evaluated.
days="Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"puts"Here are the days: #{days}"
Use triple quotes to write multiline strings.
fat_cat="""I'll do a list:\t* Cat food\t* Fishies\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass"""# this will print# I'll do a list:# * Cat food# * Fishies# * Catnip# * Grass
puts is simply print with a newline
Get user input:
print"how old are you"age=gets.chompputs"okay so you are #{age} years old"
You can convert the string to integer using
age = gets.chomp.to_i, similarly, to_f makes it a float
You can accept the arguments from the user
first,second,third=ARGVputs"Your first variable is: #{first}"# here, first has the 1st argument for eg
To accept input, one should use $stdin.gets.chomp
We can read a file using:
filename=ARGV.first# or file_again = $stdin.gets.chomptxt=open(filename)putstxt.read
Methods
deffoo(x)x*2end
The last statement is the return type.
Calling is foo 2, or foo(2)
Recall what blocks are, they are a block of code, that can be executed.
All methods accept an implicit block. You can insert it whereever needed with the yield keyword
defsurroundputs'{'yieldputs'}'endputssurround{puts'hello world'}#=> {#=> hello world#=> }
The block can also be converted to a proc object, which can be called with .call invocation.
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)end
The arguments passed to call are given to the block
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)endguests{ |n| "You have #{n} guests."}# => "You have 4 guests."
By convention, all methods that return booleans end with a question mark.
By convention, if a method name ends with an exclamation mark, it does something destructive like mutate the receiver. Many methods have a ! version to make a change, and a non-! version to just return a new changed version.
Like we saw in reverse!
Classes
Classes can be defined with a class keyword.
There are:
  • class variables @@foo, which are shared by all instances of this class.
  • instance variables @foo, which can be initialized anywhere, belong to the particular instance of the class
Basic setter:
defname=(name)@name=nameend
Basic initializer:
definitialize(name,age=0)# Assign the argument to the 'name' instance variable for the instance.@name=name# If no age given, we will fall back to the default in the arguments list.@age=ageend
Basic getter method
defname@nameend
Example:
classFoodefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getName# Foobar
The getter/setter is such a pattern that there are shortcuts to auto create them:
attr_reader :name
So, this works now:
classFooattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getNameputsf.name# Foobar# Foobar
Note, when I call f.name = "bar", I am actually doing f.name=("bar") aka f.name= "bar"
So I better have a method called name=
Another example:
classPersonattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name)@name=nameenddefname=(name)@name=nameendendjohn=Person.new("John")john.name="Jim"putsjohn.name# => Jim
It can also be a single line attr_accessor :name
A class method uses self to distinguish from instance methods.
It can only be called on the class, not an instance.
classHumandefself.say(msg)putsmsgendendputsHuman.say"hello"# hello
Variable’s scopes are defined by the way we name them.
Variables that start with $ have global scope.
$var ="I'm a global var"defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
Variables that start with @ have instance scope.
@var="I'm an instance var"defined?@var#=> "instance-variable"
Variables that start with @@ have class scope.
@@var="I'm a class var"defined?@@var#=> "class variable"
Variables that start with a capital letter are constants.
Var="I'm a constant"defined?Var#=> "constant"
Modules
Including modules binds their methods to the class instances.
classPersonincludeModuleExampleend
Extending modules binds their methods to the class itself.
classBookextendModuleExampleend
Ruby misc
2+2
The + symbol is just syntactic sugar for the calling the + function on the number
So, these are equivalent
puts2+2puts2.+ 2
Note, in ruby, the syntax to call functions is:
fn_name [<arg1> <arg2> ... ]
For loop are like this elsewhere,
forcounterin1..5puts"iteration #{counter}"end
In ruby, they look like this:
(1..5).eachdo |counter|
puts"iteration #{counter}"end
This is a block.
The ‘each’ method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range.
The block is passed a counter as a parameter.
