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Algorithmica v3

Algorithmica is an open-access web book dedicated to the art and science of computing.

You can contribute via Prose by clicking on the pencil icon on the top right on any page or by editing its source directly on GitHub. We use a slightly different Markdown dialect, so if you are not sure that the change is correct (for example, editing an intricate LaTeX formula), you can install Hugo and build the site locally — or just create a pull request, and a preview link will be automatically generated for you.

If you happen to speak Russian, please also read the contributing guidelines.

Key technical changes from the previous version:

  • pandoc -> Hugo
  • CSS -> Sass
  • Github Pages -> Netlify
  • Yandex.Metrica -> Google Analytics went back to Metrica
  • algorithmica.org/{lang}/* -> {lang}.algorithmica.org/*
  • Rich metadata support (language, sections, TOCs, authors...)
  • Automated global table of contents
  • Theming support
  • Search support (Lunr)

Short-term todo list:

  • Style adjustments for mobile and print versions
  • A pdf version of the whole website
  • Meta-information support (for Google Scholar and social media)
  • Sticky table of contents

About

A computer science textbook

algorithmica.org/

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Readme
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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { // Add copy buttons to all 
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(function() {
function addCopyButtons() {
document.querySelectorAll('pre code').forEach(function(codeBlock) {
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codeBlock.parentElement.setAttribute('data-copy-added', 'true');
var btn = document.createElement('button');
btn.textContent = 'Copy';
btn.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;top:4px;right:4px;padding:2px 8px;font-size:11px;background:#4ecdc4;border:none;border-radius:4px;color:#1a1a2e;cursor:pointer;opacity:0.7;transition:opacity 0.2s;';
btn.onmouseover = function() { this.style.opacity = '1'; };
btn.onmouseout = function() { this.style.opacity = '0.7'; };
btn.onclick = function() {
navigator.clipboard.writeText(codeBlock.textContent).then(function() {
btn.textContent = 'Copied!';
setTimeout(function() { btn.textContent = 'Copy'; }, 1500);
});
};
codeBlock.parentElement.style.position = 'relative';
codeBlock.parentElement.appendChild(btn);
});
}
addCopyButtons();
// Re-run on dynamic content
var observer = new MutationObserver(addCopyButtons);
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "github.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "github\\.com" + '
GitHub - AlekseyReshetnikov/algorithmica: A computer science textbook · GitHub
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Algorithmica v3
Algorithmica is an open-access web book dedicated to the art and science of computing.
You can contribute via Prose by clicking on the pencil icon on the top right on any page or by editing its source directly on GitHub. We use a slightly different Markdown dialect, so if you are not sure that the change is correct (for example, editing an intricate LaTeX formula), you can install Hugo and build the site locally — or just create a pull request, and a preview link will be automatically generated for you.
If you happen to speak Russian, please also read the contributing guidelines.
Key technical changes from the previous version:
  • pandoc -> Hugo
  • CSS -> Sass
  • Github Pages -> Netlify
  • Yandex.Metrica -> Google Analytics went back to Metrica
  • algorithmica.org/{lang}/* -> {lang}.algorithmica.org/*
  • Rich metadata support (language, sections, TOCs, authors...)
  • Automated global table of contents
  • Theming support
  • Search support (Lunr)
Short-term todo list:
  • Style adjustments for mobile and print versions
  • A pdf version of the whole website
  • Meta-information support (for Google Scholar and social media)
  • Sticky table of contents
About
A computer science textbook
algorithmica.org/
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
0 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
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, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode
(function() {
var style = document.createElement('style');
style.textContent = '
.markdown-body {
color-scheme: dark light;
}
.markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; }
.markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; }
.markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; }
.markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; }
.markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; }
.markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; }
';
document.head.appendChild(style);
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '
GitHub - AlekseyReshetnikov/algorithmica: A computer science textbook · GitHub
Skip to content
BranchesTags
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Algorithmica v3
Algorithmica is an open-access web book dedicated to the art and science of computing.
You can contribute via Prose by clicking on the pencil icon on the top right on any page or by editing its source directly on GitHub. We use a slightly different Markdown dialect, so if you are not sure that the change is correct (for example, editing an intricate LaTeX formula), you can install Hugo and build the site locally — or just create a pull request, and a preview link will be automatically generated for you.
If you happen to speak Russian, please also read the contributing guidelines.
