esm: print required top-level await locations without evaluating

Previously in order to collect the locations of the TLA, we wait
until right before evalutation to ensure instantiation is
completed so that we can use
v8::Module::GetStalledTopLevelAwaitMessages(). Now we try to
add an additioanl shortcut to the source code in the module wraps
instead during compilation for modules that contain TLAs and
use acron to locate the TLAs when we need to throw
ERR_REQUIRE_AYNSC_MODULE, so we can do this as early as before
instantiation and do not need to run the module again to collect
the locations.
In addition, we now collect the require stack for
ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE too for better metadata in the errors.
Signed-off-by: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
PR-URL: #64154
Backport-PR-URL: #65125
Reviewed-By: Antoine du Hamel <duhamelantoine1995@gmail.com>

Author: joyeecheung

doc/api/cli.md

@@ -1177,11 +1177,14 @@ resolution algorithm.
 added:
  - v22.0.0
  - v20.17.0
+changes:
+ - version: REPLACEME
+ pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64154
+ description: Print the top-level awaits without evaluating the modules.
 -->
 
-If the ES module being `require()`'d contains top-level `await`, this flag
-allows Node.js to evaluate the module, try to locate the
-top-level awaits, and print their location to help users find them.
+If the ES module graph cannot be `require()`'d because it contains any top-level `await`,
+this flag allows Node.js to locate and print their locations.
 
 ### `--experimental-quic`
 

lib/internal/errors.js

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const {
  StringPrototypeEndsWith,
  StringPrototypeIncludes,
  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+ StringPrototypeRepeat,
  StringPrototypeSlice,
  StringPrototypeSplit,
  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -1692,15 +1693,26 @@ E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_ABORTED', '%s', Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_RESET',
 'The QUIC stream was reset by the peer with error code %d',Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_ERROR','The QUIC session requires version negotiation',Error);
-E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parentFilename){
-letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM '+
-'graph with top-level await. Use import() instead. To see where the'+
-' top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
-if(parentFilename){
-message+=`\n From ${parentFilename} `;
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parent,locations){
+letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await. Use import() instead.';
+const{ getOptionValue }=require('internal/options');
+if(!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+message+=' To see where the top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
 }
-if(filename){
-message+=`\n Requiring ${filename} `;
+if(parent){
+const{ getRequireStack }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constrequireStack=getRequireStack(parent);
+if(requireStack.length>0){
+message+='\nRequire stack:\n- '+
+ArrayPrototypeJoin(requireStack,'\n- ');
+}
+this.requireStack=requireStack;
+}
+if(locations&&locations.length>0){
+const{ urlToFilename }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constframes=ArrayPrototypeMap(locations,({ url, line, column, sourceLine })=>
+`${urlToFilename(url)}:${line}\n\n${sourceLine}\n${StringPrototypeRepeat(' ',column)}^\n`);
+setArrowMessage(this,ArrayPrototypeJoin(frames,'\n'));
 }
 returnmessage;
 },Error);

lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const {
  setHasStartedUserCJSExecution,
  stripBOM,
  toRealPath,
+ getRequireStack,
 }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
 const{
  convertCJSFilenameToURL,
@@ -1567,17 +1568,6 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
 throwerr;
 };
 
-functiongetRequireStack(parent){
-constrequireStack=[];
-for(letcursor=parent;
-cursor;
-// TODO(joyeecheung): it makes more sense to use kLastModuleParent here.
-cursor=cursor[kFirstModuleParent]){
-ArrayPrototypePush(requireStack,cursor.filename||cursor.id);
-}
-returnrequireStack;
-}
-
 functiongetRequireStackMessage(request,requireStack){
 letmessage=`Cannot find module '${request}'`;
 if(requireStack.length>0){

lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ const { imported_cjs_symbol } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 constassert=require('internal/assert');
 const{
-ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 debug('Module status',job,status);
 // hasAsyncGraph is available after module been instantiated.
 if(status>=kInstantiated&&job.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+job.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kEvaluated){
 return{wrap: job.module,namespace: job.module.getNamespace()};
@@ -318,6 +317,9 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 }
 if(status!==kEvaluating){
 assert(status===kUninstantiated,`Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+// A previous require() of the same graph may have bailed out before
+// instantiation because it contains top-level await.
+job.throwIfAsyncGraph(parent);
 thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename,parentFilename,false);
 }
 letmessage=`Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
 // Otherwise the module could be imported before but the evaluation may be already
 // completed (e.g. the require call is lazy) so it's okay. We will return the
-// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, after the
-// graph is instantiated.
+// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, before the
+// graph is evaluated.
 }
 
 /**

lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ const {
  Array,
  ArrayPrototypeFind,
  ArrayPrototypeJoin,
+ ArrayPrototypePop,
  ArrayPrototypePush,
+ ArrayPrototypeSort,
  FunctionPrototype,
+ ObjectAssign,
  ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
  PromisePrototypeThen,
  PromiseResolve,
@@ -127,6 +130,77 @@ const explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (e, url, hasTopLevelAwait) => {
 }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} TopLevelAwaitLocation
+ * @property {string} url URL of the module containing the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} line 1-based line number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} column 0-based column number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {string} sourceLine The source line containing the top-level await.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given module by parsing the source with acron.
+ * @param {string} source Module source code.
+ * @returns {object[]} The acorn AST nodes of the top-level awaits, in source order.
+ */
+functionfindTopLevelAwait(source){
+const{ Parser }=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn/dist/acorn');
+constwalk=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn-walk/dist/walk');
+letast;
+try{
+ast=Parser.parse(source,{
+__proto__: null,ecmaVersion: 'latest',sourceType: 'module',locations: true,
+});
+}catch{
+return[];// The source is not parsable, skip.
+}
+// We are looking for _top-level_ await, so we don't traverse into function bodies.
+constbaseVisitor=ObjectAssign({__proto__: null},walk.base,{Function: noop});
+constfound=[];
+walk.simple(ast,{
+__proto__: null,
+AwaitExpression(node){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);},
+// `for await (...)` is a ForOfStatement with `await: true`, not an AwaitExpression.
+ForOfStatement(node){
+if(node.await){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+// `await using x = ...` is a VariableDeclaration, not an AwaitExpression.
+VariableDeclaration(node){
+if(node.kind==='await using'){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+},baseVisitor);
+ArrayPrototypeSort(found,(a,b)=>a.start-b.start);
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given modules.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} modules Modules that may contain top-level await.
+ * @returns {TopLevelAwaitLocation[]} The locations of the top-level awaits.
+ */
+functiongetTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules){
+constlocations=[];
+for(leti=0;i<modules.length;i++){
+constmodule=modules[i];
+constsource=module.source;
+if(typeofsource!=='string'){continue;}// Not retained during compilation. Skip.
+constfound=findTopLevelAwait(source);
+if(found.length===0){continue;}
+constlines=StringPrototypeSplit(source,'\n');
+for(letj=0;j<found.length;j++){
+const{ start }=found[j].loc;
+ArrayPrototypePush(locations,{
+__proto__: null,
+url: module.url,
+line: start.line,
+column: start.column,
+sourceLine: lines[start.line-1],
+});
+}
+}
+returnlocations;
+}
+
 classModuleJobBase{
 constructor(loader,url,importAttributes,phase,isMain,inspectBrk){
 assert(typeofphase==='number');
@@ -185,6 +259,64 @@ class ModuleJobBase {
 returnevaluationDepJobs;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Collect the modules that contain top-level await in the linked graph of
+ * this job. Whether each module contains top-level await is known at
+ * compilation, so for a synchronously linked graph this finds asynchronous
+ * graphs before instantiation.
+ * On the (deprecated) async loader hook worker thread, linking may be asynchronous, in
+ * which case the subgraphs that are not synchronously linked are skipped
+ * and callers should still consult hasAsyncGraph after instantiation.
+ * @returns {ModuleWrap[]}
+ */
+findModulesWithTopLevelAwait(){
+constfound=[];
+constseen=newSafeSet();
+conststack=[this];
+while(stack.length>0){
+constjob=ArrayPrototypePop(stack);
+if(seen.has(job)){continue;}
+seen.add(job);
+if(job.module?.hasTopLevelAwait){
+ArrayPrototypePush(found,job.module);
+}
+// job.linked is the array of evaluation-phase dependency jobs when the
+// linking is synchronous. Skip it if it's still a promise.
+if(!isPromise(job.linked)){
+for(leti=0;i<job.linked.length;i++){
+ArrayPrototypePush(stack,job.linked[i]);
+}
+}
+}
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw the ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE with metadata for a require()'d graph that
+ * contains top-level await.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} [modules] Modules with top-level await, when already
+ * collected by the caller, to avoid walking the graph again.
+ */
+throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait()){
+constlocations=getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla') ? getTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules) : [];
+constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
+thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parent,locations);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the a require()'d graph contains top-level await, collect the source locations
+ * of the top-level awaits using source code retained during compilation and throw
+ * ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE. This can be run before instantiation is complete.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ */
+throwIfAsyncGraph(parent){
+constmodules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait();
+if(modules.length>0){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules);
+}
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensure that this ModuleJob is moving towards the required phase
  * (does not necessarily mean it is ready at that phase - run does that)
@@ -386,6 +518,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 
 debug('ModuleJob.runSync()',status,this.module);
 if(status===kUninstantiated){
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that
+// the async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // FIXME(joyeecheung): this cannot fully handle < kInstantiated. Make the linking
 // fully synchronous instead.
 if(this.module.getModuleRequests().length===0){
@@ -395,22 +529,18 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 status=this.module.getStatus();
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated||status===kErrored){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated){
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }
 throwthis.module.getError();
 }elseif(status===kEvaluating||status===kEvaluated){
 if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 // kEvaluating can show up when this is being used to deal with CJS <-> CJS cycles.
 // Allow it for now, since we only need to ban ESM <-> CJS cycles which would be
@@ -506,9 +636,16 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 awaitthis.evaluationPromise;
 }
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module};
-}elseif(status===kInstantiated){
-// The evaluation may have been canceled because instantiate() detected TLA first.
-// But when it is imported again, it's fine to re-evaluate it asynchronously.
+}elseif(status===kInstantiated||status===kUninstantiated){
+// The require() of this (synchronously linked) module bailed out: either
+// it was rejected for containing top-level await after instantiation
+// (kInstantiated), or its instantiation failed and left it uninstantiated
+// (kUninstantiated, e.g. a missing named export). When it's reached via async
+// run() from import, finish the instantiation and evaluate it asynchronously,
+// re-throwing any instantiation error.
+if(status===kUninstantiated){
+this.module.instantiate();
+}
 consttimeout=-1;
 constbreakOnSigint=false;
 this.evaluationPromise=this.module.evaluate(timeout,breakOnSigint);
@@ -524,23 +661,19 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 runSync(parent){
 debug('ModuleJobSync.runSync()',this.module);
 assert(this.phase===kEvaluationPhase);
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that the
+// async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // TODO(joyeecheung): add the error decoration logic from the async instantiate.
 this.module.instantiate();
-// If --experimental-print-required-tla is true, proceeds to evaluation even
-// if it's async because we want to search for the TLA and help users locate
-// them.
-// TODO(joyeecheung): track the asynchroniticy using v8::Module::HasTopLevelAwait()
-// and we'll be able to throw right after compilation of the modules, using acron
-// to find and print the TLA. This requires the linking to be synchronous in case
-// it runs into cached asynchronous modules that are not yet fetched.
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+// On the deprecated async loader hook worker thread, dependencies linked by an
+// earlier import may not be walkable synchronously, so double-check with
+// V8 now that the graph is instantiated.
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
 try{
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }catch(e){
 explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError(e,this.module.url,this.module.hasTopLevelAwait);

lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithSpecialRequire(module, source, url, filename, isMain,
 // On the main thread, the authentic require() is used instead (fixed by #60380).
 constrequest={ specifier,attributes: importAttributes,phase: kEvaluationPhase,__proto__: null};
 constjob=cascadedLoader.getOrCreateModuleJob(url,request,kRequireInImportedCJS);
-job.runSync();
+job.runSync(module);
 letmod=cjsCache.get(job.url);
 assert(job.module,`Imported CJS module ${url} failed to load module ${job.url} using require() due to race condition`);
 

lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js

@@ -326,6 +326,15 @@ function compileSourceTextModule(url, source, cascadedLoader, context = kEmptyOb
 wrap.isMain=true;
 }
 
+// Add an extra reference to the source of modules containing top-level await so that if the
+// module ends up being require()'d, we can parse the location of the top-level awaits to print
+// better errors. There will be other references to the same source in the module in V8 so this
+// only serves as a shortcut.
+if(wrap.hasTopLevelAwait&&
+getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+wrap.source=source;
+}
+
 // Cache the source map for the module if present.
 if(wrap.sourceMapURL){
 maybeCacheSourceMap(url,source,wrap,false,wrap.sourceURL,wrap.sourceMapURL);

doc/api/cli.md

@@ -1177,11 +1177,14 @@ resolution algorithm.
 added:
  - v22.0.0
  - v20.17.0
+changes:
+ - version: REPLACEME
+ pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64154
+ description: Print the top-level awaits without evaluating the modules.
 -->
 
-If the ES module being `require()`'d contains top-level `await`, this flag
-allows Node.js to evaluate the module, try to locate the
-top-level awaits, and print their location to help users find them.
+If the ES module graph cannot be `require()`'d because it contains any top-level `await`,
+this flag allows Node.js to locate and print their locations.
 
 ### `--experimental-quic`
 

lib/internal/errors.js

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const {
  StringPrototypeEndsWith,
  StringPrototypeIncludes,
  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+ StringPrototypeRepeat,
  StringPrototypeSlice,
  StringPrototypeSplit,
  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -1692,15 +1693,26 @@ E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_ABORTED', '%s', Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_RESET',
 'The QUIC stream was reset by the peer with error code %d',Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_ERROR','The QUIC session requires version negotiation',Error);
-E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parentFilename){
-letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM '+
-'graph with top-level await. Use import() instead. To see where the'+
-' top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
-if(parentFilename){
-message+=`\n From ${parentFilename} `;
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parent,locations){
+letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await. Use import() instead.';
+const{ getOptionValue }=require('internal/options');
+if(!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+message+=' To see where the top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
 }
-if(filename){
-message+=`\n Requiring ${filename} `;
+if(parent){
+const{ getRequireStack }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constrequireStack=getRequireStack(parent);
+if(requireStack.length>0){
+message+='\nRequire stack:\n- '+
+ArrayPrototypeJoin(requireStack,'\n- ');
+}
+this.requireStack=requireStack;
+}
+if(locations&&locations.length>0){
+const{ urlToFilename }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constframes=ArrayPrototypeMap(locations,({ url, line, column, sourceLine })=>
+`${urlToFilename(url)}:${line}\n\n${sourceLine}\n${StringPrototypeRepeat(' ',column)}^\n`);
+setArrowMessage(this,ArrayPrototypeJoin(frames,'\n'));
 }
 returnmessage;
 },Error);

lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const {
  setHasStartedUserCJSExecution,
  stripBOM,
  toRealPath,
+ getRequireStack,
 }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
 const{
  convertCJSFilenameToURL,
@@ -1567,17 +1568,6 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
 throwerr;
 };
 
-functiongetRequireStack(parent){
-constrequireStack=[];
-for(letcursor=parent;
-cursor;
-// TODO(joyeecheung): it makes more sense to use kLastModuleParent here.
-cursor=cursor[kFirstModuleParent]){
-ArrayPrototypePush(requireStack,cursor.filename||cursor.id);
-}
-returnrequireStack;
-}
-
 functiongetRequireStackMessage(request,requireStack){
 letmessage=`Cannot find module '${request}'`;
 if(requireStack.length>0){

lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ const { imported_cjs_symbol } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 constassert=require('internal/assert');
 const{
-ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 debug('Module status',job,status);
 // hasAsyncGraph is available after module been instantiated.
 if(status>=kInstantiated&&job.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+job.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kEvaluated){
 return{wrap: job.module,namespace: job.module.getNamespace()};
@@ -318,6 +317,9 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 }
 if(status!==kEvaluating){
 assert(status===kUninstantiated,`Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+// A previous require() of the same graph may have bailed out before
+// instantiation because it contains top-level await.
+job.throwIfAsyncGraph(parent);
 thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename,parentFilename,false);
 }
 letmessage=`Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
 // Otherwise the module could be imported before but the evaluation may be already
 // completed (e.g. the require call is lazy) so it's okay. We will return the
-// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, after the
-// graph is instantiated.
+// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, before the
+// graph is evaluated.
 }
 
 /**

lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ const {
  Array,
  ArrayPrototypeFind,
  ArrayPrototypeJoin,
+ ArrayPrototypePop,
  ArrayPrototypePush,
+ ArrayPrototypeSort,
  FunctionPrototype,
+ ObjectAssign,
  ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
  PromisePrototypeThen,
  PromiseResolve,
@@ -127,6 +130,77 @@ const explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (e, url, hasTopLevelAwait) => {
 }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} TopLevelAwaitLocation
+ * @property {string} url URL of the module containing the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} line 1-based line number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} column 0-based column number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {string} sourceLine The source line containing the top-level await.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given module by parsing the source with acron.
+ * @param {string} source Module source code.
+ * @returns {object[]} The acorn AST nodes of the top-level awaits, in source order.
+ */
+functionfindTopLevelAwait(source){
+const{ Parser }=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn/dist/acorn');
+constwalk=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn-walk/dist/walk');
+letast;
+try{
+ast=Parser.parse(source,{
+__proto__: null,ecmaVersion: 'latest',sourceType: 'module',locations: true,
+});
+}catch{
+return[];// The source is not parsable, skip.
+}
+// We are looking for _top-level_ await, so we don't traverse into function bodies.
+constbaseVisitor=ObjectAssign({__proto__: null},walk.base,{Function: noop});
+constfound=[];
+walk.simple(ast,{
+__proto__: null,
+AwaitExpression(node){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);},
+// `for await (...)` is a ForOfStatement with `await: true`, not an AwaitExpression.
+ForOfStatement(node){
+if(node.await){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+// `await using x = ...` is a VariableDeclaration, not an AwaitExpression.
+VariableDeclaration(node){
+if(node.kind==='await using'){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+},baseVisitor);
+ArrayPrototypeSort(found,(a,b)=>a.start-b.start);
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given modules.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} modules Modules that may contain top-level await.
+ * @returns {TopLevelAwaitLocation[]} The locations of the top-level awaits.
+ */
+functiongetTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules){
+constlocations=[];
+for(leti=0;i<modules.length;i++){
+constmodule=modules[i];
+constsource=module.source;
+if(typeofsource!=='string'){continue;}// Not retained during compilation. Skip.
+constfound=findTopLevelAwait(source);
+if(found.length===0){continue;}
+constlines=StringPrototypeSplit(source,'\n');
+for(letj=0;j<found.length;j++){
+const{ start }=found[j].loc;
+ArrayPrototypePush(locations,{
+__proto__: null,
+url: module.url,
+line: start.line,
+column: start.column,
+sourceLine: lines[start.line-1],
+});
+}
+}
+returnlocations;
+}
+
 classModuleJobBase{
 constructor(loader,url,importAttributes,phase,isMain,inspectBrk){
 assert(typeofphase==='number');
@@ -185,6 +259,64 @@ class ModuleJobBase {
 returnevaluationDepJobs;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Collect the modules that contain top-level await in the linked graph of
+ * this job. Whether each module contains top-level await is known at
+ * compilation, so for a synchronously linked graph this finds asynchronous
+ * graphs before instantiation.
+ * On the (deprecated) async loader hook worker thread, linking may be asynchronous, in
+ * which case the subgraphs that are not synchronously linked are skipped
+ * and callers should still consult hasAsyncGraph after instantiation.
+ * @returns {ModuleWrap[]}
+ */
+findModulesWithTopLevelAwait(){
+constfound=[];
+constseen=newSafeSet();
+conststack=[this];
+while(stack.length>0){
+constjob=ArrayPrototypePop(stack);
+if(seen.has(job)){continue;}
+seen.add(job);
+if(job.module?.hasTopLevelAwait){
+ArrayPrototypePush(found,job.module);
+}
+// job.linked is the array of evaluation-phase dependency jobs when the
+// linking is synchronous. Skip it if it's still a promise.
+if(!isPromise(job.linked)){
+for(leti=0;i<job.linked.length;i++){
+ArrayPrototypePush(stack,job.linked[i]);
+}
+}
+}
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw the ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE with metadata for a require()'d graph that
+ * contains top-level await.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} [modules] Modules with top-level await, when already
+ * collected by the caller, to avoid walking the graph again.
+ */
+throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait()){
+constlocations=getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla') ? getTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules) : [];
+constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
+thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parent,locations);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the a require()'d graph contains top-level await, collect the source locations
+ * of the top-level awaits using source code retained during compilation and throw
+ * ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE. This can be run before instantiation is complete.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ */
+throwIfAsyncGraph(parent){
+constmodules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait();
+if(modules.length>0){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules);
+}
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensure that this ModuleJob is moving towards the required phase
  * (does not necessarily mean it is ready at that phase - run does that)
@@ -386,6 +518,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 
 debug('ModuleJob.runSync()',status,this.module);
 if(status===kUninstantiated){
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that
+// the async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // FIXME(joyeecheung): this cannot fully handle < kInstantiated. Make the linking
 // fully synchronous instead.
 if(this.module.getModuleRequests().length===0){
@@ -395,22 +529,18 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 status=this.module.getStatus();
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated||status===kErrored){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated){
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }
 throwthis.module.getError();
 }elseif(status===kEvaluating||status===kEvaluated){
 if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 // kEvaluating can show up when this is being used to deal with CJS <-> CJS cycles.
 // Allow it for now, since we only need to ban ESM <-> CJS cycles which would be
@@ -506,9 +636,16 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 awaitthis.evaluationPromise;
 }
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module};
-}elseif(status===kInstantiated){
-// The evaluation may have been canceled because instantiate() detected TLA first.
-// But when it is imported again, it's fine to re-evaluate it asynchronously.
+}elseif(status===kInstantiated||status===kUninstantiated){
+// The require() of this (synchronously linked) module bailed out: either
+// it was rejected for containing top-level await after instantiation
+// (kInstantiated), or its instantiation failed and left it uninstantiated
+// (kUninstantiated, e.g. a missing named export). When it's reached via async
+// run() from import, finish the instantiation and evaluate it asynchronously,
+// re-throwing any instantiation error.
+if(status===kUninstantiated){
+this.module.instantiate();
+}
 consttimeout=-1;
 constbreakOnSigint=false;
 this.evaluationPromise=this.module.evaluate(timeout,breakOnSigint);
@@ -524,23 +661,19 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 runSync(parent){
 debug('ModuleJobSync.runSync()',this.module);
 assert(this.phase===kEvaluationPhase);
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that the
+// async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // TODO(joyeecheung): add the error decoration logic from the async instantiate.
 this.module.instantiate();
-// If --experimental-print-required-tla is true, proceeds to evaluation even
-// if it's async because we want to search for the TLA and help users locate
-// them.
-// TODO(joyeecheung): track the asynchroniticy using v8::Module::HasTopLevelAwait()
-// and we'll be able to throw right after compilation of the modules, using acron
-// to find and print the TLA. This requires the linking to be synchronous in case
-// it runs into cached asynchronous modules that are not yet fetched.
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+// On the deprecated async loader hook worker thread, dependencies linked by an
+// earlier import may not be walkable synchronously, so double-check with
+// V8 now that the graph is instantiated.
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
 try{
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }catch(e){
 explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError(e,this.module.url,this.module.hasTopLevelAwait);

lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithSpecialRequire(module, source, url, filename, isMain,
 // On the main thread, the authentic require() is used instead (fixed by #60380).
 constrequest={ specifier,attributes: importAttributes,phase: kEvaluationPhase,__proto__: null};
 constjob=cascadedLoader.getOrCreateModuleJob(url,request,kRequireInImportedCJS);
-job.runSync();
+job.runSync(module);
 letmod=cjsCache.get(job.url);
 assert(job.module,`Imported CJS module ${url} failed to load module ${job.url} using require() due to race condition`);
 

lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js

@@ -326,6 +326,15 @@ function compileSourceTextModule(url, source, cascadedLoader, context = kEmptyOb
 wrap.isMain=true;
 }
 
+// Add an extra reference to the source of modules containing top-level await so that if the
+// module ends up being require()'d, we can parse the location of the top-level awaits to print
+// better errors. There will be other references to the same source in the module in V8 so this
+// only serves as a shortcut.
+if(wrap.hasTopLevelAwait&&
+getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+wrap.source=source;
+}
+
 // Cache the source map for the module if present.
 if(wrap.sourceMapURL){
 maybeCacheSourceMap(url,source,wrap,false,wrap.sourceURL,wrap.sourceMapURL);

doc/api/cli.md

@@ -1177,11 +1177,14 @@ resolution algorithm.
 added:
  - v22.0.0
  - v20.17.0
+changes:
+ - version: REPLACEME
+ pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64154
+ description: Print the top-level awaits without evaluating the modules.
 -->
 
-If the ES module being `require()`'d contains top-level `await`, this flag
-allows Node.js to evaluate the module, try to locate the
-top-level awaits, and print their location to help users find them.
+If the ES module graph cannot be `require()`'d because it contains any top-level `await`,
+this flag allows Node.js to locate and print their locations.
 