The lambda nature of blocks is more easily visible by alternative equivalent form:
(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }
But the general syntax to follow is:
array.eachdo |foo|
putsfooend

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page
(function() {
var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',
'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',
'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];
function cleanUrl(url) {
try {
var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);
var changed = false;
trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {
if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {
u.searchParams.delete(p);
changed = true;
}
});
return changed ? u.toString() : url;
} catch (e) {
return url;
}
}
function cleanLinks() {
document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {
var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);
if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;
});
}
cleanLinks();
var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
mutations.forEach(function(m) {
m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1) {
if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();
node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {
var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);
if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;
});
}
});
});
});
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "youtube.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '

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Ruby
Ruby is an interpreted language with dynamic typing used for scripting mostly.
puts"hello there"
is the hello world
puts"hello, #{1 + 1}"# 2
You can put expressions inside the `#{}` and they will be evaluated.
days="Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"puts"Here are the days: #{days}"
Use triple quotes to write multiline strings.
fat_cat="""I'll do a list:\t* Cat food\t* Fishies\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass"""# this will print# I'll do a list:# * Cat food# * Fishies# * Catnip# * Grass
puts is simply print with a newline
Get user input:
print"how old are you"age=gets.chompputs"okay so you are #{age} years old"
You can convert the string to integer using
age = gets.chomp.to_i, similarly, to_f makes it a float
You can accept the arguments from the user
first,second,third=ARGVputs"Your first variable is: #{first}"# here, first has the 1st argument for eg
To accept input, one should use $stdin.gets.chomp
We can read a file using:
filename=ARGV.first# or file_again = $stdin.gets.chomptxt=open(filename)putstxt.read
Methods
deffoo(x)x*2end
The last statement is the return type.
Calling is foo 2, or foo(2)
Recall what blocks are, they are a block of code, that can be executed.
All methods accept an implicit block. You can insert it whereever needed with the yield keyword
defsurroundputs'{'yieldputs'}'endputssurround{puts'hello world'}#=> {#=> hello world#=> }
The block can also be converted to a proc object, which can be called with .call invocation.
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)end
The arguments passed to call are given to the block
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)endguests{ |n| "You have #{n} guests."}# => "You have 4 guests."
By convention, all methods that return booleans end with a question mark.
By convention, if a method name ends with an exclamation mark, it does something destructive like mutate the receiver. Many methods have a ! version to make a change, and a non-! version to just return a new changed version.
Like we saw in reverse!
Classes
Classes can be defined with a class keyword.
There are:
  • class variables @@foo, which are shared by all instances of this class.
  • instance variables @foo, which can be initialized anywhere, belong to the particular instance of the class
Basic setter:
defname=(name)@name=nameend
Basic initializer:
definitialize(name,age=0)# Assign the argument to the 'name' instance variable for the instance.@name=name# If no age given, we will fall back to the default in the arguments list.@age=ageend
Basic getter method
defname@nameend
Example:
classFoodefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getName# Foobar
The getter/setter is such a pattern that there are shortcuts to auto create them:
attr_reader :name
So, this works now:
classFooattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getNameputsf.name# Foobar# Foobar
Note, when I call f.name = "bar", I am actually doing f.name=("bar") aka f.name= "bar"
So I better have a method called name=
Another example:
classPersonattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name)@name=nameenddefname=(name)@name=nameendendjohn=Person.new("John")john.name="Jim"putsjohn.name# => Jim
It can also be a single line attr_accessor :name
A class method uses self to distinguish from instance methods.
It can only be called on the class, not an instance.
classHumandefself.say(msg)putsmsgendendputsHuman.say"hello"# hello
Variable’s scopes are defined by the way we name them.
Variables that start with $ have global scope.
$var ="I'm a global var"defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
Variables that start with @ have instance scope.
@var="I'm an instance var"defined?@var#=> "instance-variable"
Variables that start with @@ have class scope.
@@var="I'm a class var"defined?@@var#=> "class variable"
Variables that start with a capital letter are constants.
