This is the implementation repository of our ESEC/FSE 2020 paper: Deep Learning Library Testing via Effective Model Generation.
LEMON is a novel approach to testing DL libraries by generating effective DL models via guided mutation. The goal is to test DL libraries as sufficiently as possible by exploring unused library code or different usage ways of library code. We further propose a heuristic strategy in LEMON to guide the process of model generation so as to generate models that can amplify the inconsistent degrees for real bugs. In this way, it is clearer to distinguish real bugs and uncertain impacts in DL libraries. We conducted an empirical study to evaluate the effectiveness of LEMON based on 20 release versions of TensorFlow,Theano,CNTK, and MXNet. LEMON detected 24 new bugs in the latest release versions of these libraries. The results also demonstrate that the models generated by LEMON outperform existing models and the models generated without guidance in terms of the number of unique bugs/inconsistencies and the achieved inconsistent degrees.
We used 12 popular DL models based on 6datasets including both images and sequential data, as the initial seed models in LEMON, which have been widely used in many existing studies.
| Model | Dataset | Related link1 |
|---|---|---|
| AlexNet | CIFAR-10 | alexnet-cifar-10-keras-jupyter |
| LeNet5 | Fashion-MNIST | fashion_mnist_keras |
| LeNet5 | MNIST | lenet5-mnist |
| LSTM-1 | Sine-Wave | LSTM-Neural-Network-for-Time-Series-Prediction |
| LSTM-2 | Stock-Price | StockPricesPredictionProject |
| ResNet50 | ImageNet2 | Keras applications tutorial3 |
| MobileNetV1 | ImageNet2 | Keras applications tutorial3 |
| InceptionV3 | ImageNet2 | Keras applications tutorial3 |
| DenseNet121 | ImageNet2 | Keras applications tutorial3 |
| VGG16 | ImageNet2 | Keras applications tutorial3 |
| VGG19 | ImageNet2 | Keras applications tutorial3 |
| Xception | ImageNet2 | Keras applications tutorial3 |
1: The first 5 models are trained using existing repositories while the last 7 models in ImageNet are obtained directly using the API provided by Keras.
2: We sampled 1500 images from ImageNet and you could obtain them from sampled_imagenet-1500.npz. You can also sample your own images from the ImageNet validation dataset.
3: Keras applications tutorial can be found in: https://keras.io/api/applications/
4: All model files and two regression dataset and ImageNet dataset we sampled can be access in OneDrive
NOTE: LEMON use 6 dataset, and 3 of them could be directly obtained from their homepages ( CIFAR-10, Fashion-MNIST, MNIST ) or accessed by Keras API. We only upload the ImageNet dataset sampled by LEMON and two datasets collected from GitHub.
In dataset.zip, there are 3 files:
sinewave.csv: dataset of LSTM-1 DIS.csv : dataset of LSTM-2 sampled_imagenet-1500.npz: dataset samples by LEMON from ImageNet
In origin_model.zip, there are 12 models used in LEMON.
We used 20 release versions of 4 widely-used DL libraries, i.e., TensorFlow, CNTK,Theano, and MXNet, as subjects to constructed five experiments (indexed E1 to E5 in Table) to conduct differential testing.
We share the link of each library and docker image used in LEMON.
| Experiment ID | Tensorflow | Theano | CNTK | MXNet | CUDA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | 1.14.0 | 1.0.4 | 2.7.0 | 1.5.1 | 10.1 |
| E2 | 1.13.1 | 1.0.3 | 2.6.0 | 1.4.1 | 10.0 |
| E3 | 1.12.0 | 1.0.2 | 2.5.1 | 1.3.1 | 9.0 |
| E4 | 1.11.0 | 1.0.1 | 2.4.0 | 1.2.1 | 9.0 |
| E5 | 1.10.0 | 1.0.0 | 2.3.1 | 1.1.0 | 9.0 |
* All libraries should be GPU-supported version
We conducted 5 experiments in LEMON of which the library and CUDA version information are as described above. In order to facilitate other researchers to reproduce LEMON, we provide a docker image for the E1 experiment. It can be easily obtained by the following command. (Note: nvidia-docker2 is required!)
Step 0: Please Install nvidia-docker2. You can use this instruction to install it.