 ### `--experimental-quic`
 

lib/internal/errors.js

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const {
  StringPrototypeEndsWith,
  StringPrototypeIncludes,
  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+ StringPrototypeRepeat,
  StringPrototypeSlice,
  StringPrototypeSplit,
  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -1692,15 +1693,26 @@ E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_ABORTED', '%s', Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_RESET',
 'The QUIC stream was reset by the peer with error code %d',Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_ERROR','The QUIC session requires version negotiation',Error);
-E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parentFilename){
-letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM '+
-'graph with top-level await. Use import() instead. To see where the'+
-' top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
-if(parentFilename){
-message+=`\n From ${parentFilename} `;
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parent,locations){
+letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await. Use import() instead.';
+const{ getOptionValue }=require('internal/options');
+if(!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+message+=' To see where the top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
 }
-if(filename){
-message+=`\n Requiring ${filename} `;
+if(parent){
+const{ getRequireStack }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constrequireStack=getRequireStack(parent);
+if(requireStack.length>0){
+message+='\nRequire stack:\n- '+
+ArrayPrototypeJoin(requireStack,'\n- ');
+}
+this.requireStack=requireStack;
+}
+if(locations&&locations.length>0){
+const{ urlToFilename }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constframes=ArrayPrototypeMap(locations,({ url, line, column, sourceLine })=>
+`${urlToFilename(url)}:${line}\n\n${sourceLine}\n${StringPrototypeRepeat(' ',column)}^\n`);
+setArrowMessage(this,ArrayPrototypeJoin(frames,'\n'));
 }
 returnmessage;
 },Error);

lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const {
  setHasStartedUserCJSExecution,
  stripBOM,
  toRealPath,
+ getRequireStack,
 }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
 const{
  convertCJSFilenameToURL,
@@ -1567,17 +1568,6 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
 throwerr;
 };
 
-functiongetRequireStack(parent){
-constrequireStack=[];
-for(letcursor=parent;
-cursor;
-// TODO(joyeecheung): it makes more sense to use kLastModuleParent here.
-cursor=cursor[kFirstModuleParent]){
-ArrayPrototypePush(requireStack,cursor.filename||cursor.id);
-}
-returnrequireStack;
-}
-
 functiongetRequireStackMessage(request,requireStack){
 letmessage=`Cannot find module '${request}'`;
 if(requireStack.length>0){

lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ const { imported_cjs_symbol } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 constassert=require('internal/assert');
 const{
-ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 debug('Module status',job,status);
 // hasAsyncGraph is available after module been instantiated.
 if(status>=kInstantiated&&job.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+job.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kEvaluated){
 return{wrap: job.module,namespace: job.module.getNamespace()};
@@ -318,6 +317,9 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 }
 if(status!==kEvaluating){
 assert(status===kUninstantiated,`Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+// A previous require() of the same graph may have bailed out before
+// instantiation because it contains top-level await.
+job.throwIfAsyncGraph(parent);
 thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename,parentFilename,false);
 }
 letmessage=`Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
 // Otherwise the module could be imported before but the evaluation may be already
 // completed (e.g. the require call is lazy) so it's okay. We will return the
-// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, after the
-// graph is instantiated.
+// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, before the
+// graph is evaluated.
 }
 
 /**

lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ const {
  Array,
  ArrayPrototypeFind,
  ArrayPrototypeJoin,
+ ArrayPrototypePop,
  ArrayPrototypePush,
+ ArrayPrototypeSort,
  FunctionPrototype,
+ ObjectAssign,
  ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
  PromisePrototypeThen,
  PromiseResolve,
@@ -127,6 +130,77 @@ const explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (e, url, hasTopLevelAwait) => {
 }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} TopLevelAwaitLocation
+ * @property {string} url URL of the module containing the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} line 1-based line number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} column 0-based column number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {string} sourceLine The source line containing the top-level await.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given module by parsing the source with acron.
+ * @param {string} source Module source code.
+ * @returns {object[]} The acorn AST nodes of the top-level awaits, in source order.
+ */
+functionfindTopLevelAwait(source){
+const{ Parser }=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn/dist/acorn');
+constwalk=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn-walk/dist/walk');
+letast;
+try{
+ast=Parser.parse(source,{
+__proto__: null,ecmaVersion: 'latest',sourceType: 'module',locations: true,
+});
+}catch{
+return[];// The source is not parsable, skip.
+}
+// We are looking for _top-level_ await, so we don't traverse into function bodies.
+constbaseVisitor=ObjectAssign({__proto__: null},walk.base,{Function: noop});
+constfound=[];
+walk.simple(ast,{
+__proto__: null,
+AwaitExpression(node){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);},
+// `for await (...)` is a ForOfStatement with `await: true`, not an AwaitExpression.
+ForOfStatement(node){
+if(node.await){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+// `await using x = ...` is a VariableDeclaration, not an AwaitExpression.
+VariableDeclaration(node){
+if(node.kind==='await using'){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+},baseVisitor);
+ArrayPrototypeSort(found,(a,b)=>a.start-b.start);
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given modules.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} modules Modules that may contain top-level await.
+ * @returns {TopLevelAwaitLocation[]} The locations of the top-level awaits.
+ */
+functiongetTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules){
+constlocations=[];
+for(leti=0;i<modules.length;i++){
+constmodule=modules[i];
+constsource=module.source;
+if(typeofsource!=='string'){continue;}// Not retained during compilation. Skip.
+constfound=findTopLevelAwait(source);
+if(found.length===0){continue;}
+constlines=StringPrototypeSplit(source,'\n');
+for(letj=0;j<found.length;j++){
+const{ start }=found[j].loc;
+ArrayPrototypePush(locations,{
+__proto__: null,
+url: module.url,
+line: start.line,
+column: start.column,
+sourceLine: lines[start.line-1],
+});
+}
+}
+returnlocations;
+}
+
 classModuleJobBase{
 constructor(loader,url,importAttributes,phase,isMain,inspectBrk){
 assert(typeofphase==='number');
@@ -185,6 +259,64 @@ class ModuleJobBase {
 returnevaluationDepJobs;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Collect the modules that contain top-level await in the linked graph of
+ * this job. Whether each module contains top-level await is known at
+ * compilation, so for a synchronously linked graph this finds asynchronous
+ * graphs before instantiation.
+ * On the (deprecated) async loader hook worker thread, linking may be asynchronous, in
+ * which case the subgraphs that are not synchronously linked are skipped
+ * and callers should still consult hasAsyncGraph after instantiation.
+ * @returns {ModuleWrap[]}
+ */
+findModulesWithTopLevelAwait(){
+constfound=[];
+constseen=newSafeSet();
+conststack=[this];
+while(stack.length>0){
+constjob=ArrayPrototypePop(stack);
+if(seen.has(job)){continue;}
+seen.add(job);
+if(job.module?.hasTopLevelAwait){
+ArrayPrototypePush(found,job.module);
+}
+// job.linked is the array of evaluation-phase dependency jobs when the
+// linking is synchronous. Skip it if it's still a promise.
+if(!isPromise(job.linked)){
+for(leti=0;i<job.linked.length;i++){
+ArrayPrototypePush(stack,job.linked[i]);
+}
+}
+}
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw the ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE with metadata for a require()'d graph that
+ * contains top-level await.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} [modules] Modules with top-level await, when already
+ * collected by the caller, to avoid walking the graph again.
+ */
+throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait()){
+constlocations=getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla') ? getTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules) : [];
+constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
+thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parent,locations);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the a require()'d graph contains top-level await, collect the source locations
+ * of the top-level awaits using source code retained during compilation and throw
+ * ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE. This can be run before instantiation is complete.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ */
+throwIfAsyncGraph(parent){
+constmodules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait();
+if(modules.length>0){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules);
+}
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensure that this ModuleJob is moving towards the required phase
  * (does not necessarily mean it is ready at that phase - run does that)
@@ -386,6 +518,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 
 debug('ModuleJob.runSync()',status,this.module);
 if(status===kUninstantiated){
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that
+// the async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // FIXME(joyeecheung): this cannot fully handle < kInstantiated. Make the linking
 // fully synchronous instead.
 if(this.module.getModuleRequests().length===0){
@@ -395,22 +529,18 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 status=this.module.getStatus();
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated||status===kErrored){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated){
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }
 throwthis.module.getError();
 }elseif(status===kEvaluating||status===kEvaluated){
 if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 // kEvaluating can show up when this is being used to deal with CJS <-> CJS cycles.
 // Allow it for now, since we only need to ban ESM <-> CJS cycles which would be
@@ -506,9 +636,16 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 awaitthis.evaluationPromise;
 }
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module};
-}elseif(status===kInstantiated){
-// The evaluation may have been canceled because instantiate() detected TLA first.
-// But when it is imported again, it's fine to re-evaluate it asynchronously.
+}elseif(status===kInstantiated||status===kUninstantiated){
+// The require() of this (synchronously linked) module bailed out: either
+// it was rejected for containing top-level await after instantiation
+// (kInstantiated), or its instantiation failed and left it uninstantiated
+// (kUninstantiated, e.g. a missing named export). When it's reached via async
+// run() from import, finish the instantiation and evaluate it asynchronously,
+// re-throwing any instantiation error.
+if(status===kUninstantiated){
+this.module.instantiate();
+}
 consttimeout=-1;
 constbreakOnSigint=false;
 this.evaluationPromise=this.module.evaluate(timeout,breakOnSigint);
@@ -524,23 +661,19 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 runSync(parent){
 debug('ModuleJobSync.runSync()',this.module);
 assert(this.phase===kEvaluationPhase);
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that the
+// async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // TODO(joyeecheung): add the error decoration logic from the async instantiate.
 this.module.instantiate();
-// If --experimental-print-required-tla is true, proceeds to evaluation even
-// if it's async because we want to search for the TLA and help users locate
-// them.
-// TODO(joyeecheung): track the asynchroniticy using v8::Module::HasTopLevelAwait()
-// and we'll be able to throw right after compilation of the modules, using acron
-// to find and print the TLA. This requires the linking to be synchronous in case
-// it runs into cached asynchronous modules that are not yet fetched.
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+// On the deprecated async loader hook worker thread, dependencies linked by an
+// earlier import may not be walkable synchronously, so double-check with
+// V8 now that the graph is instantiated.
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
 try{
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }catch(e){
 explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError(e,this.module.url,this.module.hasTopLevelAwait);

lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithSpecialRequire(module, source, url, filename, isMain,
 // On the main thread, the authentic require() is used instead (fixed by #60380).
 constrequest={ specifier,attributes: importAttributes,phase: kEvaluationPhase,__proto__: null};
 constjob=cascadedLoader.getOrCreateModuleJob(url,request,kRequireInImportedCJS);
-job.runSync();
+job.runSync(module);
 letmod=cjsCache.get(job.url);
 assert(job.module,`Imported CJS module ${url} failed to load module ${job.url} using require() due to race condition`);
 

lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js

@@ -326,6 +326,15 @@ function compileSourceTextModule(url, source, cascadedLoader, context = kEmptyOb
 wrap.isMain=true;
 }
 
+// Add an extra reference to the source of modules containing top-level await so that if the
+// module ends up being require()'d, we can parse the location of the top-level awaits to print
+// better errors. There will be other references to the same source in the module in V8 so this
+// only serves as a shortcut.
+if(wrap.hasTopLevelAwait&&
+getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+wrap.source=source;
+}
+
 // Cache the source map for the module if present.
 if(wrap.sourceMapURL){
 maybeCacheSourceMap(url,source,wrap,false,wrap.sourceURL,wrap.sourceMapURL);

doc/api/cli.md

@@ -1177,11 +1177,14 @@ resolution algorithm.
 added:
  - v22.0.0
  - v20.17.0
+changes:
+ - version: REPLACEME
+ pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64154
+ description: Print the top-level awaits without evaluating the modules.
 -->
 
-If the ES module being `require()`'d contains top-level `await`, this flag
-allows Node.js to evaluate the module, try to locate the
-top-level awaits, and print their location to help users find them.
+If the ES module graph cannot be `require()`'d because it contains any top-level `await`,
+this flag allows Node.js to locate and print their locations.
 