Var="I'm a constant"defined?Var#=> "constant"
Modules
Including modules binds their methods to the class instances.
classPersonincludeModuleExampleend
Extending modules binds their methods to the class itself.
classBookextendModuleExampleend
Ruby misc
2+2
The + symbol is just syntactic sugar for the calling the + function on the number
So, these are equivalent
puts2+2puts2.+ 2
Note, in ruby, the syntax to call functions is:
fn_name [<arg1> <arg2> ... ]
For loop are like this elsewhere,
forcounterin1..5puts"iteration #{counter}"end
In ruby, they look like this:
(1..5).eachdo |counter|
puts"iteration #{counter}"end
This is a block.
The ‘each’ method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range.
The block is passed a counter as a parameter.
The lambda nature of blocks is more easily visible by alternative equivalent form:
(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }
But the general syntax to follow is:
array.eachdo |foo|
putsfooend

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube
(function() {
function tryTheater() {
var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label="Theater mode"], ytd-player #player button[title="Theater mode"]');
if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {
btn.click();
}
}
// Try immediately
tryTheater();
// Try after navigation (SPA)
var lastUrl = location.href;
setInterval(function() {
if (location.href !== lastUrl) {
lastUrl = location.href;
setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);
}
}, 1000);
// Also try on player load
var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Ruby
Ruby is an interpreted language with dynamic typing used for scripting mostly.
puts"hello there"
is the hello world
puts"hello, #{1 + 1}"# 2
You can put expressions inside the `#{}` and they will be evaluated.
days="Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"puts"Here are the days: #{days}"
Use triple quotes to write multiline strings.
fat_cat="""I'll do a list:\t* Cat food\t* Fishies\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass"""# this will print# I'll do a list:# * Cat food# * Fishies# * Catnip# * Grass
puts is simply print with a newline
Get user input:
print"how old are you"age=gets.chompputs"okay so you are #{age} years old"
You can convert the string to integer using
age = gets.chomp.to_i, similarly, to_f makes it a float
You can accept the arguments from the user
first,second,third=ARGVputs"Your first variable is: #{first}"# here, first has the 1st argument for eg
To accept input, one should use $stdin.gets.chomp
We can read a file using:
filename=ARGV.first# or file_again = $stdin.gets.chomptxt=open(filename)putstxt.read
Methods
deffoo(x)x*2end
The last statement is the return type.
Calling is foo 2, or foo(2)
Recall what blocks are, they are a block of code, that can be executed.
All methods accept an implicit block. You can insert it whereever needed with the yield keyword
defsurroundputs'{'yieldputs'}'endputssurround{puts'hello world'}#=> {#=> hello world#=> }
The block can also be converted to a proc object, which can be called with .call invocation.
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)end
The arguments passed to call are given to the block
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)endguests{ |n| "You have #{n} guests."}# => "You have 4 guests."
By convention, all methods that return booleans end with a question mark.
By convention, if a method name ends with an exclamation mark, it does something destructive like mutate the receiver. Many methods have a ! version to make a change, and a non-! version to just return a new changed version.
Like we saw in reverse!
Classes
Classes can be defined with a class keyword.
There are:
  • class variables @@foo, which are shared by all instances of this class.
  • instance variables @foo, which can be initialized anywhere, belong to the particular instance of the class
Basic setter:
defname=(name)@name=nameend
Basic initializer:
definitialize(name,age=0)# Assign the argument to the 'name' instance variable for the instance.@name=name# If no age given, we will fall back to the default in the arguments list.@age=ageend
Basic getter method
defname@nameend
Example:
classFoodefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getName# Foobar
The getter/setter is such a pattern that there are shortcuts to auto create them:
attr_reader :name
So, this works now:
classFooattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getNameputsf.name# Foobar# Foobar
Note, when I call f.name = "bar", I am actually doing f.name=("bar") aka f.name= "bar"
So I better have a method called name=
Another example:
classPersonattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name)@name=nameenddefname=(name)@name=nameendendjohn=Person.new("John")john.name="Jim"putsjohn.name# => Jim
It can also be a single line attr_accessor :name
A class method uses self to distinguish from instance methods.