Key technical changes from the previous version:
  • pandoc -> Hugo
  • CSS -> Sass
  • Github Pages -> Netlify
  • Yandex.Metrica -> Google Analytics went back to Metrica
  • algorithmica.org/{lang}/* -> {lang}.algorithmica.org/*
  • Rich metadata support (language, sections, TOCs, authors...)
  • Automated global table of contents
  • Theming support
  • Search support (Lunr)
Short-term todo list:
  • Style adjustments for mobile and print versions
  • A pdf version of the whole website
  • Meta-information support (for Google Scholar and social media)
  • Sticky table of contents
About
A computer science textbook
algorithmica.org/
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
0 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
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Contributors
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, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer
(function() {
var ref = document.referrer;
var terms = [];
if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) {
var url = new URL(ref);
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terms = q.split(/\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; });
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if (terms.length === 0) return;
var style = document.createElement('style');
style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';
document.head.appendChild(style);
function highlight(node) {
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var text = node.textContent;
var found = false;
terms.forEach(function(term) {
var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\') + ')', 'gi');
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var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();
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parts.forEach(function(part, i) {
if (i % 2 === 0) {
frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part));
} else {
var span = document.createElement('span');
span.className = 'userscript-highlight';
span.textContent = part;
frag.appendChild(span);
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} else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element
var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT'];
if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) {
Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight);
}
}
}
highlight(document.body);
// Re-highlight on dynamic content
var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
mutations.forEach(function(m) {
m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node);
});
});
});
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '
GitHub - AlekseyReshetnikov/algorithmica: A computer science textbook · GitHub
Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Algorithmica v3
Algorithmica is an open-access web book dedicated to the art and science of computing.
You can contribute via Prose by clicking on the pencil icon on the top right on any page or by editing its source directly on GitHub. We use a slightly different Markdown dialect, so if you are not sure that the change is correct (for example, editing an intricate LaTeX formula), you can install Hugo and build the site locally — or just create a pull request, and a preview link will be automatically generated for you.
If you happen to speak Russian, please also read the contributing guidelines.
Key technical changes from the previous version:
  • pandoc -> Hugo
  • CSS -> Sass
  • Github Pages -> Netlify
  • Yandex.Metrica -> Google Analytics went back to Metrica
  • algorithmica.org/{lang}/* -> {lang}.algorithmica.org/*
  • Rich metadata support (language, sections, TOCs, authors...)
  • Automated global table of contents
  • Theming support
  • Search support (Lunr)
Short-term todo list:
  • Style adjustments for mobile and print versions
  • A pdf version of the whole website
  • Meta-information support (for Google Scholar and social media)
  • Sticky table of contents
About
A computer science textbook
algorithmica.org/
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
0 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page
(function() {
var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',
'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',
'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];
function cleanUrl(url) {
try {
var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);
var changed = false;
trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {
if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {
u.searchParams.delete(p);
changed = true;
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} catch (e) {
return url;
}
}
function cleanLinks() {
document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {
var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);
if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;
});
}
cleanLinks();
var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
mutations.forEach(function(m) {
m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1) {
if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();
node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {
var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);
if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;
});
}
});
});
});
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "youtube.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '
GitHub - AlekseyReshetnikov/algorithmica: A computer science textbook · GitHub
Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Algorithmica v3
