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Overscore

Overscore is a from-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, and high-level programming language. It's an entirely separate computer ecosystem, starting from the ground up.

A little more detail on the CPU architecture, emulator, assembler, and language:

  • The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, designed from scratch but based on x86, RISC-V, and ForwardCom.
  • The emulator simulates the behaviour of instructions from the instruction set. It handles 400 million instructions per second (MIPS) on my machine.
  • The assembler converts readable assembly (Intel syntax) directly into machine code, with a few high-level constructs.
  • The language is a relatively low-level language with inspiration from low-level languages like Zig, historical languages like BLISS, and functional languages.

Overscore serves as a somewhat modern but primarily opinionated look into the hardware and software ecosystem. It's both an experiment with what improvements (in my view) can be made by designing everything (yes, everything) from scratch with a philosophy of simplicity in mind. It's also a learning project.

This is primarily a solo project, but if there are any questions (like "How do I run this myself?"), suggestions, or just general thoughts (maybe even some ideas for CPUs, instruction sets, or programming languages that you've had on your own that you want to share!), feel free to open an issue or contact me otherwise! I do follow the Zig philosophy of having a single individual with a dedicated vision for this project, though, so some features exist for the sole reason that I have faith in them.

Usage

Overscore now supports usage as a CLI app! To install, simply run the following:

# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/GoldenStack/overscore.git
cd overscore
# Build the all-in-one binary (requires a Zig installation)# Optionally add --release=fast for a faster binary!
zig build
# Use the built binary - run the help command to see what you can do!
./zig-out/bin/overscore help

Examples

Here are some examples, assuming you're in the project root and that the output binary is in path as overscore:

overscore assemble src/fibonacci.asm | overscore emulate
overscore interpret src/example2.os

CPU

The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, with 8 core instructions and 22 instructions in total.

Extensive documentation for the CPU exists in CPU.md.

Assembly

The assembler provides a simple text-based way to write machine code, with a few higher level features.

Here's an example program. Documentation for the assembly can be found in ASSEMBLY.md.

wordMainlabelMain:
mov [#100x] #AAxmov [#104x] [#100x]
not [#104x]
and [#100x] [#104x]
end

Language

The language is a work in progress. Documentation will be added soon, but for now you can take a look at the rationale which exposes several features of the language.

Roadmap

A roadmap for the project exists in ROADMAP.md. It addresses several ideas and proposals for the project, mainly centering on the CPU, ISA, and assembler because the language is an incredibly complicated (and work-in-progress) part on its own.

About

From-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, language

Resources

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15 stars

Watchers

1 watching

Forks

0 forks
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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Add copy buttons to all 
 blocks\n(function() {\n function addCopyButtons() {\n document.querySelectorAll('pre code').forEach(function(codeBlock) {\n if (codeBlock.parentElement.hasAttribute('data-copy-added')) return;\n codeBlock.parentElement.setAttribute('data-copy-added', 'true');\n \n var btn = document.createElement('button');\n btn.textContent = 'Copy';\n btn.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;top:4px;right:4px;padding:2px 8px;font-size:11px;background:#4ecdc4;border:none;border-radius:4px;color:#1a1a2e;cursor:pointer;opacity:0.7;transition:opacity 0.2s;';\n btn.onmouseover = function() { this.style.opacity = '1'; };\n btn.onmouseout = function() { this.style.opacity = '0.7'; };\n btn.onclick = function() {\n navigator.clipboard.writeText(codeBlock.textContent).then(function() {\n btn.textContent = 'Copied!';\n setTimeout(function() { btn.textContent = 'Copy'; }, 1500);\n });\n };\n codeBlock.parentElement.style.position = 'relative';\n codeBlock.parentElement.appendChild(btn);\n });\n }\n \n addCopyButtons();\n \n // Re-run on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(addCopyButtons);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "github.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "github\\.com" + '