It can only be called on the class, not an instance.
classHumandefself.say(msg)putsmsgendendputsHuman.say"hello"# hello
Variable’s scopes are defined by the way we name them.
Variables that start with $ have global scope.
$var ="I'm a global var"defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
Variables that start with @ have instance scope.
@var="I'm an instance var"defined?@var#=> "instance-variable"
Variables that start with @@ have class scope.
@@var="I'm a class var"defined?@@var#=> "class variable"
Variables that start with a capital letter are constants.
Var="I'm a constant"defined?Var#=> "constant"
Modules
Including modules binds their methods to the class instances.
classPersonincludeModuleExampleend
Extending modules binds their methods to the class itself.
classBookextendModuleExampleend
Ruby misc
2+2
The + symbol is just syntactic sugar for the calling the + function on the number
So, these are equivalent
puts2+2puts2.+ 2
Note, in ruby, the syntax to call functions is:
fn_name [<arg1> <arg2> ... ]
For loop are like this elsewhere,
forcounterin1..5puts"iteration #{counter}"end
In ruby, they look like this:
(1..5).eachdo |counter|
puts"iteration #{counter}"end
This is a block.
The ‘each’ method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range.
The block is passed a counter as a parameter.
The lambda nature of blocks is more easily visible by alternative equivalent form:
(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }
But the general syntax to follow is:
array.eachdo |foo|
putsfooend

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Remove or un-stick sticky/fixed headers that block content
(function() {
function unstick() {
document.querySelectorAll('header, nav, [role="banner"], .header, .navbar, .sticky, .fixed-top, [style*="position: fixed"], [style*="position:sticky"]').forEach(function(el) {
if (el.style.position === 'fixed' || el.style.position === 'sticky' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'fixed' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'sticky') {
el.style.position = 'static';
el.style.top = 'auto';
el.style.zIndex = 'auto';
}
});
}
unstick();
var observer = new MutationObserver(unstick);
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style', 'class'] });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Kill Sticky Headers]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Ruby
Ruby is an interpreted language with dynamic typing used for scripting mostly.
puts"hello there"
is the hello world
puts"hello, #{1 + 1}"# 2
You can put expressions inside the `#{}` and they will be evaluated.
days="Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"puts"Here are the days: #{days}"
Use triple quotes to write multiline strings.
fat_cat="""I'll do a list:\t* Cat food\t* Fishies\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass"""# this will print# I'll do a list:# * Cat food# * Fishies# * Catnip# * Grass
puts is simply print with a newline
Get user input:
print"how old are you"age=gets.chompputs"okay so you are #{age} years old"
You can convert the string to integer using
age = gets.chomp.to_i, similarly, to_f makes it a float
You can accept the arguments from the user
first,second,third=ARGVputs"Your first variable is: #{first}"# here, first has the 1st argument for eg
To accept input, one should use $stdin.gets.chomp
We can read a file using:
filename=ARGV.first# or file_again = $stdin.gets.chomptxt=open(filename)putstxt.read
Methods
deffoo(x)x*2end
The last statement is the return type.
Calling is foo 2, or foo(2)
Recall what blocks are, they are a block of code, that can be executed.
All methods accept an implicit block. You can insert it whereever needed with the yield keyword
defsurroundputs'{'yieldputs'}'endputssurround{puts'hello world'}#=> {#=> hello world#=> }
The block can also be converted to a proc object, which can be called with .call invocation.
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)end
The arguments passed to call are given to the block
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)endguests{ |n| "You have #{n} guests."}# => "You have 4 guests."
By convention, all methods that return booleans end with a question mark.
By convention, if a method name ends with an exclamation mark, it does something destructive like mutate the receiver. Many methods have a ! version to make a change, and a non-! version to just return a new changed version.
Like we saw in reverse!
Classes
Classes can be defined with a class keyword.
There are:
  • class variables @@foo, which are shared by all instances of this class.
