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<h1 class="post-title">Arch Linux 的基本安装</h1>
<span class="post-date">2026年04月18日 星期六</span>
<p>好久没写博客，最近AI浪潮，忙疯了，反而做事的效率上来了。于是开了一堆坑，比如继续写博客。</p>
<h2>为什么是Arch？</h2>
<p>我一直是Debian/Ubuntu的用户，以前还作为Desktop来用。这几年它们主要作为Server的OS，很好用，也不打算换。</p>
<p>而Arch，我主要是看中它的高度可折腾性。我希望借由Arch能够回到将Linux作为Desktop方面的生产主力的状态。</p>
<p>应该有好处。</p>
<p>这个安装笔记只是一个基本安装的记录，不仅没做到Desktop的程度，连用户都没设置。不着急，慢慢来。后面有进展我还会更新本篇。</p>
<h2>学习资料</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/nakanomikuorg/arch-guide">https://github.com/nakanomikuorg/arch-guide</a> 我主要是照这套来安装的，这篇笔记甚至可以可以说照搬了这套资料。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/ArchLinuxStudio/ArchLinuxTutorial">https://github.com/ArchLinuxStudio/ArchLinuxTutorial</a> 👆上面那套提及的资料，偏严肃一点。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>机器环境</h2>
<p>我使用了<strong>VirtualBox</strong>来作为安装机器，给了2核2G，64G硬盘。</p>
<p>后面我再找实体机器来安装，比如一台2012年的MBA。</p>
<p>好了，接下来把iso文件塞进vbox，开始安装～</p>
<h2>确认UEFI模式</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ls<span class="w"> </span>/sys/firmware/efi/efivars
</code></pre></div>
<h2>确认网络</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ping<span class="w"> </span>bilibili.com
</code></pre></div>
<h2>设置时钟</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>timedetectl<span class="w"> </span>set-ntp<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">true</span>
timedatectl<span class="w"> </span>set-timezon<span class="w"> </span>Asia/Shanghai
timedatectl<span class="w"> </span>status
</code></pre></div>
<h2>设置镜像</h2>
<p>编辑镜像列表文件</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>vim<span class="w"> </span>/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
</code></pre></div>
<p>通过正则替换注释掉所有镜像</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">:</span><span class="k">v</span><span class="sr">/^\(#\|\s*$\)/</span> s<span class="sr">/^/</span>#/
</code></pre></div>
<p>然后把中科大的镜像放在最前面</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>Server = https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch
## Arch Linux ...
##
## ...
</code></pre></div>
<h2>分区与格式化</h2>
<h3>分区</h3>
<p>检查当前分区状况</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>lsblk
</code></pre></div>
<p>然后进行分区操作，一般SATA盘是sda、sdb之类，NVME盘是nvme0n1、nvme1n2之类，后面根据我的实际情况来</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>cfdisk<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda
</code></pre></div>
<p>可以Delete原本的分区，然后在Free space上New新的分区，可以通过Type设置分区类型</p>
<ol>
<li>第一个分区建256M，如果已经存在就别删除继续用，新建记得类型用EFI System</li>
<li>第二个分区用满几乎全部磁盘，留两倍内存容量给交换分区就行，类型就是默认的Linux filesystem</li>
<li>第三个分区给虚拟内存交换，用尽剩余的空间即可，类型选Linux swap</li>
</ol>
<p>然后Write写入，要敲yes确认，然后Quit退出cfdisk，然后查看一下分区情况</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>lsblk
</code></pre></div>
<h3>格式化</h3>
<p>sda1是EFI分区，如果分区时就存在，那么不要删除也不要格式化，如果是之前新建的则要格式化</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>mkfs.fat<span class="w"> </span>-F32<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda1
</code></pre></div>
<p>格式化sda2，用Btrfs</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>mkfs.btrfs<span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span>Arch<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda2
</code></pre></div>
<p>格式化sda3</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>mkswap<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda3
</code></pre></div>
<p>创建子卷，先挂载sda2到/mnt</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>mount<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>btrfs<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">compress</span><span class="o">=</span>zstd<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sdxn<span class="w"> </span>/mnt
</code></pre></div>
<p>可以看一下挂载情况</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>df<span class="w"> </span>-h
</code></pre></div>
<p>创建两个子卷</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>btrfs<span class="w"> </span>subvolume<span class="w"> </span>create<span class="w"> </span>/mnt/@
btrfs<span class="w"> </span>subvolume<span class="w"> </span>create<span class="w"> </span>/mnt/@home
</code></pre></div>
<p>然后看一下子卷情况</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>btrfs<span class="w"> </span>subvolume<span class="w"> </span>list<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>/mnt
</code></pre></div>
<p>卸载/mnt</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>umount<span class="w"> </span>/mnt
</code></pre></div>
<p>挂载分区目录，要按<strong>顺序</strong>来</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>mount<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>btrfs<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">subvol</span><span class="o">=</span>/@,compress<span class="o">=</span>zstd<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda2<span class="w"> </span>/mnt
mkdir<span class="w"> </span>/mnt/home
mount<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>btrfs<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">subvol</span><span class="o">=</span>/@home,compress<span class="o">=</span>zstd<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda2<span class="w"> </span>/mnt/home
mkdir<span class="w"> </span>/mnt/boot
mount<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda1<span class="w"> </span>/mnt/boot
swapon<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda3
</code></pre></div>
<p>完了可以用检查下</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>df<span class="w"> </span>-h
free<span class="w"> </span>-h
</code></pre></div>
<h2>安装系统</h2>
<h3>安装基础包</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>pacstrap<span class="w"> </span>/mnt<span class="w"> </span>base<span class="w"> </span>base-devel<span class="w"> </span>linux<span class="w"> </span>linux-firmware<span class="w"> </span>btrfs-progs
</code></pre></div>
<h3>处理虚拟控制台相关报错</h3>
<p>如果上面的安装过程中有<code>ERROR: file not found: '/etc/vconsole.conf'</code>的错误，就需要自己创建一个<code>/etc/vconsole.conf</code></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'KEYMAP=us'</span><span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>/mnt/etc/vconsole.conf
</code></pre></div>
<p>然后重新生成<strong>initramfs 镜像</strong>，这样系统才知道我们加了这个文件</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>arch-chroot<span class="w"> </span>/mnt<span class="w"> </span>mkinitcpio<span class="w"> </span>-P
</code></pre></div>
<p>如果还提示内核模块不存在，就运行</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>arch-chroot<span class="w"> </span>/mnt<span class="w"> </span>pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Syu<span class="w"> </span>linux
</code></pre></div>
<p>重新按照内核，再次执行</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>arch-chroot<span class="w"> </span>/mnt<span class="w"> </span>mkinitcpio<span class="w"> </span>-P
</code></pre></div>
<h3>安装必要功能软件</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>pacstrap<span class="w"> </span>/mnt<span class="w"> </span>networkmanager<span class="w"> </span>vim<span class="w"> </span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>zsh<span class="w"> </span>zsh-completions
</code></pre></div>
<h3>生成fstab</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>genfstab<span class="w"> </span>-U<span class="w"> </span>/mnt<span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>/mnt/etc/fstab
cat<span class="w"> </span>/mnt/etc/fstab
</code></pre></div>
<h3>切换到新系统</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>arch-chroot<span class="w"> </span>/mnt
</code></pre></div>
<h2>设置主机名和HOSTS</h2>
<p>编辑主机名设置文件</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>vim<span class="w"> </span>/etc/hostname
</code></pre></div>
<p>我设置成 <code>funcman-arch</code></p>
<p>注意主机名只能包含字母、数字、连字符(-)、点(.)和下划线(_)</p>
<p>设置hosts</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>vim<span class="w"> </span>/etc/hosts
</code></pre></div>
<p>我的设置</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
::1 localhost.localdomain localhost
127.0.1.1 funcman-arch.localdomain funcman-arch
</code></pre></div>
<p>加上的<code>127.0.1.1</code>虽然不是必须的，设置了可以避免一些问题</p>
<h2>设置时区和地域</h2>
<p>链接上时区文件即可</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ln<span class="w"> </span>-sf<span class="w"> </span>/usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai<span class="w"> </span>/etc/localtime
</code></pre></div>
<p>再把时间同步到硬件</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>hwclock<span class="w"> </span>--systohc
</code></pre></div>
<p>设置Locale</p>
<p>打开设置文件</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>vim<span class="w"> </span>/etc/locale.gen
</code></pre></div>
<p>找到<code>en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8</code>和<code>zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8</code>，将<code>#</code>注释去掉</p>
<p>然后执行</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>locale-gen
<span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'LANG=en_US.UTF-8'</span><span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>/etc/locale.conf
</code></pre></div>
<h2>为 root 用户设置密码</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>passwd<span class="w"> </span>root
</code></pre></div>
<p>输入两遍相同的密码</p>
<h2>安装微码</h2>
<p>根据你用的CPU制造商安装对应的微码</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>pacman<span class="w"> </span>-S<span class="w"> </span>intel-ucode<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">#Intel</span>
pacman<span class="w"> </span>-S<span class="w"> </span>amd-ucode<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">#AMD</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>虚拟机就不用装了</p>
<h2>安装引导程序</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>pacman<span class="w"> </span>-S<span class="w"> </span>grub<span class="w"> </span>efibootmgr<span class="w"> </span>os-prober
grub-install<span class="w"> </span>--target<span class="o">=</span>x86_64-efi<span class="w"> </span>--efi-directory<span class="o">=</span>/boot<span class="w"> </span>--bootloader-id<span class="o">=</span>ARCHBOOT
</code></pre></div>
<p>编辑GRUB配置，定制一下</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>vim<span class="w"> </span>/etc/default/grub
</code></pre></div>
<p>找到<code>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</code>，做以下修改：</p>
<ul>
<li>去掉 <code>quiet</code></li>
<li>把 <code>loglevel</code> 从 <code>3</code> 改成 <code>5</code></li>
<li>加入 <code>nowatchdog</code> 参数，这可以显著提高开关机速度</li>
</ul>
<p>生成配置</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>grub-mkconfig<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>/boot/grub/grub.cfg
</code></pre></div>
<h2>结束安装</h2>
<p>执行</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">exit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">#退回安装环境</span>
umount<span class="w"> </span>-R<span class="w"> </span>/mnt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">#卸载新分区</span>
reboot<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">#重启</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>重启时记得移除安装介质。</p>
<p>暂时完事～</p>
</div>
</div>
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