Step 1: Clone the repository. Download the dataset and models from OneDrive. Save the code and unzip datasets and models to /your/local/path/ , e.g. /your/local/path/origin_model and /your/local/path/dataset. (/your/local/path/ should be the absolute path on your server, e.g. /home/user_xxx/)
Step 2: Using the following command to pull the docker image we released for E1 and create a container for it.
docker pull yenming1227/lemon:latest
docker run --runtime=nvidia -it -v /your/local/path/:/data yenming1227/lemon:latest /bin/bashThen you will enter a container.(Remember to change /your/local/path/ to the real path! ^_^)
Note: If your server is using http proxy, you should configure proxy in the container just as you did in your server before
Step 3: Create five virtual environments as shown below in your docker container.
Note: Please copy the installation command line by line to prevent some commands from being skipped.
# tensorflow
conda create -n tensorflow python=3.6
source activate tensorflow
pip install -r lemon_requirements.txt
pip install keras==2.2.4
pip install tensorflow-gpu==1.14.0
source deactivate
# theano
conda create -n theano python=3.6
source activate theano
pip install -r lemon_requirements.txt
conda install pygpu=0.7.6
pip install keras==2.2.4
pip install theano==1.0.4
source deactivate
# cntk
conda create -n cntk python=3.6
source activate cntk
pip install -r lemon_requirements.txt
pip install keras==2.2.4
pip install cntk-gpu==2.7
source deactivate
# mxnet
conda create -n mxnet python=3.6
source activate mxnet
pip install -r lemon_requirements.txt
pip install keras-mxnet==2.2.4.2
pip install mxnet-cu101==1.5.1.post0
source deactivate
# default lemon python
conda create -n lemon python=3.6
source activate lemon
pip install -r lemon_requirements.txt
pip install keras==2.2.4
pip install tensorflow-gpu==1.14.0
source deactivateLEMON uses redis to store intermediate outputs and exchange data between different processes. We have installed redis in our docker image, you can start it with the following command:
cd /root/redis-4.0.8/src
./redis-server ../redis.confThe LEMON artifacts are well organized, and researchers can simply run LEMON with the following command.
Note: We conducted five large scale experiments (generating 100 mutants for each of the 12 initial models and analyzing inconsistencies on 1500 inputs and locating bugs) and you can reproduce the bugs reported in LEMON by running tool with experiments.conf. However, it could not be completed within 48 hours. Therefore, we provide a demo run, which can be completed within 1 hour if you running the tool with demo.conf.
cd /LEMON
git pull source activate lemonWe really recommend you use git pull to update LEMON to the latest version.
Mutation:
python -u -m run.mutation_executor demo.confThe above command shows how to generate mutants and calculating inconsistencies in LEMON. demo.conf is the configuration file we provided for demo run.
Localization:
python -u -m run.localization_executor demo.confThis command shows the way to perform localization in LEMON. The final bug reports will be stored in path /data/lemon_outputs/bug_list.txt
LEMON also supports researchers to switch to other models and datasets. You only need to focus on the code snippets of the data processing part in DataUtils.get_data_by_exp in scripts/tools/utils.py.
# TODO: Add your own data preprocessing here
# Note: The returned inputs should be preprocessed and labels should decoded as one-hot vectors which could be directly feed in model. Both of them should be returned in batch, e.g. shape like (1500,28,28,1) and (1500,10)
# # elif 'xxx' in exp:
# x_test, y_test = get_your_data(dataset_dir)
Besides, you should name your model file in format NetworkName-DatasetName_origin.h5, e.g. mobilenet.1.00.224-imagenet_origin.h5.
Note: _ and - can't be shown in NetworkName. You can replace them with .
For example , changing mobilenet_1.00_224-imagenet_origin.h5 to mobilenet.1.00.224-imagenet_origin.h5.
Please cite our paper if this work is helpful to you.
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sigsoft/WangYCLZ20,
author = {Zan Wang and
Ming Yan and
Junjie Chen and
Shuang Liu and
Dongdi Zhang},
title = {Deep learning library testing via effective model generation},
booktitle = {{ESEC/SIGSOFT} {FSE}},
pages = {788--799},
publisher = {{ACM}},
year = {2020}
}
Authors information:
| Name | Email Address | Github id |
|---|---|---|
| Zan Wang | wangzan@tju.edu.cn | tjuwangzan |
| Ming Yan | yanming@tju.edu.cn | Jacob-yen |
| Junjie Chen * | junjiechen@tju.edu.cn | JunjieChen |
| Shuang Liu | shuang.liu@tju.edu.cn | AbigailLiu |
| Dongdi Zhang | zhangdongdi@tju.edu.cn | Dandy-John |
* corresponding author