Algorithmica is an open-access web book dedicated to the art and science of computing.
You can contribute via Prose by clicking on the pencil icon on the top right on any page or by editing its source directly on GitHub. We use a slightly different Markdown dialect, so if you are not sure that the change is correct (for example, editing an intricate LaTeX formula), you can install Hugo and build the site locally — or just create a pull request, and a preview link will be automatically generated for you.
If you happen to speak Russian, please also read the contributing guidelines.
Key technical changes from the previous version:
  • pandoc -> Hugo
  • CSS -> Sass
  • Github Pages -> Netlify
  • Yandex.Metrica -> Google Analytics went back to Metrica
  • algorithmica.org/{lang}/* -> {lang}.algorithmica.org/*
  • Rich metadata support (language, sections, TOCs, authors...)
  • Automated global table of contents
  • Theming support
  • Search support (Lunr)
Short-term todo list:
  • Style adjustments for mobile and print versions
  • A pdf version of the whole website
  • Meta-information support (for Google Scholar and social media)
  • Sticky table of contents
About
A computer science textbook
algorithmica.org/
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
0 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube
(function() {
function tryTheater() {
var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label="Theater mode"], ytd-player #player button[title="Theater mode"]');
if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {
btn.click();
}
}
// Try immediately
tryTheater();
// Try after navigation (SPA)
var lastUrl = location.href;
setInterval(function() {
if (location.href !== lastUrl) {
lastUrl = location.href;
setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);
}
}, 1000);
// Also try on player load
var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '
GitHub - AlekseyReshetnikov/algorithmica: A computer science textbook · GitHub
Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Algorithmica v3
Algorithmica is an open-access web book dedicated to the art and science of computing.
You can contribute via Prose by clicking on the pencil icon on the top right on any page or by editing its source directly on GitHub. We use a slightly different Markdown dialect, so if you are not sure that the change is correct (for example, editing an intricate LaTeX formula), you can install Hugo and build the site locally — or just create a pull request, and a preview link will be automatically generated for you.
If you happen to speak Russian, please also read the contributing guidelines.
Key technical changes from the previous version:
  • pandoc -> Hugo
  • CSS -> Sass
  • Github Pages -> Netlify
  • Yandex.Metrica -> Google Analytics went back to Metrica
  • algorithmica.org/{lang}/* -> {lang}.algorithmica.org/*
  • Rich metadata support (language, sections, TOCs, authors...)
  • Automated global table of contents
  • Theming support
  • Search support (Lunr)
Short-term todo list:
  • Style adjustments for mobile and print versions
  • A pdf version of the whole website
  • Meta-information support (for Google Scholar and social media)
  • Sticky table of contents
About
A computer science textbook
algorithmica.org/
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
0 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
// Remove or un-stick sticky/fixed headers that block content
(function() {
function unstick() {
document.querySelectorAll('header, nav, [role="banner"], .header, .navbar, .sticky, .fixed-top, [style*="position: fixed"], [style*="position:sticky"]').forEach(function(el) {
if (el.style.position === 'fixed' || el.style.position === 'sticky' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'fixed' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'sticky') {
el.style.position = 'static';
el.style.top = 'auto';
el.style.zIndex = 'auto';
}
});
}
unstick();
var observer = new MutationObserver(unstick);
observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style', 'class'] });
})();
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Kill Sticky Headers]', __e); }
})();
})();
GitHub - AlekseyReshetnikov/algorithmica: A computer science textbook · GitHub
Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Algorithmica v3
Algorithmica is an open-access web book dedicated to the art and science of computing.
You can contribute via Prose by clicking on the pencil icon on the top right on any page or by editing its source directly on GitHub. We use a slightly different Markdown dialect, so if you are not sure that the change is correct (for example, editing an intricate LaTeX formula), you can install Hugo and build the site locally — or just create a pull request, and a preview link will be automatically generated for you.
If you happen to speak Russian, please also read the contributing guidelines.
Key technical changes from the previous version:
  • pandoc -> Hugo
  • CSS -> Sass
  • Github Pages -> Netlify
  • Yandex.Metrica -> Google Analytics went back to Metrica
  • algorithmica.org/{lang}/* -> {lang}.algorithmica.org/*
  • Rich metadata support (language, sections, TOCs, authors...)
  • Automated global table of contents
  • Theming support
  • Search support (Lunr)
Short-term todo list:
  • Style adjustments for mobile and print versions
  • A pdf version of the whole website
  • Meta-information support (for Google Scholar and social media)
  • Sticky table of contents
About
A computer science textbook
algorithmica.org/
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
0 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages