看完所有源码,真的感觉有很大收获,无论是 unix 的编程,还是 GET/POST 的 Web 处理流程,都清晰了不少。废话不说,开始我们的 Server 探索之旅。
建议源码阅读顺序: main -> startup -> accept_request -> execute_cgi, 通晓主要工作流程后再仔细把每个函数的源码看一看。
懒得跳转的同学看下面....
/* J. David's webserver *//* This is a simple webserver. * Created November 1999 by J. David Blackstone. * CSE 4344 (Network concepts), Prof. Zeigler * University of Texas at Arlington *//* This program compiles for Sparc Solaris 2.6. * To compile for Linux: * 1) Comment out the #include <pthread.h> line. * 2) Comment out the line that defines the variable newthread. * 3) Comment out the two lines that run pthread_create(). * 4) Uncomment the line that runs accept_request(). * 5) Remove -lsocket from the Makefile. */#include<stdio.h>#include<sys/socket.h>#include<sys/types.h>#include<netinet/in.h>#include<arpa/inet.h>#include<unistd.h>#include<ctype.h>#include<strings.h>#include<string.h>#include<sys/stat.h>#include<pthread.h>#include<sys/wait.h>#include<stdlib.h>#defineISspace(x) isspace((int)(x))
#defineSERVER_STRING "Server: jdbhttpd/0.1.0\r\n"
voidaccept_request(int);
voidbad_request(int);
voidcat(int, FILE*);
voidcannot_execute(int);
voiderror_die(constchar*);
voidexecute_cgi(int, constchar*, constchar*, constchar*);
intget_line(int, char*, int);
voidheaders(int, constchar*);
voidnot_found(int);
voidserve_file(int, constchar*);
intstartup(u_short*);
voidunimplemented(int);
/**********************************************************************//* A request has caused a call to accept() on the server port to * return. Process the request appropriately. * Parameters: the socket connected to the client *//**********************************************************************/voidaccept_request(intclient)
{
charbuf[1024];
intnumchars;
charmethod[255];
charurl[255];
charpath[512];
size_ti, j;
structstatst;
intcgi=0; /* becomes true if server decides this is a CGI program */char*query_string=NULL;
/*得到请求的第一行*/numchars=get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
i=0; j=0;
/*把客户端的请求方法存到 method 数组*/while (!ISspace(buf[j]) && (i<sizeof(method) -1))
{
method[i] =buf[j];
i++; j++;
}
method[i] ='\0';
/*如果既不是 GET 又不是 POST 则无法处理 */if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") &&strcasecmp(method, "POST"))
{
unimplemented(client);
return;
}
/* POST 的时候开启 cgi */if (strcasecmp(method, "POST") ==0)
cgi=1;
/*读取 url 地址*/i=0;
while (ISspace(buf[j]) && (j<sizeof(buf)))
j++;
while (!ISspace(buf[j]) && (i<sizeof(url) -1) && (j<sizeof(buf)))
{
/*存下 url */url[i] =buf[j];
i++; j++;
}
url[i] ='\0';
/*处理 GET 方法*/if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") ==0)
{
/* 待处理请求为 url */query_string=url;
while ((*query_string!='?') && (*query_string!='\0'))
query_string++;
/* GET 方法特点,? 后面为参数*/if (*query_string=='?')