Skip to content
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Overscore
Overscore is a from-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, and
high-level programming language. It's an entirely separate computer ecosystem,
starting from the ground up.
A little more detail on the CPU architecture, emulator, assembler, and language:
  • The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, designed from scratch but based on x86, RISC-V, and ForwardCom.
  • The emulator simulates the behaviour of instructions from the instruction set. It handles 400 million instructions per second (MIPS) on my machine.
  • The assembler converts readable assembly (Intel syntax) directly into machine code, with a few high-level constructs.
  • The language is a relatively low-level language with inspiration from low-level languages like Zig, historical languages like BLISS, and functional languages.
Overscore serves as a somewhat modern but primarily opinionated look into the
hardware and software ecosystem. It's both an experiment with what improvements
(in my view) can be made by designing everything (yes, everything) from
scratch with a philosophy of simplicity in mind. It's also a learning project.
This is primarily a solo project, but if there are any questions (like "How do I
run this myself?"), suggestions, or just general thoughts (maybe even some ideas
for CPUs, instruction sets, or programming languages that you've had on your own
that you want to share!), feel free to open an issue or contact me otherwise! I
do follow the Zig philosophy of having a single individual with a dedicated
vision for this project, though, so some features exist for the sole reason that
I have faith in them.
Usage
Overscore now supports usage as a CLI app! To install, simply run the following:
# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/GoldenStack/overscore.git
cd overscore
# Build the all-in-one binary (requires a Zig installation)# Optionally add --release=fast for a faster binary!
zig build
# Use the built binary - run the help command to see what you can do!
./zig-out/bin/overscore help
Examples
Here are some examples, assuming you're in the project root and that the output
binary is in path as overscore:
overscore assemble src/fibonacci.asm | overscore emulate
overscore interpret src/example2.os
CPU
The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small
instruction set, with 8 core instructions and 22 instructions in total.
Extensive documentation for the CPU exists in CPU.md.
Assembly
The assembler provides a simple text-based way to write machine code, with a few
higher level features.
Here's an example program. Documentation for the assembly can be found in
ASSEMBLY.md.
wordMainlabelMain:
mov [#100x] #AAxmov [#104x] [#100x]
not [#104x]
and [#100x] [#104x]
end
Language
The language is a work in progress. Documentation will be added soon, but for
now you can take a look at the rationale
which exposes several features of the language.
Roadmap
A roadmap for the project exists in ROADMAP.md. It addresses
several ideas and proposals for the project, mainly centering on the CPU, ISA,
and assembler because the language is an incredibly complicated (and
work-in-progress) part on its own.
About
From-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, language
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
15 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode\n(function() {\n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '\n .markdown-body {\n color-scheme: dark light;\n }\n .markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; }\n .markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; }\n .markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; }\n .markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; }\n .markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; }\n .markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; }\n ';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n})();", "GitHub Dark Mode README Fix");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
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Overscore
Overscore is a from-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, and
high-level programming language. It's an entirely separate computer ecosystem,
starting from the ground up.
A little more detail on the CPU architecture, emulator, assembler, and language:
  • The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, designed from scratch but based on x86, RISC-V, and ForwardCom.
  • The emulator simulates the behaviour of instructions from the instruction set. It handles 400 million instructions per second (MIPS) on my machine.
  • The assembler converts readable assembly (Intel syntax) directly into machine code, with a few high-level constructs.
  • The language is a relatively low-level language with inspiration from low-level languages like Zig, historical languages like BLISS, and functional languages.
Overscore serves as a somewhat modern but primarily opinionated look into the
hardware and software ecosystem. It's both an experiment with what improvements
(in my view) can be made by designing everything (yes, everything) from
scratch with a philosophy of simplicity in mind. It's also a learning project.
This is primarily a solo project, but if there are any questions (like "How do I
run this myself?"), suggestions, or just general thoughts (maybe even some ideas
for CPUs, instruction sets, or programming languages that you've had on your own
that you want to share!), feel free to open an issue or contact me otherwise! I
do follow the Zig philosophy of having a single individual with a dedicated
vision for this project, though, so some features exist for the sole reason that
I have faith in them.
Usage
Overscore now supports usage as a CLI app! To install, simply run the following:
# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/GoldenStack/overscore.git
cd overscore
# Build the all-in-one binary (requires a Zig installation)# Optionally add --release=fast for a faster binary!
zig build
# Use the built binary - run the help command to see what you can do!
./zig-out/bin/overscore help
Examples
Here are some examples, assuming you're in the project root and that the output
binary is in path as overscore:
overscore assemble src/fibonacci.asm | overscore emulate
overscore interpret src/example2.os
CPU
The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small
instruction set, with 8 core instructions and 22 instructions in total.
Extensive documentation for the CPU exists in CPU.md.
Assembly
The assembler provides a simple text-based way to write machine code, with a few
higher level features.
Here's an example program. Documentation for the assembly can be found in
ASSEMBLY.md.