 ### `--experimental-quic`
 

lib/internal/errors.js

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const {
  StringPrototypeEndsWith,
  StringPrototypeIncludes,
  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+ StringPrototypeRepeat,
  StringPrototypeSlice,
  StringPrototypeSplit,
  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -1692,15 +1693,26 @@ E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_ABORTED', '%s', Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_RESET',
 'The QUIC stream was reset by the peer with error code %d',Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_ERROR','The QUIC session requires version negotiation',Error);
-E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parentFilename){
-letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM '+
-'graph with top-level await. Use import() instead. To see where the'+
-' top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
-if(parentFilename){
-message+=`\n From ${parentFilename} `;
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parent,locations){
+letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await. Use import() instead.';
+const{ getOptionValue }=require('internal/options');
+if(!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+message+=' To see where the top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
 }
-if(filename){
-message+=`\n Requiring ${filename} `;
+if(parent){
+const{ getRequireStack }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constrequireStack=getRequireStack(parent);
+if(requireStack.length>0){
+message+='\nRequire stack:\n- '+
+ArrayPrototypeJoin(requireStack,'\n- ');
+}
+this.requireStack=requireStack;
+}
+if(locations&&locations.length>0){
+const{ urlToFilename }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constframes=ArrayPrototypeMap(locations,({ url, line, column, sourceLine })=>
+`${urlToFilename(url)}:${line}\n\n${sourceLine}\n${StringPrototypeRepeat(' ',column)}^\n`);
+setArrowMessage(this,ArrayPrototypeJoin(frames,'\n'));
 }
 returnmessage;
 },Error);

lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const {
  setHasStartedUserCJSExecution,
  stripBOM,
  toRealPath,
+ getRequireStack,
 }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
 const{
  convertCJSFilenameToURL,
@@ -1567,17 +1568,6 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
 throwerr;
 };
 
-functiongetRequireStack(parent){
-constrequireStack=[];
-for(letcursor=parent;
-cursor;
-// TODO(joyeecheung): it makes more sense to use kLastModuleParent here.
-cursor=cursor[kFirstModuleParent]){
-ArrayPrototypePush(requireStack,cursor.filename||cursor.id);
-}
-returnrequireStack;
-}
-
 functiongetRequireStackMessage(request,requireStack){
 letmessage=`Cannot find module '${request}'`;
 if(requireStack.length>0){

lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ const { imported_cjs_symbol } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 constassert=require('internal/assert');
 const{
-ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 debug('Module status',job,status);
 // hasAsyncGraph is available after module been instantiated.
 if(status>=kInstantiated&&job.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+job.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kEvaluated){
 return{wrap: job.module,namespace: job.module.getNamespace()};
@@ -318,6 +317,9 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 }
 if(status!==kEvaluating){
 assert(status===kUninstantiated,`Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+// A previous require() of the same graph may have bailed out before
+// instantiation because it contains top-level await.
+job.throwIfAsyncGraph(parent);
 thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename,parentFilename,false);
 }
 letmessage=`Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
 // Otherwise the module could be imported before but the evaluation may be already
 // completed (e.g. the require call is lazy) so it's okay. We will return the
-// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, after the
-// graph is instantiated.
+// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, before the
+// graph is evaluated.
 }
 
 /**

lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ const {
  Array,
  ArrayPrototypeFind,
  ArrayPrototypeJoin,
+ ArrayPrototypePop,
  ArrayPrototypePush,
+ ArrayPrototypeSort,
  FunctionPrototype,
+ ObjectAssign,
  ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
  PromisePrototypeThen,
  PromiseResolve,
@@ -127,6 +130,77 @@ const explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (e, url, hasTopLevelAwait) => {
 }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} TopLevelAwaitLocation
+ * @property {string} url URL of the module containing the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} line 1-based line number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} column 0-based column number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {string} sourceLine The source line containing the top-level await.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given module by parsing the source with acron.
+ * @param {string} source Module source code.
+ * @returns {object[]} The acorn AST nodes of the top-level awaits, in source order.
+ */
+functionfindTopLevelAwait(source){
+const{ Parser }=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn/dist/acorn');
+constwalk=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn-walk/dist/walk');
+letast;
+try{
+ast=Parser.parse(source,{
+__proto__: null,ecmaVersion: 'latest',sourceType: 'module',locations: true,
+});
+}catch{
+return[];// The source is not parsable, skip.
+}
+// We are looking for _top-level_ await, so we don't traverse into function bodies.
+constbaseVisitor=ObjectAssign({__proto__: null},walk.base,{Function: noop});
+constfound=[];
+walk.simple(ast,{
+__proto__: null,
+AwaitExpression(node){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);},
+// `for await (...)` is a ForOfStatement with `await: true`, not an AwaitExpression.
+ForOfStatement(node){
+if(node.await){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+// `await using x = ...` is a VariableDeclaration, not an AwaitExpression.
+VariableDeclaration(node){
+if(node.kind==='await using'){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+},baseVisitor);
+ArrayPrototypeSort(found,(a,b)=>a.start-b.start);
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given modules.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} modules Modules that may contain top-level await.
+ * @returns {TopLevelAwaitLocation[]} The locations of the top-level awaits.
+ */
+functiongetTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules){
+constlocations=[];
+for(leti=0;i<modules.length;i++){
+constmodule=modules[i];
+constsource=module.source;
+if(typeofsource!=='string'){continue;}// Not retained during compilation. Skip.
+constfound=findTopLevelAwait(source);
+if(found.length===0){continue;}
+constlines=StringPrototypeSplit(source,'\n');
+for(letj=0;j<found.length;j++){
+const{ start }=found[j].loc;
+ArrayPrototypePush(locations,{
+__proto__: null,
+url: module.url,
+line: start.line,
+column: start.column,
+sourceLine: lines[start.line-1],
+});
+}
+}
+returnlocations;
+}
+
 classModuleJobBase{
 constructor(loader,url,importAttributes,phase,isMain,inspectBrk){
 assert(typeofphase==='number');
@@ -185,6 +259,64 @@ class ModuleJobBase {
 returnevaluationDepJobs;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Collect the modules that contain top-level await in the linked graph of
+ * this job. Whether each module contains top-level await is known at
+ * compilation, so for a synchronously linked graph this finds asynchronous
+ * graphs before instantiation.
+ * On the (deprecated) async loader hook worker thread, linking may be asynchronous, in
+ * which case the subgraphs that are not synchronously linked are skipped
+ * and callers should still consult hasAsyncGraph after instantiation.
+ * @returns {ModuleWrap[]}
+ */
+findModulesWithTopLevelAwait(){
+constfound=[];
+constseen=newSafeSet();
+conststack=[this];
+while(stack.length>0){
+constjob=ArrayPrototypePop(stack);
+if(seen.has(job)){continue;}
+seen.add(job);
+if(job.module?.hasTopLevelAwait){
+ArrayPrototypePush(found,job.module);
+}
+// job.linked is the array of evaluation-phase dependency jobs when the
+// linking is synchronous. Skip it if it's still a promise.
+if(!isPromise(job.linked)){
+for(leti=0;i<job.linked.length;i++){
+ArrayPrototypePush(stack,job.linked[i]);
+}
+}
+}
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw the ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE with metadata for a require()'d graph that
+ * contains top-level await.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} [modules] Modules with top-level await, when already
+ * collected by the caller, to avoid walking the graph again.
+ */
+throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait()){
+constlocations=getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla') ? getTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules) : [];
+constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
+thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parent,locations);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the a require()'d graph contains top-level await, collect the source locations
+ * of the top-level awaits using source code retained during compilation and throw
+ * ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE. This can be run before instantiation is complete.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ */
+throwIfAsyncGraph(parent){
+constmodules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait();
+if(modules.length>0){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules);
+}
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensure that this ModuleJob is moving towards the required phase
  * (does not necessarily mean it is ready at that phase - run does that)
@@ -386,6 +518,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 
 debug('ModuleJob.runSync()',status,this.module);
 if(status===kUninstantiated){
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that
+// the async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // FIXME(joyeecheung): this cannot fully handle < kInstantiated. Make the linking
 // fully synchronous instead.
 if(this.module.getModuleRequests().length===0){
@@ -395,22 +529,18 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 status=this.module.getStatus();
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated||status===kErrored){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated){
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }
 throwthis.module.getError();
 }elseif(status===kEvaluating||status===kEvaluated){
 if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 // kEvaluating can show up when this is being used to deal with CJS <-> CJS cycles.
 // Allow it for now, since we only need to ban ESM <-> CJS cycles which would be
@@ -506,9 +636,16 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 awaitthis.evaluationPromise;
 }
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module};
-}elseif(status===kInstantiated){
-// The evaluation may have been canceled because instantiate() detected TLA first.
-// But when it is imported again, it's fine to re-evaluate it asynchronously.
+}elseif(status===kInstantiated||status===kUninstantiated){
+// The require() of this (synchronously linked) module bailed out: either
+// it was rejected for containing top-level await after instantiation
+// (kInstantiated), or its instantiation failed and left it uninstantiated
+// (kUninstantiated, e.g. a missing named export). When it's reached via async
+// run() from import, finish the instantiation and evaluate it asynchronously,
+// re-throwing any instantiation error.
+if(status===kUninstantiated){
+this.module.instantiate();
+}
 consttimeout=-1;
 constbreakOnSigint=false;
 this.evaluationPromise=this.module.evaluate(timeout,breakOnSigint);
@@ -524,23 +661,19 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 runSync(parent){
 debug('ModuleJobSync.runSync()',this.module);
 assert(this.phase===kEvaluationPhase);
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that the
+// async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // TODO(joyeecheung): add the error decoration logic from the async instantiate.
 this.module.instantiate();
-// If --experimental-print-required-tla is true, proceeds to evaluation even
-// if it's async because we want to search for the TLA and help users locate
-// them.
-// TODO(joyeecheung): track the asynchroniticy using v8::Module::HasTopLevelAwait()
-// and we'll be able to throw right after compilation of the modules, using acron
-// to find and print the TLA. This requires the linking to be synchronous in case
-// it runs into cached asynchronous modules that are not yet fetched.
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+// On the deprecated async loader hook worker thread, dependencies linked by an
+// earlier import may not be walkable synchronously, so double-check with
+// V8 now that the graph is instantiated.
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
 try{
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }catch(e){
 explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError(e,this.module.url,this.module.hasTopLevelAwait);

lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithSpecialRequire(module, source, url, filename, isMain,
 // On the main thread, the authentic require() is used instead (fixed by #60380).
 constrequest={ specifier,attributes: importAttributes,phase: kEvaluationPhase,__proto__: null};
 constjob=cascadedLoader.getOrCreateModuleJob(url,request,kRequireInImportedCJS);
-job.runSync();
+job.runSync(module);
 letmod=cjsCache.get(job.url);
 assert(job.module,`Imported CJS module ${url} failed to load module ${job.url} using require() due to race condition`);
 

lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js

@@ -326,6 +326,15 @@ function compileSourceTextModule(url, source, cascadedLoader, context = kEmptyOb
 wrap.isMain=true;
 }
 
+// Add an extra reference to the source of modules containing top-level await so that if the
+// module ends up being require()'d, we can parse the location of the top-level awaits to print
+// better errors. There will be other references to the same source in the module in V8 so this
+// only serves as a shortcut.
+if(wrap.hasTopLevelAwait&&
+getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+wrap.source=source;
+}
+
 // Cache the source map for the module if present.
 if(wrap.sourceMapURL){
 maybeCacheSourceMap(url,source,wrap,false,wrap.sourceURL,wrap.sourceMapURL);

doc/api/cli.md

@@ -1177,11 +1177,14 @@ resolution algorithm.
 added:
  - v22.0.0
  - v20.17.0
+changes:
+ - version: REPLACEME
+ pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64154
+ description: Print the top-level awaits without evaluating the modules.
 -->
 
-If the ES module being `require()`'d contains top-level `await`, this flag
-allows Node.js to evaluate the module, try to locate the
-top-level awaits, and print their location to help users find them.
+If the ES module graph cannot be `require()`'d because it contains any top-level `await`,
+this flag allows Node.js to locate and print their locations.
 