{
/*开启 cgi */cgi=1;
*query_string='\0';
query_string++;
}
}
/*格式化 url 到 path 数组,html 文件都在 htdocs 中*/sprintf(path, "htdocs%s", url);
/*默认情况为 index.html */if (path[strlen(path) -1] =='/')
strcat(path, "index.html");
/*根据路径找到对应文件 */if (stat(path, &st) ==-1) {
/*把所有 headers 的信息都丢弃*/while ((numchars>0) &&strcmp("\n", buf)) /* read & discard headers */numchars=get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
/*回应客户端找不到*/not_found(client);
}
else
{
/*如果是个目录,则默认使用该目录下 index.html 文件*/if ((st.st_mode&S_IFMT) ==S_IFDIR)
strcat(path, "/index.html");
if ((st.st_mode&S_IXUSR) || (st.st_mode&S_IXGRP) || (st.st_mode&S_IXOTH) )
cgi=1;
/*不是 cgi,直接把服务器文件返回,否则执行 cgi */if (!cgi)
serve_file(client, path);
elseexecute_cgi(client, path, method, query_string);
}
/*断开与客户端的连接(HTTP 特点:无连接)*/close(client);
}
/**********************************************************************//* Inform the client that a request it has made has a problem. * Parameters: client socket *//**********************************************************************/voidbad_request(intclient)
{
charbuf[1024];
/*回应客户端错误的 HTTP 请求 */sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 400 BAD REQUEST\r\n");
send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "Content-type: text/html\r\n");
send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "\r\n");
send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "<P>Your browser sent a bad request, ");
send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "such as a POST without a Content-Length.\r\n");
send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
}
/**********************************************************************//* Put the entire contents of a file out on a socket. This function * is named after the UNIX "cat" command, because it might have been * easier just to do something like pipe, fork, and exec("cat"). * Parameters: the client socket descriptor * FILE pointer for the file to cat *//**********************************************************************/voidcat(intclient, FILE*resource)
{
charbuf[1024];
/*读取文件中的所有数据写到 socket */fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), resource);
while (!feof(resource))
{
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), resource);
}
}
/**********************************************************************//* Inform the client that a CGI script could not be executed. * Parameter: the client socket descriptor. *//**********************************************************************/voidcannot_execute(intclient)
{
charbuf[1024];
/* 回应客户端 cgi 无法执行*/sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 500 Internal Server Error\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "Content-type: text/html\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "<P>Error prohibited CGI execution.\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
}
/**********************************************************************//* Print out an error message with perror() (for system errors; based * on value of errno, which indicates system call errors) and exit the * program indicating an error. *//**********************************************************************/voiderror_die(constchar*sc)
{
/*出错信息处理 */perror(sc);
exit(1);
}
/**********************************************************************//* Execute a CGI script. Will need to set environment variables as * appropriate. * Parameters: client socket descriptor * path to the CGI script *//**********************************************************************/voidexecute_cgi(intclient, constchar*path, constchar*method, constchar*query_string)
{
charbuf[1024];
intcgi_output[2];
intcgi_input[2];
pid_tpid;
intstatus;
inti;
charc;
intnumchars=1;
intcontent_length=-1;
buf[0] ='A'; buf[1] ='\0';
if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") ==0)
/*把所有的 HTTP header 读取并丢弃*/while ((numchars>0) &&strcmp("\n", buf)) /* read & discard headers */numchars=get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
else/* POST */
{
/* 对 POST 的 HTTP 请求中找出 content_length */numchars=get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
while ((numchars>0) &&strcmp("\n", buf))
{
/*利用 \0 进行分隔 */buf[15] ='\0';
/* HTTP 请求的特点*/if (strcasecmp(buf, "Content-Length:") ==0)
content_length=atoi(&(buf[16]));
numchars=get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
}