wordMainlabelMain:
mov [#100x] #AAxmov [#104x] [#100x]
not [#104x]
and [#100x] [#104x]
end
Language
The language is a work in progress. Documentation will be added soon, but for
now you can take a look at the rationale
which exposes several features of the language.
Roadmap
A roadmap for the project exists in ROADMAP.md. It addresses
several ideas and proposals for the project, mainly centering on the CPU, ISA,
and assembler because the language is an incredibly complicated (and
work-in-progress) part on its own.
About
From-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, language
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
15 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer\n(function() {\n var ref = document.referrer;\n var terms = [];\n \n if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) {\n var url = new URL(ref);\n var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p');\n if (q) {\n terms = q.split(/\\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; });\n }\n }\n \n if (terms.length === 0) return;\n \n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n \n function highlight(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 3) { // text node\n var text = node.textContent;\n var found = false;\n terms.forEach(function(term) {\n var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\\]\\\\]/g, '\\\\') + ')', 'gi');\n if (regex.test(text)) {\n found = true;\n var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();\n var parts = text.split(regex);\n parts.forEach(function(part, i) {\n if (i % 2 === 0) {\n frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part));\n } else {\n var span = document.createElement('span');\n span.className = 'userscript-highlight';\n span.textContent = part;\n frag.appendChild(span);\n }\n });\n node.parentNode.replaceChild(frag, node);\n }\n });\n } else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element\n var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT'];\n if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) {\n Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight);\n }\n }\n }\n \n highlight(document.body);\n \n // Re-highlight on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node);\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Highlight Search Terms");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
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Overscore
Overscore is a from-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, and
high-level programming language. It's an entirely separate computer ecosystem,
starting from the ground up.
A little more detail on the CPU architecture, emulator, assembler, and language:
  • The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, designed from scratch but based on x86, RISC-V, and ForwardCom.
  • The emulator simulates the behaviour of instructions from the instruction set. It handles 400 million instructions per second (MIPS) on my machine.
  • The assembler converts readable assembly (Intel syntax) directly into machine code, with a few high-level constructs.
  • The language is a relatively low-level language with inspiration from low-level languages like Zig, historical languages like BLISS, and functional languages.
Overscore serves as a somewhat modern but primarily opinionated look into the
hardware and software ecosystem. It's both an experiment with what improvements
(in my view) can be made by designing everything (yes, everything) from
scratch with a philosophy of simplicity in mind. It's also a learning project.
This is primarily a solo project, but if there are any questions (like "How do I
run this myself?"), suggestions, or just general thoughts (maybe even some ideas
for CPUs, instruction sets, or programming languages that you've had on your own
that you want to share!), feel free to open an issue or contact me otherwise! I
do follow the Zig philosophy of having a single individual with a dedicated
vision for this project, though, so some features exist for the sole reason that
I have faith in them.
Usage
Overscore now supports usage as a CLI app! To install, simply run the following:
# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/GoldenStack/overscore.git
cd overscore
# Build the all-in-one binary (requires a Zig installation)# Optionally add --release=fast for a faster binary!
zig build
# Use the built binary - run the help command to see what you can do!
./zig-out/bin/overscore help
Examples
Here are some examples, assuming you're in the project root and that the output
binary is in path as overscore:
overscore assemble src/fibonacci.asm | overscore emulate
overscore interpret src/example2.os
CPU
The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small
instruction set, with 8 core instructions and 22 instructions in total.
Extensive documentation for the CPU exists in CPU.md.
Assembly
The assembler provides a simple text-based way to write machine code, with a few
higher level features.
Here's an example program. Documentation for the assembly can be found in
ASSEMBLY.md.
wordMainlabelMain:
mov [#100x] #AAxmov [#104x] [#100x]
not [#104x]
and [#100x] [#104x]
end
Language
The language is a work in progress. Documentation will be added soon, but for
now you can take a look at the rationale
which exposes several features of the language.
Roadmap
A roadmap for the project exists in ROADMAP.md. It addresses
several ideas and proposals for the project, mainly centering on the CPU, ISA,
and assembler because the language is an incredibly complicated (and
work-in-progress) part on its own.
About
From-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, language
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
15 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page\n(function() {\n var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',\n 'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',\n 'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];\n \n function cleanUrl(url) {\n try {\n var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);\n var changed = false;\n trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {\n if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {\n u.searchParams.delete(p);\n changed = true;\n }\n });\n return changed ? u.toString() : url;\n } catch (e) {\n return url;\n }\n }\n \n function cleanLinks() {\n document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n \n cleanLinks();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1) {\n if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();\n node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Remove Tracking Parameters from Links");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "youtube.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '

Skip to content
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Overscore
Overscore is a from-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, and
high-level programming language. It's an entirely separate computer ecosystem,
starting from the ground up.
A little more detail on the CPU architecture, emulator, assembler, and language:
  • The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, designed from scratch but based on x86, RISC-V, and ForwardCom.
  • The emulator simulates the behaviour of instructions from the instruction set. It handles 400 million instructions per second (MIPS) on my machine.
  • The assembler converts readable assembly (Intel syntax) directly into machine code, with a few high-level constructs.
  • The language is a relatively low-level language with inspiration from low-level languages like Zig, historical languages like BLISS, and functional languages.
Overscore serves as a somewhat modern but primarily opinionated look into the
hardware and software ecosystem. It's both an experiment with what improvements
(in my view) can be made by designing everything (yes, everything) from
scratch with a philosophy of simplicity in mind. It's also a learning project.
This is primarily a solo project, but if there are any questions (like "How do I
run this myself?"), suggestions, or just general thoughts (maybe even some ideas
for CPUs, instruction sets, or programming languages that you've had on your own
that you want to share!), feel free to open an issue or contact me otherwise! I
do follow the Zig philosophy of having a single individual with a dedicated
vision for this project, though, so some features exist for the sole reason that
I have faith in them.
Usage
Overscore now supports usage as a CLI app! To install, simply run the following:
# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/GoldenStack/overscore.git
cd overscore
# Build the all-in-one binary (requires a Zig installation)# Optionally add --release=fast for a faster binary!
zig build
# Use the built binary - run the help command to see what you can do!
./zig-out/bin/overscore help
Examples
Here are some examples, assuming you're in the project root and that the output
binary is in path as overscore:
overscore assemble src/fibonacci.asm | overscore emulate
overscore interpret src/example2.os
CPU
The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small
instruction set, with 8 core instructions and 22 instructions in total.
Extensive documentation for the CPU exists in CPU.md.
Assembly
The assembler provides a simple text-based way to write machine code, with a few
higher level features.
Here's an example program. Documentation for the assembly can be found in
ASSEMBLY.md.
wordMainlabelMain:
mov [#100x] #AAxmov [#104x] [#100x]
not [#104x]
and [#100x] [#104x]
end
Language
The language is a work in progress. Documentation will be added soon, but for
now you can take a look at the rationale
which exposes several features of the language.
Roadmap
A roadmap for the project exists in ROADMAP.md. It addresses
several ideas and proposals for the project, mainly centering on the CPU, ISA,
and assembler because the language is an incredibly complicated (and
work-in-progress) part on its own.
About
From-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, language
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
15 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube\n(function() {\n function tryTheater() {\n var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label=\"Theater mode\"], ytd-player #player button[title=\"Theater mode\"]');\n if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {\n btn.click();\n }\n }\n \n // Try immediately\n tryTheater();\n \n // Try after navigation (SPA)\n var lastUrl = location.href;\n setInterval(function() {\n if (location.href !== lastUrl) {\n lastUrl = location.href;\n setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);\n }\n }, 1000);\n \n // Also try on player load\n var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "YouTube Theater Mode Default");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Overscore
Overscore is a from-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, and
high-level programming language. It's an entirely separate computer ecosystem,
starting from the ground up.
A little more detail on the CPU architecture, emulator, assembler, and language:
  • The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, designed from scratch but based on x86, RISC-V, and ForwardCom.
  • The emulator simulates the behaviour of instructions from the instruction set. It handles 400 million instructions per second (MIPS) on my machine.
  • The assembler converts readable assembly (Intel syntax) directly into machine code, with a few high-level constructs.
  • The language is a relatively low-level language with inspiration from low-level languages like Zig, historical languages like BLISS, and functional languages.
Overscore serves as a somewhat modern but primarily opinionated look into the
hardware and software ecosystem. It's both an experiment with what improvements
(in my view) can be made by designing everything (yes, everything) from
scratch with a philosophy of simplicity in mind. It's also a learning project.
This is primarily a solo project, but if there are any questions (like "How do I
run this myself?"), suggestions, or just general thoughts (maybe even some ideas
for CPUs, instruction sets, or programming languages that you've had on your own
that you want to share!), feel free to open an issue or contact me otherwise! I
do follow the Zig philosophy of having a single individual with a dedicated
vision for this project, though, so some features exist for the sole reason that
I have faith in them.
Usage
Overscore now supports usage as a CLI app! To install, simply run the following:
# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/GoldenStack/overscore.git
cd overscore
# Build the all-in-one binary (requires a Zig installation)# Optionally add --release=fast for a faster binary!
zig build
# Use the built binary - run the help command to see what you can do!
./zig-out/bin/overscore help
Examples
Here are some examples, assuming you're in the project root and that the output
binary is in path as overscore:
overscore assemble src/fibonacci.asm | overscore emulate
overscore interpret src/example2.os
CPU
The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small
instruction set, with 8 core instructions and 22 instructions in total.
Extensive documentation for the CPU exists in CPU.md.
Assembly
The assembler provides a simple text-based way to write machine code, with a few
higher level features.
Here's an example program. Documentation for the assembly can be found in
ASSEMBLY.md.
wordMainlabelMain:
mov [#100x] #AAxmov [#104x] [#100x]
not [#104x]
and [#100x] [#104x]
end
Language
The language is a work in progress. Documentation will be added soon, but for
now you can take a look at the rationale
which exposes several features of the language.
Roadmap
A roadmap for the project exists in ROADMAP.md. It addresses
