diff --git a/maps/bgnpcgn-kur-Arab-Latn-2007.yaml b/maps/bgnpcgn-kur-Arab-Latn-2007.yaml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b1348752 --- /dev/null +++ b/maps/bgnpcgn-kur-Arab-Latn-2007.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +--- +authority_id: bgnpcgn +id: 2007 +language: kur +source_script: Arab +destination_script: Latn +name: ROMANIZATION OF KURDISH -- BGN/PCGN 2007 +url: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/693727/ROMANIZATION_OF_KURDISH.pdf +creation_date: 2007 +confirmation date: 2017-12 +description: | + The tabulation below is applicable to the Kurdish language as a + whole. It is based for the most part on the Hawar Roman alphabet used + in the Library of Congress Standard Kurdish Orthography Table, but it + also incorporates certain non-Hawar elements found in A Kurdish-English + Dictionary (Taufiq Wahby & C J Edmonds, OUP, 1966). The tabulation + covers both major varieties of the Kurdish language: Kurmanji and + Sorani. Kurmanji is spoken principally in Turkey and in Iraq north of + the Great Zab River (Dahūk/Dihok Governorate). It is generally written + in Roman script, and usually employs the Roman orthography. Sorani is + spoken principally in Iraq south of the Great Zab river (Arbīl/Hewlêr + and As Sulaymānīyah/Slêmanî governorates). It is generally written in + Perso-Arabic script, and usually employs the Perso-Arabic script + orthography. + + Kurdish forms of geographical names in Turkey will usually be found + in Roman script, and so no romanization process will be required. The + digraph options for consonant letters '\u0686', '\u0634', and '\u063A' + will not be encountered for such names. In Iraq, Syria, and Iran, + Kurdish will usually be encountered in Perso-Arabic script, in which + case it should be romanized into the corresponding Roman script form. + Kurdish geographical names for places and features outside Turkey, + found in Roman script form, should, where necessary and if possible, be + tailored to fit the orthography of the Romanization shown below and + should employ the digraph options for consonant letters '\u0686', + '\u0634', and '\u063A'. + +notes: + + - In pure Kurdish words hamza is borne by yā’ ( ئ ) and occurs only + before initial vowels; it is not romanized. Medial and final hamza in + Arabic borrowings are romanized by ’ (apostrophe – Unicode encoding + 2019). + + - The letters ث ذ ص ض ط ظ do not occur in pure Kurdish words. In Arabic + borrowings some writers retain these letters, others substitute س ز س ز + ت ز respectively. Only the letters ط ض and ص are catered for in the + Library of Congress tabulation, as reflected in lines 16-18 of the + above Consonant table. Words of obvious Arabic origin occurring in a + Kurdish toponymic environment will be treated as Kurdish rather than + Arabic, as will words of other non-Kurdish origins. + + - The digraph options appearing in rows 6, 15 and 20 of the consonants + table should be used for Kurdish geographical names in Iraq, Iran, and + Syria. The single character options should be used for Kurdish + geographical names in Turkey. + + - ڨ is used to represent v in foreign words. Some southern Kurdish + writers use it to represent the v in borrowings from northern Kurdish + dialects. و is pronounced as a v in the north and as a w elsewhere. + + - Hā’ can be used as a vowel or a consonant. The initial (ه) and medial + (forms are used for the consonant h, Consonant table, row 31, while the + final (ه) and independent (forms are used to represent the vowel e, + Vowel table, row 1. Therefore, when used as a consonant, the final and + independent forms of hā’ will be seen as ‘ه’ instead of ‘and ‘ه’, + respectively. For example, مهه meh, (“month”). When used as ‘e’, the + hā’ behaves like the letters alif (ا) , wāw, dāl (د) , and rā (ر) , in + that it never joins to the following letter (i.e., it has no medial + form). Consequently, the following letter will display the initial + form, e.g. هەولێر Hewlêr (unless there is only one following letter, in + which case it will be written in the independent form, e.g. ماوەت + Mawet). As with other vowels (see special rules 2 and 3), initial e is + preceded by the kursî hamza, yielding initial ئه , e.g. ئهني enî + “forehead”. + + - In pure Kurdish words, the vowel ى is always long î, e.g. كانى ماسێ + Kanî Masê. When it represents îzafe, it is also romanized î and joined + by means of a hyphen to its preceding word e.g. پارێزگاى دهۆك Parêzga-î + Dihok. + + - | + An inventory of letter-diacritic combinations, used in addition to + the unmodified letters of the basic Roman script in the Romanization of + Kurdish, with their Unicode encoding, is: + + '‘': '\u2018' , '’': '2019' + 'Ç': '00C7' , 'ç': '00E7' + 'Ḍ': '1E0C' , 'ḍ': '1E0D' + 'Ê': '00CA' , 'ê': '00EA' + + # There is no single Unicode encoding for these letter-diacritic combinations. + 'Ḧ': '0048+0308' , 'ḧ': '0068+0308' + 'Î': '00CE' , 'î': '00EE' + 'Ł': '0141' , 'ł': '0142' + 'Ö': '00D6' , 'ö': '00F6' + 'Ṟ': '1E5E' , 'ṟ': '1E5F' + 'Ş': '015E' , 'ş': '015F' + 'Ṣ': '1E62' , 'ṣ': '1E63' + 'Ṭ': '1E6C' , 'ṭ': '1E6D' + 'Û': '00DB' , 'û': '00FB' + 'Ü': '00DC' , 'ü': '00FC' + 'Ẍ': '1E8C' , 'ẍ': '1E8D' + + - The Romanization column shows only lowercase forms but, when + romanizing, uppercase and lowercase Roman letters as appropriate should + be used. + + +tests: + - source: + expected: + +map: + characters: + '\u0621': '’' # ء (see note 1 and 7) + '\u0628': 'b' # ب + '\u067E': 'p' # پ + '\u062A': 't' # ت (see note 2) + '\u062C': 'c' # ج + '\u0686': # چ (see notes 3 and 7) + - 'ch' + - 'ç' + '\u062D': 'ḧ' # ح + '\u062E': 'x' # خ + '\u062F': 'd' # د + '\u0631': 'r' # ر + '\u0695': 'ṟ' # ڕ (Formerly written ڒ ڔ or رر according to typeface available; may vary on older sources. See note 7.) + '\u0632': 'z' # ز (see note 2) + '\u0698': 'j' # ژ + '\u0633': 's' # س (see note 2) + '\u0634': # ش (see notes 3 and 7) + - 'sh' + - 'ş' + '\u0635': 'ṣ' # ص (see notes 2 and 7) + '\u0636': 'ḍ' # ض (see notes 2 and 7) + '\u0637': 'ṭ' # ط (see notes 2 and 7) + '\u0639': '‘' # ع (see note 7) + '\u063A': # غ (see notes 3 and 7) + - 'gh' + - 'ẍ' + '\u0341': 'f' # ف + '\u06A8': 'v' # ڨ (see note 4) + '\u0642': 'q' # ق + '\u06A9': 'k' # ك + '\u06AF': 'g' # گ + '\u0644': 'l' # ل + '\u06B5': 'ł' # ڵ (Formerly written ڶ according to type available; may vary on older sources. See note 7) + '\u0645': 'm' # م + '\u0646': 'n' # ن + '\u0648': 'w' # و (see note 4) + '\u0647': 'h' # ه (see note 5) + '\u064A': 'y' # ي + + # VOWELS + 'ه' : 'e' # See notes 1 and 5 + 'ئه' : 'e' # See notes 1 and 5 + 'ا' : 'a' # See note 1 + 'ئا' : 'a' # See note 1 + 'ي' : 'î' # See notes 1, 6 and 7 + 'ئي' : 'î' # See notes 1, 6 and 7 + 'ئ' : 'i' + 'ێ' : 'ê' # See note 7 + 'ئێ' : 'ê' # See note 7 + 'و' : 'u' + 'ئو' : 'u' + 'وو' : 'û' # See note 7 + 'ئوو' : 'û' # See note 7 + 'ۆ' : 'o' + 'ئۆ' : 'o' + 'و' : 'ö' # Rare; previously written وي . See note 7 + 'ۊ' : 'ü' # Only appearing in some dialects and only in old sources. Often equated to /û/ (row 7 above). Sometimes written يو See note 7.