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<metaname="description" content="Full Stack Python shows how an entire Python web application is built and deployed. Each section of the guide explains a different key concept, from the server through the Python WSGI web framework to the front end JavaScript.">
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<h1>Web Frameworks</h1>
<p>A web application framework is a collection of libraries that
provide functionality to accomplish common operations for the web. These
common operations include:</p>
<olclass="arabic simple">
<li>URL routing</li>
<li>HTML, XML, JSON, and other output format templating</li>
<li>Database manipulation</li>
<li>Security against Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) and other attacks</li>
</ol>
<p>Not all web frameworks include functionality for all of the above
functionality. Frameworks fall somewhere between simply executing a
single use case and attempting to be everything to every developer with
increased complexity.</p>
<p>For example, the Django web application framework includes an
Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) layer that abstracts relational database
read, write, query, and delete operations. However, Django's ORM
cannot work without significant modification on non-relational databases such
<aclass="reference external" href="http://www.mongodb.org/">MongoDB</a> and <aclass="reference external" href="http://docs.basho.com/">Riak</a>.
Other web frameworks such as Flask and Pyramid are generally easier to
use with non-relational databases by incorporating external Python libraries.
There is a spectrum between minimal functionality with easy extensibility and
including everything in the framework with tight integration.</p>
<divclass="section" id="django">
<h2>Django</h2>
<p><aclass="reference external" href="http://www.djangoproject.com/">Django</a> is a widely used Python web
application framework with a &quot;batteries-included&quot; philosophy. The principle
behind batteries-included is that the common functionality for building
web applications should come with the framework instead of as a separate
library. For example,
<aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/http/urls/">URL routing</a>, a
<aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/templates/">templating system</a>,
<aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/db/">object-relational mapper</a>,
and a <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/migrations/">database schema migrations</a>
(as of version 1.7) are all included with the <aclass="reference external" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Django/1.6.2">Django library</a>.</p>
<divclass="section" id="django-resources">
<h3>Django resources</h3>
<p><aclass="reference external" href="http://twoscoopspress.com/products/two-scoops-of-django-1-6">2 Scoops of Django</a>
by Daniel Greenfield and Audrey Roy is well worth the price of admission if
you're serious about learning how to correctly develop Django websites.</p>
<p><aclass="reference external" href="http://effectivedjango.com/">Effective Django</a> and
<aclass="reference external" href="http://www.tangowithdjango.com/book/">Tango with Django</a> are a great free
introductions to using the most popular Python web framework.</p>
<p>DjangoCon US videos from
<aclass="reference external" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheOpenBastion/videos">2013</a>,
<aclass="reference external" href="http://pyvideo.org/category/23/djangocon-2012">2012</a>,
<aclass="reference external" href="http://pyvideo.org/category/3/djangocon-2011">2011</a>, as well as
<aclass="reference external" href="http://pyvideo.org/category">earlier US and DjangoCon EU conferences</a> are
all available free of charge.</p>
<p>The <aclass="reference external" href="http://www.reddit.com/r/django">Django subreddit</a> often has links to
the latest resources for learning Django.</p>
<p>Lincoln Loop wrote a
<aclass="reference external" href="http://lincolnloop.com/django-best-practices/">Django Best Practices guide</a>
for the community.</p>
<p>Steve Losh wrote an incredibly detailed <aclass="reference external" href="http://stevelosh.com/blog/2011/06/django-advice/">Django Advice guide</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<divclass="section" id="flask">
<h2>Flask</h2>
<p><aclass="reference external" href="http://flask.pocoo.org/">Flask</a> is a Python microframework deliberately
built with a
<aclass="reference external" href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/design/">small core and easy extensibility philosophy</a>.
Flask is generally considered more
&quot;<aclass="reference external" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/58968/what-defines-pythonian-or-pythonic">Pythonic</a>&quot; than Django because Flask web application code is often more
explicit. Flask was also written several years after Django and therefore
learned from the Python community's reactions as the framework evolved.
Jökull Sólberg wrote a great piece articulating to this effect in his
<aclass="reference external" href="http://jokull.calepin.co/my-flask-to-django-experience.html">experience switching between Flask and Django</a>.</p>
<divclass="section" id="flask-resources">
<h3>Flask resources</h3>
<p>The 18 post series Flask mega tutorial is an absolutely amazing starting
resource:</p>
<ulclass="simple">
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-i-hello-world">Part 1: Hello World</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-ii-templates">Part 2: Templates</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iii-web-forms">Part 3: Web Forms</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iv-database">Part 4: Database</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-v-user-logins">Part 5: User Logins</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-vi-profile-page-and-avatars">Part 6: Profile Page and Avatars</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-vii-unit-testing">Part 7: Unit Testing</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-viii-followers-contacts-and-friends">Part 8: Followers, Contacts, and Friends</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-ix-pagination">Part 9: Pagination</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-x-full-text-search">Part 10: Full Text Search</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xi-email-support">Part 11: Email Support</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xii-facelift">Part 12: Facelift</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xiii-dates-and-times">Part 13: Dates and Times</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xiv-i18n-and-l10n">Part 14: I18n and L10n</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xv-ajax">Part 15: Ajax</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xvi-debugging-testing-and-profiling">Part 16: Debugging, Testing and Profiling</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xvii-deployment-on-linux-even-on-the-raspberry-pi">Part 17: Deployment on Linux</a></li>
<li><aclass="reference external" href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xviii-deployment-on-the-heroku-cloud">Part 18: Deployment on the Heroku Cloud</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Yeah, there are a lot of parts to the series. However, it helps to keep the
complexity contained to small pieces at a time. The whole series is well
worth an in-depth read-through.</p>
<p>The <aclass="reference external" href="http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/">Flask Extensions Registry</a> is a
curated list of the best packages that extend Flask. It's the first location
to look through when you're wondering how to do something that's not in the
core framework.</p>
<p>Great post by Jeff Knupp on <aclass="reference external" href="http://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/01/29/productionizing-a-flask-application/">Productionizing a Flask App</a></p>
<p>The Plank &amp; Whittle blog has two posts, one on <aclass="reference external" href="http://www.plankandwhittle.com/packaging-a-flask-web-app/">Packaging a Flask web app</a>
and another on <aclass="reference external" href="http://www.plankandwhittle.com/packaging-a-flask-app-in-a-debian-package/">Packaging a Flask app in a Debian package</a>
once you've built an app and want to deploy it.</p>
<p>The tuts+ <aclass="reference external" href="http://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/an-introduction-to-pythons-flask-framework--net-28822">Flask tutorial</a>
is another great walkthrough for getting started with the framework.</p>
</div>
</div>
<divclass="section" id="web-framework-logging">
<h2>Web Framework Logging</h2>
<p>Logging is a common mechanism for monitoring web applications written with a
web framework. Runtime exceptions that prevent code from running are
important to log to investigate and fix the source of the problems.
Informational and debugging logging also helps to understand how the
application is performing even if code is working as intended.</p>
<p>Logging is often grouped into several categories:</p>
<olclass="arabic simple">
<li>Information</li>
<li>Debug</li>
<li>Warning</li>
<li>Error</li>
</ol>
<p>Logging errors that occur while a web framework is running is crucial to
understanding how your application is performing.
<aclass="reference external" href="http://raven.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Raven</a> is a Python client for the
<aclass="reference external" href="https://github.com/getsentry/sentry">Sentry</a> exception logging and
aggregation application. Raven provides the way to send exceptions to
Sentry, which should be deployed on a separate server from your production
infrastructure. Raven can also be used by Python scripts to send other
log data to Sentry for aggregation. Sentry provides a clean web application
interface for viewing the exceptions. Sentry can also be configured with a
mail plugin to send emails when exceptions occur.</p>
<divclass="section" id="web-framework-resources">
<h3>Web Framework Resources</h3>
<p><aclass="reference external" href="http://bottlepy.org/docs/dev/">Bottle</a>,
<aclass="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/">Pyramid</a>,
<aclass="reference external" href="http://falconframework.org/">Falcon</a>,
<aclass="reference external" href="http://webpy.org/">web.py</a> are the most common Python web frameworks other
than Django and Flask.</p>
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 Next read the
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<ahref="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item ">Introduction</a>
<ahref="/servers.html" class="list-group-item ">Servers</a>
<ahref="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item ">Operating Systems</a>
<ahref="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item ">Web Servers</a>
<ahref="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item ">Platform-as-a-service</a>
<ahref="/databases.html" class="list-group-item ">Databases</a>
<ahref="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item ">WSGI Servers</a>
<ahref="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item active">Web Frameworks</a>
<ahref="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item ">Task Queues</a>
<ahref="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item ">Static Content</a>
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<ahref="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item ">API Integration</a>
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<ahref="/dependency-management.html" class="list-group-item ">Application Dependencies</a>
<ahref="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item ">NoSQL Data Stores</a>
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