several ideas and proposals for the project, mainly centering on the CPU, ISA,
and assembler because the language is an incredibly complicated (and
work-in-progress) part on its own.
About
From-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, language
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
15 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Remove or un-stick sticky/fixed headers that block content\n(function() {\n function unstick() {\n document.querySelectorAll('header, nav, [role=\"banner\"], .header, .navbar, .sticky, .fixed-top, [style*=\"position: fixed\"], [style*=\"position:sticky\"]').forEach(function(el) {\n if (el.style.position === 'fixed' || el.style.position === 'sticky' || \n getComputedStyle(el).position === 'fixed' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'sticky') {\n el.style.position = 'static';\n el.style.top = 'auto';\n el.style.zIndex = 'auto';\n }\n });\n }\n \n unstick();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(unstick);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style', 'class'] });\n})();", "Kill Sticky Headers");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Kill Sticky Headers]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Overscore
Overscore is a from-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, and
high-level programming language. It's an entirely separate computer ecosystem,
starting from the ground up.
A little more detail on the CPU architecture, emulator, assembler, and language:
  • The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, designed from scratch but based on x86, RISC-V, and ForwardCom.
  • The emulator simulates the behaviour of instructions from the instruction set. It handles 400 million instructions per second (MIPS) on my machine.
  • The assembler converts readable assembly (Intel syntax) directly into machine code, with a few high-level constructs.
  • The language is a relatively low-level language with inspiration from low-level languages like Zig, historical languages like BLISS, and functional languages.
Overscore serves as a somewhat modern but primarily opinionated look into the
hardware and software ecosystem. It's both an experiment with what improvements
(in my view) can be made by designing everything (yes, everything) from
scratch with a philosophy of simplicity in mind. It's also a learning project.
This is primarily a solo project, but if there are any questions (like "How do I
run this myself?"), suggestions, or just general thoughts (maybe even some ideas
for CPUs, instruction sets, or programming languages that you've had on your own
that you want to share!), feel free to open an issue or contact me otherwise! I
do follow the Zig philosophy of having a single individual with a dedicated
vision for this project, though, so some features exist for the sole reason that
I have faith in them.
Usage
Overscore now supports usage as a CLI app! To install, simply run the following:
# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/GoldenStack/overscore.git
cd overscore
# Build the all-in-one binary (requires a Zig installation)# Optionally add --release=fast for a faster binary!
zig build
# Use the built binary - run the help command to see what you can do!
./zig-out/bin/overscore help
Examples
Here are some examples, assuming you're in the project root and that the output
binary is in path as overscore:
overscore assemble src/fibonacci.asm | overscore emulate
overscore interpret src/example2.os
CPU
The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small
instruction set, with 8 core instructions and 22 instructions in total.
Extensive documentation for the CPU exists in CPU.md.
Assembly
The assembler provides a simple text-based way to write machine code, with a few
higher level features.
Here's an example program. Documentation for the assembly can be found in
ASSEMBLY.md.
wordMainlabelMain:
mov [#100x] #AAxmov [#104x] [#100x]
not [#104x]
and [#100x] [#104x]
end
Language
The language is a work in progress. Documentation will be added soon, but for
now you can take a look at the rationale
which exposes several features of the language.
Roadmap
A roadmap for the project exists in ROADMAP.md. It addresses
several ideas and proposals for the project, mainly centering on the CPU, ISA,
and assembler because the language is an incredibly complicated (and
work-in-progress) part on its own.
About
From-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, language
Resources
Readme
Activity
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15 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
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, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site\n(function() {\n var enabled = true;\n \n function applyDarkMode() {\n if (!enabled) return;\n \n // Create style element if it doesn't exist\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (!style) {\n style = document.createElement('style');\n style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n }\n \n // Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video\n style.textContent = '\n /* Invert everything except media */\n html {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #1a1a2e !important;\n }\n \n /* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */\n img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*=\"background-image\"] {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n }\n \n /* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */\n .no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,\n [data-theme=\"light\"], [data-theme=\"light\"],\n .ace_editor, .ace_editor *,\n .CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,\n .monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,\n .markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,\n .highlight, .highlight *,\n pre code, pre code * {\n filter: none !important;\n }\n \n /* Fix common UI elements */\n .modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #2d2d44 !important;\n border-color: #444 !important;\n }\n \n /* Scrollbars */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }\n \n /* Selection */\n ::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ';\n }\n \n function removeDarkMode() {\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (style) style.remove();\n }\n \n // Toggle with Alt+Shift+D\n document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {\n if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {\n e.preventDefault();\n enabled = !enabled;\n if (enabled) {\n applyDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');\n } else {\n removeDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');\n }\n }\n });\n \n // Apply on load\n applyDarkMode();\n \n // Re-apply on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {\n applyDarkMode();\n }\n });\n observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });\n \n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');\n})();", "Universal Dark Mode");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); }
})();
})();