 ### `--experimental-quic`
 

lib/internal/errors.js

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const {
  StringPrototypeEndsWith,
  StringPrototypeIncludes,
  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+ StringPrototypeRepeat,
  StringPrototypeSlice,
  StringPrototypeSplit,
  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -1692,15 +1693,26 @@ E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_ABORTED', '%s', Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_RESET',
 'The QUIC stream was reset by the peer with error code %d',Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_ERROR','The QUIC session requires version negotiation',Error);
-E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parentFilename){
-letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM '+
-'graph with top-level await. Use import() instead. To see where the'+
-' top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
-if(parentFilename){
-message+=`\n From ${parentFilename} `;
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parent,locations){
+letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await. Use import() instead.';
+const{ getOptionValue }=require('internal/options');
+if(!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+message+=' To see where the top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
 }
-if(filename){
-message+=`\n Requiring ${filename} `;
+if(parent){
+const{ getRequireStack }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constrequireStack=getRequireStack(parent);
+if(requireStack.length>0){
+message+='\nRequire stack:\n- '+
+ArrayPrototypeJoin(requireStack,'\n- ');
+}
+this.requireStack=requireStack;
+}
+if(locations&&locations.length>0){
+const{ urlToFilename }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constframes=ArrayPrototypeMap(locations,({ url, line, column, sourceLine })=>
+`${urlToFilename(url)}:${line}\n\n${sourceLine}\n${StringPrototypeRepeat(' ',column)}^\n`);
+setArrowMessage(this,ArrayPrototypeJoin(frames,'\n'));
 }
 returnmessage;
 },Error);

lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const {
  setHasStartedUserCJSExecution,
  stripBOM,
  toRealPath,
+ getRequireStack,
 }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
 const{
  convertCJSFilenameToURL,
@@ -1567,17 +1568,6 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
 throwerr;
 };
 
-functiongetRequireStack(parent){
-constrequireStack=[];
-for(letcursor=parent;
-cursor;
-// TODO(joyeecheung): it makes more sense to use kLastModuleParent here.
-cursor=cursor[kFirstModuleParent]){
-ArrayPrototypePush(requireStack,cursor.filename||cursor.id);
-}
-returnrequireStack;
-}
-
 functiongetRequireStackMessage(request,requireStack){
 letmessage=`Cannot find module '${request}'`;
 if(requireStack.length>0){

lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ const { imported_cjs_symbol } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 constassert=require('internal/assert');
 const{
-ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 debug('Module status',job,status);
 // hasAsyncGraph is available after module been instantiated.
 if(status>=kInstantiated&&job.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+job.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kEvaluated){
 return{wrap: job.module,namespace: job.module.getNamespace()};
@@ -318,6 +317,9 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 }
 if(status!==kEvaluating){
 assert(status===kUninstantiated,`Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+// A previous require() of the same graph may have bailed out before
+// instantiation because it contains top-level await.
+job.throwIfAsyncGraph(parent);
 thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename,parentFilename,false);
 }
 letmessage=`Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
 // Otherwise the module could be imported before but the evaluation may be already
 // completed (e.g. the require call is lazy) so it's okay. We will return the
-// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, after the
-// graph is instantiated.
+// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, before the
+// graph is evaluated.
 }
 
 /**

lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ const {
  Array,
  ArrayPrototypeFind,
  ArrayPrototypeJoin,
+ ArrayPrototypePop,
  ArrayPrototypePush,
+ ArrayPrototypeSort,
  FunctionPrototype,
+ ObjectAssign,
  ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
  PromisePrototypeThen,
  PromiseResolve,
@@ -127,6 +130,77 @@ const explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (e, url, hasTopLevelAwait) => {
 }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} TopLevelAwaitLocation
+ * @property {string} url URL of the module containing the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} line 1-based line number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} column 0-based column number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {string} sourceLine The source line containing the top-level await.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given module by parsing the source with acron.
+ * @param {string} source Module source code.
+ * @returns {object[]} The acorn AST nodes of the top-level awaits, in source order.
+ */
+functionfindTopLevelAwait(source){
+const{ Parser }=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn/dist/acorn');
+constwalk=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn-walk/dist/walk');
+letast;
+try{
+ast=Parser.parse(source,{
+__proto__: null,ecmaVersion: 'latest',sourceType: 'module',locations: true,
+});
+}catch{
+return[];// The source is not parsable, skip.
+}
+// We are looking for _top-level_ await, so we don't traverse into function bodies.
+constbaseVisitor=ObjectAssign({__proto__: null},walk.base,{Function: noop});
+constfound=[];
+walk.simple(ast,{
+__proto__: null,
+AwaitExpression(node){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);},
+// `for await (...)` is a ForOfStatement with `await: true`, not an AwaitExpression.
+ForOfStatement(node){
+if(node.await){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+// `await using x = ...` is a VariableDeclaration, not an AwaitExpression.
+VariableDeclaration(node){
+if(node.kind==='await using'){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+},baseVisitor);
+ArrayPrototypeSort(found,(a,b)=>a.start-b.start);
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given modules.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} modules Modules that may contain top-level await.
+ * @returns {TopLevelAwaitLocation[]} The locations of the top-level awaits.
+ */
+functiongetTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules){
+constlocations=[];
+for(leti=0;i<modules.length;i++){
+constmodule=modules[i];
+constsource=module.source;
+if(typeofsource!=='string'){continue;}// Not retained during compilation. Skip.
+constfound=findTopLevelAwait(source);
+if(found.length===0){continue;}
+constlines=StringPrototypeSplit(source,'\n');
+for(letj=0;j<found.length;j++){
+const{ start }=found[j].loc;
+ArrayPrototypePush(locations,{
+__proto__: null,
+url: module.url,
+line: start.line,
+column: start.column,
+sourceLine: lines[start.line-1],
+});
+}
+}
+returnlocations;
+}
+
 classModuleJobBase{
 constructor(loader,url,importAttributes,phase,isMain,inspectBrk){
 assert(typeofphase==='number');
@@ -185,6 +259,64 @@ class ModuleJobBase {
 returnevaluationDepJobs;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Collect the modules that contain top-level await in the linked graph of
+ * this job. Whether each module contains top-level await is known at
+ * compilation, so for a synchronously linked graph this finds asynchronous
+ * graphs before instantiation.
+ * On the (deprecated) async loader hook worker thread, linking may be asynchronous, in
+ * which case the subgraphs that are not synchronously linked are skipped
+ * and callers should still consult hasAsyncGraph after instantiation.
+ * @returns {ModuleWrap[]}
+ */
+findModulesWithTopLevelAwait(){
+constfound=[];
+constseen=newSafeSet();
+conststack=[this];
+while(stack.length>0){
+constjob=ArrayPrototypePop(stack);
+if(seen.has(job)){continue;}
+seen.add(job);
+if(job.module?.hasTopLevelAwait){
+ArrayPrototypePush(found,job.module);
+}
+// job.linked is the array of evaluation-phase dependency jobs when the
+// linking is synchronous. Skip it if it's still a promise.
+if(!isPromise(job.linked)){
+for(leti=0;i<job.linked.length;i++){
+ArrayPrototypePush(stack,job.linked[i]);
+}
+}
+}
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw the ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE with metadata for a require()'d graph that
+ * contains top-level await.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} [modules] Modules with top-level await, when already
+ * collected by the caller, to avoid walking the graph again.
+ */
+throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait()){
+constlocations=getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla') ? getTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules) : [];
+constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
+thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parent,locations);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the a require()'d graph contains top-level await, collect the source locations
+ * of the top-level awaits using source code retained during compilation and throw
+ * ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE. This can be run before instantiation is complete.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ */
+throwIfAsyncGraph(parent){
+constmodules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait();
+if(modules.length>0){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules);
+}
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensure that this ModuleJob is moving towards the required phase
  * (does not necessarily mean it is ready at that phase - run does that)
@@ -386,6 +518,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 
 debug('ModuleJob.runSync()',status,this.module);
 if(status===kUninstantiated){
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that
+// the async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // FIXME(joyeecheung): this cannot fully handle < kInstantiated. Make the linking
 // fully synchronous instead.
 if(this.module.getModuleRequests().length===0){
@@ -395,22 +529,18 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 status=this.module.getStatus();
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated||status===kErrored){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated){
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }
 throwthis.module.getError();
 }elseif(status===kEvaluating||status===kEvaluated){
 if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 // kEvaluating can show up when this is being used to deal with CJS <-> CJS cycles.
 // Allow it for now, since we only need to ban ESM <-> CJS cycles which would be
@@ -506,9 +636,16 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 awaitthis.evaluationPromise;
 }
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module};
-}elseif(status===kInstantiated){
-// The evaluation may have been canceled because instantiate() detected TLA first.
-// But when it is imported again, it's fine to re-evaluate it asynchronously.
+}elseif(status===kInstantiated||status===kUninstantiated){
+// The require() of this (synchronously linked) module bailed out: either
+// it was rejected for containing top-level await after instantiation
+// (kInstantiated), or its instantiation failed and left it uninstantiated
+// (kUninstantiated, e.g. a missing named export). When it's reached via async
+// run() from import, finish the instantiation and evaluate it asynchronously,
+// re-throwing any instantiation error.
+if(status===kUninstantiated){
+this.module.instantiate();
+}
 consttimeout=-1;
 constbreakOnSigint=false;
 this.evaluationPromise=this.module.evaluate(timeout,breakOnSigint);
@@ -524,23 +661,19 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 runSync(parent){
 debug('ModuleJobSync.runSync()',this.module);
 assert(this.phase===kEvaluationPhase);
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that the
+// async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // TODO(joyeecheung): add the error decoration logic from the async instantiate.
 this.module.instantiate();
-// If --experimental-print-required-tla is true, proceeds to evaluation even
-// if it's async because we want to search for the TLA and help users locate
-// them.
-// TODO(joyeecheung): track the asynchroniticy using v8::Module::HasTopLevelAwait()
-// and we'll be able to throw right after compilation of the modules, using acron
-// to find and print the TLA. This requires the linking to be synchronous in case
-// it runs into cached asynchronous modules that are not yet fetched.
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+// On the deprecated async loader hook worker thread, dependencies linked by an
+// earlier import may not be walkable synchronously, so double-check with
+// V8 now that the graph is instantiated.
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
 try{
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }catch(e){
 explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError(e,this.module.url,this.module.hasTopLevelAwait);

lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithSpecialRequire(module, source, url, filename, isMain,
 // On the main thread, the authentic require() is used instead (fixed by #60380).
 constrequest={ specifier,attributes: importAttributes,phase: kEvaluationPhase,__proto__: null};
 constjob=cascadedLoader.getOrCreateModuleJob(url,request,kRequireInImportedCJS);
-job.runSync();
+job.runSync(module);
 letmod=cjsCache.get(job.url);
 assert(job.module,`Imported CJS module ${url} failed to load module ${job.url} using require() due to race condition`);
 

lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js

@@ -326,6 +326,15 @@ function compileSourceTextModule(url, source, cascadedLoader, context = kEmptyOb
 wrap.isMain=true;
 }
 
+// Add an extra reference to the source of modules containing top-level await so that if the
+// module ends up being require()'d, we can parse the location of the top-level awaits to print
+// better errors. There will be other references to the same source in the module in V8 so this
+// only serves as a shortcut.
+if(wrap.hasTopLevelAwait&&
+getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+wrap.source=source;
+}
+
 // Cache the source map for the module if present.
 if(wrap.sourceMapURL){
 maybeCacheSourceMap(url,source,wrap,false,wrap.sourceURL,wrap.sourceMapURL);

doc/api/cli.md

@@ -1177,11 +1177,14 @@ resolution algorithm.
 added:
  - v22.0.0
  - v20.17.0
+changes:
+ - version: REPLACEME
+ pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64154
+ description: Print the top-level awaits without evaluating the modules.
 -->
 
-If the ES module being `require()`'d contains top-level `await`, this flag
-allows Node.js to evaluate the module, try to locate the
-top-level awaits, and print their location to help users find them.
+If the ES module graph cannot be `require()`'d because it contains any top-level `await`,
+this flag allows Node.js to locate and print their locations.
 
 ### `--experimental-quic`
 

lib/internal/errors.js

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const {
  StringPrototypeEndsWith,
  StringPrototypeIncludes,
  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+ StringPrototypeRepeat,
  StringPrototypeSlice,
  StringPrototypeSplit,
  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -1692,15 +1693,26 @@ E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_ABORTED', '%s', Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_RESET',
 'The QUIC stream was reset by the peer with error code %d',Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_ERROR','The QUIC session requires version negotiation',Error);
-E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parentFilename){
-letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM '+
-'graph with top-level await. Use import() instead. To see where the'+
-' top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
-if(parentFilename){
-message+=`\n From ${parentFilename} `;
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parent,locations){
+letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await. Use import() instead.';
+const{ getOptionValue }=require('internal/options');
+if(!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+message+=' To see where the top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
 }
-if(filename){
-message+=`\n Requiring ${filename} `;
+if(parent){
+const{ getRequireStack }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constrequireStack=getRequireStack(parent);
+if(requireStack.length>0){
+message+='\nRequire stack:\n- '+
+ArrayPrototypeJoin(requireStack,'\n- ');
+}
+this.requireStack=requireStack;
+}
+if(locations&&locations.length>0){
+const{ urlToFilename }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constframes=ArrayPrototypeMap(locations,({ url, line, column, sourceLine })=>
+`${urlToFilename(url)}:${line}\n\n${sourceLine}\n${StringPrototypeRepeat(' ',column)}^\n`);
+setArrowMessage(this,ArrayPrototypeJoin(frames,'\n'));
 }
 returnmessage;
 },Error);

lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const {
  setHasStartedUserCJSExecution,
  stripBOM,
  toRealPath,
+ getRequireStack,
 }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
 const{
  convertCJSFilenameToURL,
@@ -1567,17 +1568,6 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
 throwerr;
 };
 
-functiongetRequireStack(parent){
-constrequireStack=[];
-for(letcursor=parent;
-cursor;
-// TODO(joyeecheung): it makes more sense to use kLastModuleParent here.
-cursor=cursor[kFirstModuleParent]){
-ArrayPrototypePush(requireStack,cursor.filename||cursor.id);
-}
-returnrequireStack;
-}
-
 functiongetRequireStackMessage(request,requireStack){
 letmessage=`Cannot find module '${request}'`;
 if(requireStack.length>0){

lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ const { imported_cjs_symbol } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 constassert=require('internal/assert');
 const{
-ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 debug('Module status',job,status);
 // hasAsyncGraph is available after module been instantiated.
 if(status>=kInstantiated&&job.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+job.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kEvaluated){
 return{wrap: job.module,namespace: job.module.getNamespace()};
@@ -318,6 +317,9 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 }
 if(status!==kEvaluating){
 assert(status===kUninstantiated,`Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+// A previous require() of the same graph may have bailed out before
+// instantiation because it contains top-level await.
+job.throwIfAsyncGraph(parent);
 thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename,parentFilename,false);
 }
 letmessage=`Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
 // Otherwise the module could be imported before but the evaluation may be already
 // completed (e.g. the require call is lazy) so it's okay. We will return the
-// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, after the
-// graph is instantiated.
+// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, before the
+// graph is evaluated.
 }
 
 /**

lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ const {
  Array,
  ArrayPrototypeFind,
  ArrayPrototypeJoin,
+ ArrayPrototypePop,
  ArrayPrototypePush,
+ ArrayPrototypeSort,
  FunctionPrototype,
+ ObjectAssign,
  ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
  PromisePrototypeThen,
  PromiseResolve,
@@ -127,6 +130,77 @@ const explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (e, url, hasTopLevelAwait) => {
 }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} TopLevelAwaitLocation
+ * @property {string} url URL of the module containing the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} line 1-based line number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} column 0-based column number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {string} sourceLine The source line containing the top-level await.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given module by parsing the source with acron.
+ * @param {string} source Module source code.
+ * @returns {object[]} The acorn AST nodes of the top-level awaits, in source order.
+ */
+functionfindTopLevelAwait(source){
+const{ Parser }=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn/dist/acorn');
+constwalk=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn-walk/dist/walk');
+letast;
+try{
+ast=Parser.parse(source,{
+__proto__: null,ecmaVersion: 'latest',sourceType: 'module',locations: true,
+});
+}catch{
+return[];// The source is not parsable, skip.
+}
+// We are looking for _top-level_ await, so we don't traverse into function bodies.
+constbaseVisitor=ObjectAssign({__proto__: null},walk.base,{Function: noop});
+constfound=[];
+walk.simple(ast,{
+__proto__: null,
+AwaitExpression(node){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);},
+// `for await (...)` is a ForOfStatement with `await: true`, not an AwaitExpression.
+ForOfStatement(node){
+if(node.await){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+// `await using x = ...` is a VariableDeclaration, not an AwaitExpression.
+VariableDeclaration(node){
+if(node.kind==='await using'){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+},baseVisitor);
+ArrayPrototypeSort(found,(a,b)=>a.start-b.start);
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given modules.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} modules Modules that may contain top-level await.
+ * @returns {TopLevelAwaitLocation[]} The locations of the top-level awaits.
+ */
+functiongetTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules){
+constlocations=[];
+for(leti=0;i<modules.length;i++){
+constmodule=modules[i];
+constsource=module.source;
+if(typeofsource!=='string'){continue;}// Not retained during compilation. Skip.
+constfound=findTopLevelAwait(source);
+if(found.length===0){continue;}
+constlines=StringPrototypeSplit(source,'\n');
+for(letj=0;j<found.length;j++){
+const{ start }=found[j].loc;
+ArrayPrototypePush(locations,{
+__proto__: null,
+url: module.url,
+line: start.line,
+column: start.column,
+sourceLine: lines[start.line-1],
+});
+}
+}
+returnlocations;
+}
+
 classModuleJobBase{
 constructor(loader,url,importAttributes,phase,isMain,inspectBrk){
 assert(typeofphase==='number');
@@ -185,6 +259,64 @@ class ModuleJobBase {
 returnevaluationDepJobs;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Collect the modules that contain top-level await in the linked graph of
+ * this job. Whether each module contains top-level await is known at
+ * compilation, so for a synchronously linked graph this finds asynchronous
+ * graphs before instantiation.
+ * On the (deprecated) async loader hook worker thread, linking may be asynchronous, in
+ * which case the subgraphs that are not synchronously linked are skipped
+ * and callers should still consult hasAsyncGraph after instantiation.
+ * @returns {ModuleWrap[]}
+ */
+findModulesWithTopLevelAwait(){
+constfound=[];
+constseen=newSafeSet();
+conststack=[this];
+while(stack.length>0){
+constjob=ArrayPrototypePop(stack);
+if(seen.has(job)){continue;}
+seen.add(job);
+if(job.module?.hasTopLevelAwait){
+ArrayPrototypePush(found,job.module);
+}
+// job.linked is the array of evaluation-phase dependency jobs when the
+// linking is synchronous. Skip it if it's still a promise.
+if(!isPromise(job.linked)){
+for(leti=0;i<job.linked.length;i++){
+ArrayPrototypePush(stack,job.linked[i]);
+}
+}
+}
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw the ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE with metadata for a require()'d graph that
+ * contains top-level await.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} [modules] Modules with top-level await, when already
+ * collected by the caller, to avoid walking the graph again.
+ */
+throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait()){
+constlocations=getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla') ? getTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules) : [];
+constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
+thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parent,locations);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the a require()'d graph contains top-level await, collect the source locations
+ * of the top-level awaits using source code retained during compilation and throw
+ * ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE. This can be run before instantiation is complete.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ */
+throwIfAsyncGraph(parent){
+constmodules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait();
+if(modules.length>0){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules);
+}
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensure that this ModuleJob is moving towards the required phase
  * (does not necessarily mean it is ready at that phase - run does that)
@@ -386,6 +518,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 
 debug('ModuleJob.runSync()',status,this.module);
 if(status===kUninstantiated){
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that
+// the async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // FIXME(joyeecheung): this cannot fully handle < kInstantiated. Make the linking
 // fully synchronous instead.
 if(this.module.getModuleRequests().length===0){
@@ -395,22 +529,18 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 status=this.module.getStatus();
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated||status===kErrored){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated){
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }
 throwthis.module.getError();
 }elseif(status===kEvaluating||status===kEvaluated){
 if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 // kEvaluating can show up when this is being used to deal with CJS <-> CJS cycles.
 // Allow it for now, since we only need to ban ESM <-> CJS cycles which would be
@@ -506,9 +636,16 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 awaitthis.evaluationPromise;
 }
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module};
-}elseif(status===kInstantiated){
-// The evaluation may have been canceled because instantiate() detected TLA first.
-// But when it is imported again, it's fine to re-evaluate it asynchronously.
+}elseif(status===kInstantiated||status===kUninstantiated){
+// The require() of this (synchronously linked) module bailed out: either
+// it was rejected for containing top-level await after instantiation
+// (kInstantiated), or its instantiation failed and left it uninstantiated
+// (kUninstantiated, e.g. a missing named export). When it's reached via async
+// run() from import, finish the instantiation and evaluate it asynchronously,
+// re-throwing any instantiation error.
+if(status===kUninstantiated){
+this.module.instantiate();
+}
 consttimeout=-1;
 constbreakOnSigint=false;
 this.evaluationPromise=this.module.evaluate(timeout,breakOnSigint);
@@ -524,23 +661,19 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 runSync(parent){
 debug('ModuleJobSync.runSync()',this.module);
 assert(this.phase===kEvaluationPhase);
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that the
+// async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // TODO(joyeecheung): add the error decoration logic from the async instantiate.
 this.module.instantiate();
-// If --experimental-print-required-tla is true, proceeds to evaluation even
-// if it's async because we want to search for the TLA and help users locate
-// them.
-// TODO(joyeecheung): track the asynchroniticy using v8::Module::HasTopLevelAwait()
-// and we'll be able to throw right after compilation of the modules, using acron
-// to find and print the TLA. This requires the linking to be synchronous in case
-// it runs into cached asynchronous modules that are not yet fetched.
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+// On the deprecated async loader hook worker thread, dependencies linked by an
+// earlier import may not be walkable synchronously, so double-check with
+// V8 now that the graph is instantiated.
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
 try{
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }catch(e){
 explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError(e,this.module.url,this.module.hasTopLevelAwait);

lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithSpecialRequire(module, source, url, filename, isMain,
 // On the main thread, the authentic require() is used instead (fixed by #60380).
 constrequest={ specifier,attributes: importAttributes,phase: kEvaluationPhase,__proto__: null};
 constjob=cascadedLoader.getOrCreateModuleJob(url,request,kRequireInImportedCJS);
-job.runSync();
+job.runSync(module);
 letmod=cjsCache.get(job.url);
 assert(job.module,`Imported CJS module ${url} failed to load module ${job.url} using require() due to race condition`);
 

lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js

@@ -326,6 +326,15 @@ function compileSourceTextModule(url, source, cascadedLoader, context = kEmptyOb
 wrap.isMain=true;
 }
 
+// Add an extra reference to the source of modules containing top-level await so that if the
+// module ends up being require()'d, we can parse the location of the top-level awaits to print
+// better errors. There will be other references to the same source in the module in V8 so this
+// only serves as a shortcut.
+if(wrap.hasTopLevelAwait&&
+getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+wrap.source=source;
+}
+
 // Cache the source map for the module if present.
 if(wrap.sourceMapURL){
 maybeCacheSourceMap(url,source,wrap,false,wrap.sourceURL,wrap.sourceMapURL);

doc/api/cli.md

@@ -1177,11 +1177,14 @@ resolution algorithm.
 added:
  - v22.0.0
  - v20.17.0
+changes:
+ - version: REPLACEME
+ pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64154
+ description: Print the top-level awaits without evaluating the modules.
 -->
 
-If the ES module being `require()`'d contains top-level `await`, this flag
-allows Node.js to evaluate the module, try to locate the
-top-level awaits, and print their location to help users find them.
+If the ES module graph cannot be `require()`'d because it contains any top-level `await`,
+this flag allows Node.js to locate and print their locations.
 
 ### `--experimental-quic`
 

lib/internal/errors.js

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const {
  StringPrototypeEndsWith,
  StringPrototypeIncludes,
  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+ StringPrototypeRepeat,
  StringPrototypeSlice,
  StringPrototypeSplit,
  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -1692,15 +1693,26 @@ E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_ABORTED', '%s', Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_RESET',
 'The QUIC stream was reset by the peer with error code %d',Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_ERROR','The QUIC session requires version negotiation',Error);
-E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parentFilename){
-letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM '+
-'graph with top-level await. Use import() instead. To see where the'+
-' top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
-if(parentFilename){
-message+=`\n From ${parentFilename} `;
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parent,locations){
+letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await. Use import() instead.';
+const{ getOptionValue }=require('internal/options');
+if(!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+message+=' To see where the top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
 }
-if(filename){
-message+=`\n Requiring ${filename} `;
+if(parent){
+const{ getRequireStack }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constrequireStack=getRequireStack(parent);
+if(requireStack.length>0){
+message+='\nRequire stack:\n- '+
+ArrayPrototypeJoin(requireStack,'\n- ');
+}
+this.requireStack=requireStack;
+}
+if(locations&&locations.length>0){
+const{ urlToFilename }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constframes=ArrayPrototypeMap(locations,({ url, line, column, sourceLine })=>
+`${urlToFilename(url)}:${line}\n\n${sourceLine}\n${StringPrototypeRepeat(' ',column)}^\n`);
+setArrowMessage(this,ArrayPrototypeJoin(frames,'\n'));
 }
 returnmessage;
 },Error);

lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const {
  setHasStartedUserCJSExecution,
  stripBOM,
  toRealPath,
+ getRequireStack,
 }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
 const{
  convertCJSFilenameToURL,
@@ -1567,17 +1568,6 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
 throwerr;
 };
 
-functiongetRequireStack(parent){
-constrequireStack=[];
-for(letcursor=parent;
-cursor;
-// TODO(joyeecheung): it makes more sense to use kLastModuleParent here.
-cursor=cursor[kFirstModuleParent]){
-ArrayPrototypePush(requireStack,cursor.filename||cursor.id);
-}
-returnrequireStack;
-}
-
 functiongetRequireStackMessage(request,requireStack){
 letmessage=`Cannot find module '${request}'`;
 if(requireStack.length>0){

lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ const { imported_cjs_symbol } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 constassert=require('internal/assert');
 const{
-ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 debug('Module status',job,status);
 // hasAsyncGraph is available after module been instantiated.
 if(status>=kInstantiated&&job.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+job.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kEvaluated){
 return{wrap: job.module,namespace: job.module.getNamespace()};
@@ -318,6 +317,9 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 }
 if(status!==kEvaluating){
 assert(status===kUninstantiated,`Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+// A previous require() of the same graph may have bailed out before
+// instantiation because it contains top-level await.
+job.throwIfAsyncGraph(parent);
 thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename,parentFilename,false);
 }
 letmessage=`Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
 // Otherwise the module could be imported before but the evaluation may be already
 // completed (e.g. the require call is lazy) so it's okay. We will return the
-// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, after the
-// graph is instantiated.
+// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, before the
+// graph is evaluated.
 }
 
 /**

lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ const {
  Array,
  ArrayPrototypeFind,
  ArrayPrototypeJoin,
+ ArrayPrototypePop,
  ArrayPrototypePush,
+ ArrayPrototypeSort,
  FunctionPrototype,
+ ObjectAssign,
  ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
  PromisePrototypeThen,
  PromiseResolve,
@@ -127,6 +130,77 @@ const explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (e, url, hasTopLevelAwait) => {
 }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} TopLevelAwaitLocation
+ * @property {string} url URL of the module containing the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} line 1-based line number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} column 0-based column number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {string} sourceLine The source line containing the top-level await.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given module by parsing the source with acron.
+ * @param {string} source Module source code.
+ * @returns {object[]} The acorn AST nodes of the top-level awaits, in source order.
+ */
+functionfindTopLevelAwait(source){
+const{ Parser }=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn/dist/acorn');
+constwalk=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn-walk/dist/walk');
+letast;
+try{
+ast=Parser.parse(source,{
+__proto__: null,ecmaVersion: 'latest',sourceType: 'module',locations: true,
+});
+}catch{
+return[];// The source is not parsable, skip.
+}
+// We are looking for _top-level_ await, so we don't traverse into function bodies.
+constbaseVisitor=ObjectAssign({__proto__: null},walk.base,{Function: noop});
+constfound=[];
+walk.simple(ast,{
+__proto__: null,
+AwaitExpression(node){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);},
+// `for await (...)` is a ForOfStatement with `await: true`, not an AwaitExpression.
+ForOfStatement(node){
+if(node.await){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+// `await using x = ...` is a VariableDeclaration, not an AwaitExpression.
+VariableDeclaration(node){
+if(node.kind==='await using'){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+},baseVisitor);
+ArrayPrototypeSort(found,(a,b)=>a.start-b.start);
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given modules.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} modules Modules that may contain top-level await.
+ * @returns {TopLevelAwaitLocation[]} The locations of the top-level awaits.
+ */
+functiongetTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules){
+constlocations=[];
+for(leti=0;i<modules.length;i++){
+constmodule=modules[i];
+constsource=module.source;
+if(typeofsource!=='string'){continue;}// Not retained during compilation. Skip.
+constfound=findTopLevelAwait(source);
+if(found.length===0){continue;}
+constlines=StringPrototypeSplit(source,'\n');
+for(letj=0;j<found.length;j++){
+const{ start }=found[j].loc;
+ArrayPrototypePush(locations,{
+__proto__: null,
+url: module.url,
+line: start.line,
+column: start.column,
+sourceLine: lines[start.line-1],
+});
+}
+}
+returnlocations;
+}
+
 classModuleJobBase{
 constructor(loader,url,importAttributes,phase,isMain,inspectBrk){
 assert(typeofphase==='number');
@@ -185,6 +259,64 @@ class ModuleJobBase {
 returnevaluationDepJobs;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Collect the modules that contain top-level await in the linked graph of
+ * this job. Whether each module contains top-level await is known at
+ * compilation, so for a synchronously linked graph this finds asynchronous
+ * graphs before instantiation.
+ * On the (deprecated) async loader hook worker thread, linking may be asynchronous, in
+ * which case the subgraphs that are not synchronously linked are skipped
+ * and callers should still consult hasAsyncGraph after instantiation.
+ * @returns {ModuleWrap[]}
+ */
+findModulesWithTopLevelAwait(){
+constfound=[];
+constseen=newSafeSet();
+conststack=[this];
+while(stack.length>0){
+constjob=ArrayPrototypePop(stack);
+if(seen.has(job)){continue;}
+seen.add(job);
+if(job.module?.hasTopLevelAwait){
+ArrayPrototypePush(found,job.module);
+}
+// job.linked is the array of evaluation-phase dependency jobs when the
+// linking is synchronous. Skip it if it's still a promise.
+if(!isPromise(job.linked)){
+for(leti=0;i<job.linked.length;i++){
+ArrayPrototypePush(stack,job.linked[i]);
+}
+}
+}
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw the ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE with metadata for a require()'d graph that
+ * contains top-level await.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} [modules] Modules with top-level await, when already
+ * collected by the caller, to avoid walking the graph again.
+ */
+throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait()){
+constlocations=getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla') ? getTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules) : [];
+constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
+thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parent,locations);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the a require()'d graph contains top-level await, collect the source locations
+ * of the top-level awaits using source code retained during compilation and throw
+ * ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE. This can be run before instantiation is complete.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ */
+throwIfAsyncGraph(parent){
+constmodules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait();
+if(modules.length>0){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules);
+}
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensure that this ModuleJob is moving towards the required phase
  * (does not necessarily mean it is ready at that phase - run does that)
@@ -386,6 +518,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 
 debug('ModuleJob.runSync()',status,this.module);
 if(status===kUninstantiated){
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that
+// the async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // FIXME(joyeecheung): this cannot fully handle < kInstantiated. Make the linking
 // fully synchronous instead.
 if(this.module.getModuleRequests().length===0){
@@ -395,22 +529,18 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 status=this.module.getStatus();
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated||status===kErrored){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated){
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }
 throwthis.module.getError();
 }elseif(status===kEvaluating||status===kEvaluated){
 if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 // kEvaluating can show up when this is being used to deal with CJS <-> CJS cycles.
 // Allow it for now, since we only need to ban ESM <-> CJS cycles which would be
@@ -506,9 +636,16 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 awaitthis.evaluationPromise;
 }
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module};
-}elseif(status===kInstantiated){
-// The evaluation may have been canceled because instantiate() detected TLA first.
-// But when it is imported again, it's fine to re-evaluate it asynchronously.
+}elseif(status===kInstantiated||status===kUninstantiated){
+// The require() of this (synchronously linked) module bailed out: either
+// it was rejected for containing top-level await after instantiation
+// (kInstantiated), or its instantiation failed and left it uninstantiated
+// (kUninstantiated, e.g. a missing named export). When it's reached via async
+// run() from import, finish the instantiation and evaluate it asynchronously,
+// re-throwing any instantiation error.
+if(status===kUninstantiated){
+this.module.instantiate();
+}
 consttimeout=-1;
 constbreakOnSigint=false;
 this.evaluationPromise=this.module.evaluate(timeout,breakOnSigint);
@@ -524,23 +661,19 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 runSync(parent){
 debug('ModuleJobSync.runSync()',this.module);
 assert(this.phase===kEvaluationPhase);
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that the
+// async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // TODO(joyeecheung): add the error decoration logic from the async instantiate.
 this.module.instantiate();
-// If --experimental-print-required-tla is true, proceeds to evaluation even
-// if it's async because we want to search for the TLA and help users locate
-// them.
-// TODO(joyeecheung): track the asynchroniticy using v8::Module::HasTopLevelAwait()
-// and we'll be able to throw right after compilation of the modules, using acron
-// to find and print the TLA. This requires the linking to be synchronous in case
-// it runs into cached asynchronous modules that are not yet fetched.
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+// On the deprecated async loader hook worker thread, dependencies linked by an
+// earlier import may not be walkable synchronously, so double-check with
+// V8 now that the graph is instantiated.
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
 try{
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }catch(e){
 explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError(e,this.module.url,this.module.hasTopLevelAwait);

lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithSpecialRequire(module, source, url, filename, isMain,
 // On the main thread, the authentic require() is used instead (fixed by #60380).
 constrequest={ specifier,attributes: importAttributes,phase: kEvaluationPhase,__proto__: null};
 constjob=cascadedLoader.getOrCreateModuleJob(url,request,kRequireInImportedCJS);
-job.runSync();
+job.runSync(module);
 letmod=cjsCache.get(job.url);
 assert(job.module,`Imported CJS module ${url} failed to load module ${job.url} using require() due to race condition`);
 

lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js

@@ -326,6 +326,15 @@ function compileSourceTextModule(url, source, cascadedLoader, context = kEmptyOb
 wrap.isMain=true;
 }
 
+// Add an extra reference to the source of modules containing top-level await so that if the
+// module ends up being require()'d, we can parse the location of the top-level awaits to print
+// better errors. There will be other references to the same source in the module in V8 so this
+// only serves as a shortcut.
+if(wrap.hasTopLevelAwait&&
+getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+wrap.source=source;
+}
+
 // Cache the source map for the module if present.
 if(wrap.sourceMapURL){
 maybeCacheSourceMap(url,source,wrap,false,wrap.sourceURL,wrap.sourceMapURL);

doc/api/cli.md

@@ -1177,11 +1177,14 @@ resolution algorithm.
 added:
  - v22.0.0
  - v20.17.0
+changes:
+ - version: REPLACEME
+ pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64154
+ description: Print the top-level awaits without evaluating the modules.
 -->
 
-If the ES module being `require()`'d contains top-level `await`, this flag
-allows Node.js to evaluate the module, try to locate the
-top-level awaits, and print their location to help users find them.
+If the ES module graph cannot be `require()`'d because it contains any top-level `await`,
+this flag allows Node.js to locate and print their locations.
 
 ### `--experimental-quic`
 

lib/internal/errors.js

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const {
  StringPrototypeEndsWith,
  StringPrototypeIncludes,
  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+ StringPrototypeRepeat,
  StringPrototypeSlice,
  StringPrototypeSplit,
  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -1692,15 +1693,26 @@ E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_ABORTED', '%s', Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_STREAM_RESET',
 'The QUIC stream was reset by the peer with error code %d',Error);
 E('ERR_QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_ERROR','The QUIC session requires version negotiation',Error);
-E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parentFilename){
-letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM '+
-'graph with top-level await. Use import() instead. To see where the'+
-' top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
-if(parentFilename){
-message+=`\n From ${parentFilename} `;
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',function(filename,parent,locations){
+letmessage='require() cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await. Use import() instead.';
+const{ getOptionValue }=require('internal/options');
+if(!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+message+=' To see where the top-level await comes from, use --experimental-print-required-tla.';
 }
-if(filename){
-message+=`\n Requiring ${filename} `;
+if(parent){
+const{ getRequireStack }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constrequireStack=getRequireStack(parent);
+if(requireStack.length>0){
+message+='\nRequire stack:\n- '+
+ArrayPrototypeJoin(requireStack,'\n- ');
+}
+this.requireStack=requireStack;
+}
+if(locations&&locations.length>0){
+const{ urlToFilename }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
+constframes=ArrayPrototypeMap(locations,({ url, line, column, sourceLine })=>
+`${urlToFilename(url)}:${line}\n\n${sourceLine}\n${StringPrototypeRepeat(' ',column)}^\n`);
+setArrowMessage(this,ArrayPrototypeJoin(frames,'\n'));
 }
 returnmessage;
 },Error);

lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const {
  setHasStartedUserCJSExecution,
  stripBOM,
  toRealPath,
+ getRequireStack,
 }=require('internal/modules/helpers');
 const{
  convertCJSFilenameToURL,
@@ -1567,17 +1568,6 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
 throwerr;
 };
 
-functiongetRequireStack(parent){
-constrequireStack=[];
-for(letcursor=parent;
-cursor;
-// TODO(joyeecheung): it makes more sense to use kLastModuleParent here.
-cursor=cursor[kFirstModuleParent]){
-ArrayPrototypePush(requireStack,cursor.filename||cursor.id);
-}
-returnrequireStack;
-}
-
 functiongetRequireStackMessage(request,requireStack){
 letmessage=`Cannot find module '${request}'`;
 if(requireStack.length>0){

lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ const { imported_cjs_symbol } = internalBinding('symbols');
 
 constassert=require('internal/assert');
 const{
-ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
 ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 debug('Module status',job,status);
 // hasAsyncGraph is available after module been instantiated.
 if(status>=kInstantiated&&job.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+job.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kEvaluated){
 return{wrap: job.module,namespace: job.module.getNamespace()};
@@ -318,6 +317,9 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 }
 if(status!==kEvaluating){
 assert(status===kUninstantiated,`Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+// A previous require() of the same graph may have bailed out before
+// instantiation because it contains top-level await.
+job.throwIfAsyncGraph(parent);
 thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename,parentFilename,false);
 }
 letmessage=`Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
 // Otherwise the module could be imported before but the evaluation may be already
 // completed (e.g. the require call is lazy) so it's okay. We will return the
-// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, after the
-// graph is instantiated.
+// job and check asynchronicity of the entire graph later, before the
+// graph is evaluated.
 }
 
 /**

lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ const {
  Array,
  ArrayPrototypeFind,
  ArrayPrototypeJoin,
+ ArrayPrototypePop,
  ArrayPrototypePush,
+ ArrayPrototypeSort,
  FunctionPrototype,
+ ObjectAssign,
  ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
  PromisePrototypeThen,
  PromiseResolve,
@@ -127,6 +130,77 @@ const explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (e, url, hasTopLevelAwait) => {
 }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} TopLevelAwaitLocation
+ * @property {string} url URL of the module containing the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} line 1-based line number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {number} column 0-based column number of the top-level await.
+ * @property {string} sourceLine The source line containing the top-level await.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given module by parsing the source with acron.
+ * @param {string} source Module source code.
+ * @returns {object[]} The acorn AST nodes of the top-level awaits, in source order.
+ */
+functionfindTopLevelAwait(source){
+const{ Parser }=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn/dist/acorn');
+constwalk=require('internal/deps/acorn/acorn-walk/dist/walk');
+letast;
+try{
+ast=Parser.parse(source,{
+__proto__: null,ecmaVersion: 'latest',sourceType: 'module',locations: true,
+});
+}catch{
+return[];// The source is not parsable, skip.
+}
+// We are looking for _top-level_ await, so we don't traverse into function bodies.
+constbaseVisitor=ObjectAssign({__proto__: null},walk.base,{Function: noop});
+constfound=[];
+walk.simple(ast,{
+__proto__: null,
+AwaitExpression(node){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);},
+// `for await (...)` is a ForOfStatement with `await: true`, not an AwaitExpression.
+ForOfStatement(node){
+if(node.await){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+// `await using x = ...` is a VariableDeclaration, not an AwaitExpression.
+VariableDeclaration(node){
+if(node.kind==='await using'){ArrayPrototypePush(found,node);}
+},
+},baseVisitor);
+ArrayPrototypeSort(found,(a,b)=>a.start-b.start);
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locate the top-level awaits in the given modules.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} modules Modules that may contain top-level await.
+ * @returns {TopLevelAwaitLocation[]} The locations of the top-level awaits.
+ */
+functiongetTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules){
+constlocations=[];
+for(leti=0;i<modules.length;i++){
+constmodule=modules[i];
+constsource=module.source;
+if(typeofsource!=='string'){continue;}// Not retained during compilation. Skip.
+constfound=findTopLevelAwait(source);
+if(found.length===0){continue;}
+constlines=StringPrototypeSplit(source,'\n');
+for(letj=0;j<found.length;j++){
+const{ start }=found[j].loc;
+ArrayPrototypePush(locations,{
+__proto__: null,
+url: module.url,
+line: start.line,
+column: start.column,
+sourceLine: lines[start.line-1],
+});
+}
+}
+returnlocations;
+}
+
 classModuleJobBase{
 constructor(loader,url,importAttributes,phase,isMain,inspectBrk){
 assert(typeofphase==='number');
@@ -185,6 +259,64 @@ class ModuleJobBase {
 returnevaluationDepJobs;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Collect the modules that contain top-level await in the linked graph of
+ * this job. Whether each module contains top-level await is known at
+ * compilation, so for a synchronously linked graph this finds asynchronous
+ * graphs before instantiation.
+ * On the (deprecated) async loader hook worker thread, linking may be asynchronous, in
+ * which case the subgraphs that are not synchronously linked are skipped
+ * and callers should still consult hasAsyncGraph after instantiation.
+ * @returns {ModuleWrap[]}
+ */
+findModulesWithTopLevelAwait(){
+constfound=[];
+constseen=newSafeSet();
+conststack=[this];
+while(stack.length>0){
+constjob=ArrayPrototypePop(stack);
+if(seen.has(job)){continue;}
+seen.add(job);
+if(job.module?.hasTopLevelAwait){
+ArrayPrototypePush(found,job.module);
+}
+// job.linked is the array of evaluation-phase dependency jobs when the
+// linking is synchronous. Skip it if it's still a promise.
+if(!isPromise(job.linked)){
+for(leti=0;i<job.linked.length;i++){
+ArrayPrototypePush(stack,job.linked[i]);
+}
+}
+}
+returnfound;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throw the ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE with metadata for a require()'d graph that
+ * contains top-level await.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ * @param {ModuleWrap[]} [modules] Modules with top-level await, when already
+ * collected by the caller, to avoid walking the graph again.
+ */
+throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait()){
+constlocations=getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla') ? getTopLevelAwaitLocations(modules) : [];
+constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
+thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parent,locations);
+}
+
+/**
+ * If the a require()'d graph contains top-level await, collect the source locations
+ * of the top-level awaits using source code retained during compilation and throw
+ * ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE. This can be run before instantiation is complete.
+ * @param {Module|undefined} parent CommonJS module that require()'d this, if any.
+ */
+throwIfAsyncGraph(parent){
+constmodules=this.findModulesWithTopLevelAwait();
+if(modules.length>0){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent,modules);
+}
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensure that this ModuleJob is moving towards the required phase
  * (does not necessarily mean it is ready at that phase - run does that)
@@ -386,6 +518,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 
 debug('ModuleJob.runSync()',status,this.module);
 if(status===kUninstantiated){
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that
+// the async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // FIXME(joyeecheung): this cannot fully handle < kInstantiated. Make the linking
 // fully synchronous instead.
 if(this.module.getModuleRequests().length===0){
@@ -395,22 +529,18 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
 status=this.module.getStatus();
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated||status===kErrored){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 if(status===kInstantiated){
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }
 throwthis.module.getError();
 }elseif(status===kEvaluating||status===kEvaluated){
 if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 // kEvaluating can show up when this is being used to deal with CJS <-> CJS cycles.
 // Allow it for now, since we only need to ban ESM <-> CJS cycles which would be
@@ -506,9 +636,16 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 awaitthis.evaluationPromise;
 }
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module};
-}elseif(status===kInstantiated){
-// The evaluation may have been canceled because instantiate() detected TLA first.
-// But when it is imported again, it's fine to re-evaluate it asynchronously.
+}elseif(status===kInstantiated||status===kUninstantiated){
+// The require() of this (synchronously linked) module bailed out: either
+// it was rejected for containing top-level await after instantiation
+// (kInstantiated), or its instantiation failed and left it uninstantiated
+// (kUninstantiated, e.g. a missing named export). When it's reached via async
+// run() from import, finish the instantiation and evaluate it asynchronously,
+// re-throwing any instantiation error.
+if(status===kUninstantiated){
+this.module.instantiate();
+}
 consttimeout=-1;
 constbreakOnSigint=false;
 this.evaluationPromise=this.module.evaluate(timeout,breakOnSigint);
@@ -524,23 +661,19 @@ class ModuleJobSync extends ModuleJobBase {
 runSync(parent){
 debug('ModuleJobSync.runSync()',this.module);
 assert(this.phase===kEvaluationPhase);
+// TODO(joyeecheung): Reject graphs with top-level await _before_ instantiation, so that the
+// async graph error supersedes instantiation (mismatch export) errors in the graph.
 // TODO(joyeecheung): add the error decoration logic from the async instantiate.
 this.module.instantiate();
-// If --experimental-print-required-tla is true, proceeds to evaluation even
-// if it's async because we want to search for the TLA and help users locate
-// them.
-// TODO(joyeecheung): track the asynchroniticy using v8::Module::HasTopLevelAwait()
-// and we'll be able to throw right after compilation of the modules, using acron
-// to find and print the TLA. This requires the linking to be synchronous in case
-// it runs into cached asynchronous modules that are not yet fetched.
-constparentFilename=urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
-constfilename=urlToFilename(this.url);
-if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph&&!getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
-thrownewERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE(filename,parentFilename);
+// On the deprecated async loader hook worker thread, dependencies linked by an
+// earlier import may not be walkable synchronously, so double-check with
+// V8 now that the graph is instantiated.
+if(this.module.hasAsyncGraph){
+this.throwAsyncGraphError(parent);
 }
 setHasStartedUserESMExecution();
 try{
-constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync(filename,parentFilename);
+constnamespace=this.module.evaluateSync();
 return{__proto__: null,module: this.module, namespace };
 }catch(e){
 explainCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError(e,this.module.url,this.module.hasTopLevelAwait);

lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithSpecialRequire(module, source, url, filename, isMain,
 // On the main thread, the authentic require() is used instead (fixed by #60380).
 constrequest={ specifier,attributes: importAttributes,phase: kEvaluationPhase,__proto__: null};
 constjob=cascadedLoader.getOrCreateModuleJob(url,request,kRequireInImportedCJS);
-job.runSync();
+job.runSync(module);
 letmod=cjsCache.get(job.url);
 assert(job.module,`Imported CJS module ${url} failed to load module ${job.url} using require() due to race condition`);
 

lib/internal/modules/esm/utils.js

@@ -326,6 +326,15 @@ function compileSourceTextModule(url, source, cascadedLoader, context = kEmptyOb
 wrap.isMain=true;
 }
 
+// Add an extra reference to the source of modules containing top-level await so that if the
+// module ends up being require()'d, we can parse the location of the top-level awaits to print
+// better errors. There will be other references to the same source in the module in V8 so this
+// only serves as a shortcut.
+if(wrap.hasTopLevelAwait&&
+getOptionValue('--experimental-print-required-tla')){
+wrap.source=source;
+}
+
 // Cache the source map for the module if present.
 if(wrap.sourceMapURL){
 maybeCacheSourceMap(url,source,wrap,false,wrap.sourceURL,wrap.sourceMapURL);