/*没有找到 content_length */if (content_length==-1) {
/*错误请求*/bad_request(client);
return;
}
}
/* 正确,HTTP 状态码 200 */sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
/* 建立管道*/if (pipe(cgi_output) <0) {
/*错误处理*/cannot_execute(client);
return;
}
/*建立管道*/if (pipe(cgi_input) <0) {
/*错误处理*/cannot_execute(client);
return;
}
if ((pid=fork()) <0 ) {
/*错误处理*/cannot_execute(client);
return;
}
if (pid==0) /* child: CGI script */
{
charmeth_env[255];
charquery_env[255];
charlength_env[255];
/* 把 STDOUT 重定向到 cgi_output 的写入端 */dup2(cgi_output[1], 1);
/* 把 STDIN 重定向到 cgi_input 的读取端 */dup2(cgi_input[0], 0);
/* 关闭 cgi_input 的写入端 和 cgi_output 的读取端 */close(cgi_output[0]);
close(cgi_input[1]);
/*设置 request_method 的环境变量*/sprintf(meth_env, "REQUEST_METHOD=%s", method);
putenv(meth_env);
if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") ==0) {
/*设置 query_string 的环境变量*/sprintf(query_env, "QUERY_STRING=%s", query_string);
putenv(query_env);
}
else { /* POST *//*设置 content_length 的环境变量*/sprintf(length_env, "CONTENT_LENGTH=%d", content_length);
putenv(length_env);
}
/*用 execl 运行 cgi 程序*/execl(path, path, NULL);
exit(0);
} else { /* parent *//* 关闭 cgi_input 的读取端 和 cgi_output 的写入端 */close(cgi_output[1]);
close(cgi_input[0]);
if (strcasecmp(method, "POST") ==0)
/*接收 POST 过来的数据*/for (i=0; i<content_length; i++) {
recv(client, &c, 1, 0);
/*把 POST 数据写入 cgi_input,现在重定向到 STDIN */write(cgi_input[1], &c, 1);
}
/*读取 cgi_output 的管道输出到客户端,该管道输入是 STDOUT */while (read(cgi_output[0], &c, 1) >0)
send(client, &c, 1, 0);
/*关闭管道*/close(cgi_output[0]);
close(cgi_input[1]);
/*等待子进程*/waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
}
}
/**********************************************************************//* Get a line from a socket, whether the line ends in a newline, * carriage return, or a CRLF combination. Terminates the string read * with a null character. If no newline indicator is found before the * end of the buffer, the string is terminated with a null. If any of * the above three line terminators is read, the last character of the * string will be a linefeed and the string will be terminated with a * null character. * Parameters: the socket descriptor * the buffer to save the data in * the size of the buffer * Returns: the number of bytes stored (excluding null) *//**********************************************************************/intget_line(intsock, char*buf, intsize)
{
inti=0;
charc='\0';
intn;
/*把终止条件统一为 \n 换行符,标准化 buf 数组*/while ((i<size-1) && (c!='\n'))
{
/*一次仅接收一个字节*/n=recv(sock, &c, 1, 0);
/* DEBUG printf("%02X\n", c); */if (n>0)
{
/*收到 \r 则继续接收下个字节,因为换行符可能是 \r\n */if (c=='\r')
{
/*使用 MSG_PEEK 标志使下一次读取依然可以得到这次读取的内容,可认为接收窗口不滑动*/n=recv(sock, &c, 1, MSG_PEEK);
/* DEBUG printf("%02X\n", c); *//*但如果是换行符则把它吸收掉*/if ((n>0) && (c=='\n'))
recv(sock, &c, 1, 0);
elsec='\n';
}
/*存到缓冲区*/buf[i] =c;
i++;
}
elsec='\n';
}
buf[i] ='\0';
/*返回 buf 数组大小*/return(i);
}
/**********************************************************************//* Return the informational HTTP headers about a file. *//* Parameters: the socket to print the headers on * the name of the file *//**********************************************************************/voidheaders(intclient, constchar*filename)
{
charbuf[1024];
(void)filename; /* could use filename to determine file type *//*正常的 HTTP header */strcpy(buf, "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
/*服务器信息*/strcpy(buf, SERVER_STRING);
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
strcpy(buf, "\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
}
/**********************************************************************//* Give a client a 404 not found status message. *//**********************************************************************/voidnot_found(intclient)
{
charbuf[1024];
/* 404 页面 */sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 404 NOT FOUND\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
/*服务器信息*/sprintf(buf, SERVER_STRING);
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "<HTML><TITLE>Not Found</TITLE>\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "<BODY><P>The server could not fulfill\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "your request because the resource specified\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "is unavailable or nonexistent.\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "</BODY></HTML>\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
}
/**********************************************************************//* Send a regular file to the client. Use headers, and report * errors to client if they occur. * Parameters: a pointer to a file structure produced from the socket * file descriptor * the name of the file to serve *//**********************************************************************/voidserve_file(intclient, constchar*filename)
{
FILE*resource=NULL;
intnumchars=1;
charbuf[1024];
/*读取并丢弃 header */buf[0] ='A'; buf[1] ='\0';
while ((numchars>0) &&strcmp("\n", buf)) /* read & discard headers */numchars=get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
/*打开 sever 的文件*/resource=fopen(filename, "r");
if (resource==NULL)
not_found(client);
else
{
/*写 HTTP header */headers(client, filename);
/*复制文件*/cat(client, resource);
}
fclose(resource);
}
/**********************************************************************//* This function starts the process of listening for web connections * on a specified port. If the port is 0, then dynamically allocate a * port and modify the original port variable to reflect the actual * port. * Parameters: pointer to variable containing the port to connect on * Returns: the socket *//**********************************************************************/intstartup(u_short*port)
{
inthttpd=0;
structsockaddr_inname;
/*建立 socket */httpd=socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (httpd==-1)
error_die("socket");
memset(&name, 0, sizeof(name));
name.sin_family=AF_INET;
name.sin_port=htons(*port);
name.sin_addr.s_addr=htonl(INADDR_ANY);
if (bind(httpd, (structsockaddr*)&name, sizeof(name)) <0)
error_die("bind");
/*如果当前指定端口是 0,则动态随机分配一个端口*/if (*port==0) /* if dynamically allocating a port */
{
intnamelen=sizeof(name);
if (getsockname(httpd, (structsockaddr*)&name, &namelen) ==-1)
error_die("getsockname");
*port=ntohs(name.sin_port);
}
/*开始监听*/if (listen(httpd, 5) <0)
error_die("listen");
/*返回 socket id */return(httpd);
}
/**********************************************************************//* Inform the client that the requested web method has not been * implemented. * Parameter: the client socket *//**********************************************************************/voidunimplemented(intclient)
{
charbuf[1024];
/* HTTP method 不被支持*/sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 501 Method Not Implemented\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
/*服务器信息*/sprintf(buf, SERVER_STRING);
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Method Not Implemented\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "</TITLE></HEAD>\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "<BODY><P>HTTP request method not supported.\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
sprintf(buf, "</BODY></HTML>\r\n");
send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
}
/**********************************************************************/intmain(void)
{
intserver_sock=-1;
u_shortport=0;
intclient_sock=-1;
structsockaddr_inclient_name;
intclient_name_len=sizeof(client_name);
pthread_tnewthread;
/*在对应端口建立 httpd 服务*/server_sock=startup(&port);
printf("httpd running on port %d\n", port);
while (1)
{
/*套接字收到客户端连接请求*/client_sock=accept(server_sock,(structsockaddr*)&client_name,&client_name_len);
if (client_sock==-1)
error_die("accept");
/*派生新线程用 accept_request 函数处理新请求*//* accept_request(client_sock); */if (pthread_create(&newthread , NULL, accept_request, client_sock) !=0)
perror("pthread_create");
}
close(server_sock);
return(0);
}
tinyhttpd 是一个不到 500 行的超轻量型 Http Server,用来学习非常不错,可以帮助我们真正理解服务器程序的本质。
看完所有源码,真的感觉有很大收获,无论是 unix 的编程,还是 GET/POST 的 Web 处理流程,都清晰了不少。废话不说,开始我们的 Server 探索之旅。
项目主页
http://sourceforge.net/projects/tinyhttpd/
主要函数
这是所有函数的声明:
先简单地解释每个函数的作用:
accept_request: 处理从套接字上监听到的一个 HTTP 请求,在这里可以很大一部分地体现服务器处理请求流程。
bad_request: 返回给客户端这是个错误请求,HTTP 状态吗 400 BAD REQUEST.
cat: 读取服务器上某个文件写到 socket 套接字。
cannot_execute: 主要处理发生在执行 cgi 程序时出现的错误。
error_die: 把错误信息写到 perror 并退出。
execute_cgi: 运行 cgi 程序的处理,也是个主要函数。
get_line: 读取套接字的一行,把回车换行等情况都统一为换行符结束。
headers: 把 HTTP 响应的头部写到套接字。
not_found: 主要处理找不到请求的文件时的情况。
sever_file: 调用 cat 把服务器文件返回给浏览器。
startup: 初始化 httpd 服务,包括建立套接字,绑定端口,进行监听等。
unimplemented: 返回给浏览器表明收到的 HTTP 请求所用的 method 不被支持。
建议源码阅读顺序: main -> startup -> accept_request -> execute_cgi, 通晓主要工作流程后再仔细把每个函数的源码看一看。
工作流程
注释版源码
源码已写了注释,放在 Github: 这里
懒得跳转的同学看下面....
编译运行
这里我们如何让这个服务器跑起来呢?