  • instance variables @foo, which can be initialized anywhere, belong to the particular instance of the class
Basic setter:
defname=(name)@name=nameend
Basic initializer:
definitialize(name,age=0)# Assign the argument to the 'name' instance variable for the instance.@name=name# If no age given, we will fall back to the default in the arguments list.@age=ageend
Basic getter method
defname@nameend
Example:
classFoodefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getName# Foobar
The getter/setter is such a pattern that there are shortcuts to auto create them:
attr_reader :name
So, this works now:
classFooattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getNameputsf.name# Foobar# Foobar
Note, when I call f.name = "bar", I am actually doing f.name=("bar") aka f.name= "bar"
So I better have a method called name=
Another example:
classPersonattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name)@name=nameenddefname=(name)@name=nameendendjohn=Person.new("John")john.name="Jim"putsjohn.name# => Jim
It can also be a single line attr_accessor :name
A class method uses self to distinguish from instance methods.
It can only be called on the class, not an instance.
classHumandefself.say(msg)putsmsgendendputsHuman.say"hello"# hello
Variable’s scopes are defined by the way we name them.
Variables that start with $ have global scope.
$var ="I'm a global var"defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
Variables that start with @ have instance scope.
@var="I'm an instance var"defined?@var#=> "instance-variable"
Variables that start with @@ have class scope.
@@var="I'm a class var"defined?@@var#=> "class variable"
Variables that start with a capital letter are constants.
Var="I'm a constant"defined?Var#=> "constant"
Modules
Including modules binds their methods to the class instances.
classPersonincludeModuleExampleend
Extending modules binds their methods to the class itself.
classBookextendModuleExampleend
Ruby misc
2+2
The + symbol is just syntactic sugar for the calling the + function on the number
So, these are equivalent
puts2+2puts2.+ 2
Note, in ruby, the syntax to call functions is:
fn_name [<arg1> <arg2> ... ]
For loop are like this elsewhere,
forcounterin1..5puts"iteration #{counter}"end
In ruby, they look like this:
(1..5).eachdo |counter|
puts"iteration #{counter}"end
This is a block.
The ‘each’ method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range.
The block is passed a counter as a parameter.
The lambda nature of blocks is more easily visible by alternative equivalent form:
(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }
But the general syntax to follow is:
array.eachdo |foo|
putsfooend

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site
(function() {
var enabled = true;
function applyDarkMode() {
if (!enabled) return;
// Create style element if it doesn't exist
var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');
if (!style) {
style = document.createElement('style');
style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';
document.head.appendChild(style);
}
// Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video
style.textContent = '
/* Invert everything except media */
html {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;
background: #1a1a2e !important;
}
/* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */
img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*="background-image"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;
}
/* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */
.no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,
[data-theme="light"], [data-theme="light"],
.ace_editor, .ace_editor *,
.CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,
.monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,
.markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,
.highlight, .highlight *,
pre code, pre code * {
filter: none !important;
}
/* Fix common UI elements */
.modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;
background: #2d2d44 !important;
border-color: #444 !important;
}
/* Scrollbars */
::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }
/* Selection */
::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }
::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }
';
}
function removeDarkMode() {
var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');
if (style) style.remove();
}
// Toggle with Alt+Shift+D
document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {
e.preventDefault();
enabled = !enabled;
if (enabled) {
applyDarkMode();
console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');
} else {
removeDarkMode();
console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');
}
}
});
// Apply on load
applyDarkMode();
// Re-apply on dynamic content
var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {
applyDarkMode();
}
});
observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });
console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); }
})();
})();

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Ruby
Ruby is an interpreted language with dynamic typing used for scripting mostly.
puts"hello there"
is the hello world
puts"hello, #{1 + 1}"# 2
You can put expressions inside the `#{}` and they will be evaluated.
days="Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"puts"Here are the days: #{days}"
Use triple quotes to write multiline strings.
fat_cat="""I'll do a list:\t* Cat food\t* Fishies\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass"""# this will print# I'll do a list:# * Cat food# * Fishies# * Catnip# * Grass
puts is simply print with a newline
Get user input:
print"how old are you"age=gets.chompputs"okay so you are #{age} years old"
You can convert the string to integer using
age = gets.chomp.to_i, similarly, to_f makes it a float
You can accept the arguments from the user
first,second,third=ARGVputs"Your first variable is: #{first}"# here, first has the 1st argument for eg
To accept input, one should use $stdin.gets.chomp
We can read a file using:
filename=ARGV.first# or file_again = $stdin.gets.chomptxt=open(filename)putstxt.read
Methods
deffoo(x)x*2end
The last statement is the return type.
Calling is foo 2, or foo(2)
Recall what blocks are, they are a block of code, that can be executed.
All methods accept an implicit block. You can insert it whereever needed with the yield keyword
defsurroundputs'{'yieldputs'}'endputssurround{puts'hello world'}#=> {#=> hello world#=> }
The block can also be converted to a proc object, which can be called with .call invocation.
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)end
The arguments passed to call are given to the block
defguests(&block)block.class#=> Procblock.call(4)endguests{ |n| "You have #{n} guests."}# => "You have 4 guests."
By convention, all methods that return booleans end with a question mark.
By convention, if a method name ends with an exclamation mark, it does something destructive like mutate the receiver. Many methods have a ! version to make a change, and a non-! version to just return a new changed version.
Like we saw in reverse!
Classes
Classes can be defined with a class keyword.
There are:
  • class variables @@foo, which are shared by all instances of this class.
  • instance variables @foo, which can be initialized anywhere, belong to the particular instance of the class
Basic setter:
defname=(name)@name=nameend
Basic initializer:
definitialize(name,age=0)# Assign the argument to the 'name' instance variable for the instance.@name=name# If no age given, we will fall back to the default in the arguments list.@age=ageend
Basic getter method
defname@nameend
Example:
classFoodefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getName# Foobar
The getter/setter is such a pattern that there are shortcuts to auto create them:
attr_reader :name
So, this works now:
classFooattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name,age=0)@name=nameenddefgetName@nameendendf=Foo.new"Foobar"putsf.getNameputsf.name# Foobar# Foobar
Note, when I call f.name = "bar", I am actually doing f.name=("bar") aka f.name= "bar"
So I better have a method called name=
Another example:
classPersonattr_reader:namedefinitialize(name)@name=nameenddefname=(name)@name=nameendendjohn=Person.new("John")john.name="Jim"putsjohn.name# => Jim
It can also be a single line attr_accessor :name
A class method uses self to distinguish from instance methods.
It can only be called on the class, not an instance.
classHumandefself.say(msg)putsmsgendendputsHuman.say"hello"# hello
Variable’s scopes are defined by the way we name them.
Variables that start with $ have global scope.
$var ="I'm a global var"defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
Variables that start with @ have instance scope.
@var="I'm an instance var"defined?@var#=> "instance-variable"
Variables that start with @@ have class scope.
@@var="I'm a class var"defined?@@var#=> "class variable"
Variables that start with a capital letter are constants.
Var="I'm a constant"defined?Var#=> "constant"
Modules
Including modules binds their methods to the class instances.
classPersonincludeModuleExampleend
Extending modules binds their methods to the class itself.
classBookextendModuleExampleend
Ruby misc
2+2
The + symbol is just syntactic sugar for the calling the + function on the number
So, these are equivalent
puts2+2puts2.+ 2
Note, in ruby, the syntax to call functions is:
fn_name [<arg1> <arg2> ... ]
For loop are like this elsewhere,
forcounterin1..5puts"iteration #{counter}"end
In ruby, they look like this:
(1..5).eachdo |counter|
puts"iteration #{counter}"end
This is a block.
The ‘each’ method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range.
The block is passed a counter as a parameter.
The lambda nature of blocks is more easily visible by alternative equivalent form:
(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }
But the general syntax to follow is:
array.eachdo |foo|
putsfooend