Skip to content
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Overscore
Overscore is a from-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, and
high-level programming language. It's an entirely separate computer ecosystem,
starting from the ground up.
A little more detail on the CPU architecture, emulator, assembler, and language:
  • The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small instruction set, designed from scratch but based on x86, RISC-V, and ForwardCom.
  • The emulator simulates the behaviour of instructions from the instruction set. It handles 400 million instructions per second (MIPS) on my machine.
  • The assembler converts readable assembly (Intel syntax) directly into machine code, with a few high-level constructs.
  • The language is a relatively low-level language with inspiration from low-level languages like Zig, historical languages like BLISS, and functional languages.
Overscore serves as a somewhat modern but primarily opinionated look into the
hardware and software ecosystem. It's both an experiment with what improvements
(in my view) can be made by designing everything (yes, everything) from
scratch with a philosophy of simplicity in mind. It's also a learning project.
This is primarily a solo project, but if there are any questions (like "How do I
run this myself?"), suggestions, or just general thoughts (maybe even some ideas
for CPUs, instruction sets, or programming languages that you've had on your own
that you want to share!), feel free to open an issue or contact me otherwise! I
do follow the Zig philosophy of having a single individual with a dedicated
vision for this project, though, so some features exist for the sole reason that
I have faith in them.
Usage
Overscore now supports usage as a CLI app! To install, simply run the following:
# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/GoldenStack/overscore.git
cd overscore
# Build the all-in-one binary (requires a Zig installation)# Optionally add --release=fast for a faster binary!
zig build
# Use the built binary - run the help command to see what you can do!
./zig-out/bin/overscore help
Examples
Here are some examples, assuming you're in the project root and that the output
binary is in path as overscore:
overscore assemble src/fibonacci.asm | overscore emulate
overscore interpret src/example2.os
CPU
The CPU is a simple 32-bit CPU with 8 bit minimum addressable size and a small
instruction set, with 8 core instructions and 22 instructions in total.
Extensive documentation for the CPU exists in CPU.md.
Assembly
The assembler provides a simple text-based way to write machine code, with a few
higher level features.
Here's an example program. Documentation for the assembly can be found in
ASSEMBLY.md.
wordMainlabelMain:
mov [#100x] #AAxmov [#104x] [#100x]
not [#104x]
and [#100x] [#104x]
end
Language
The language is a work in progress. Documentation will be added soon, but for
now you can take a look at the rationale
which exposes several features of the language.
Roadmap
A roadmap for the project exists in ROADMAP.md. It addresses
several ideas and proposals for the project, mainly centering on the CPU, ISA,
and assembler because the language is an incredibly complicated (and
work-in-progress) part on its own.
About
From-scratch CPU emulator, instruction set, assembler, language
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
15 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages