bloqade-python-mis

A Bloqade plugin implementing quantum-classical hybrid optimization for Maximal Independent Set (MIS) and k-MaxCut problems on neutral atom quantum computers.

This repo is the code associated with the paper "Solving non-native combinatorial optimization problems using hybrid quantum-classical algorithms" (Wurtz, Sack, Wang — IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, 2024). Also on arXiv:2403.03153.

Warning: This is unmanaged research code intended to reproduce results of the paper.

Background

Classical combinatorial optimization problems like MIS are not naturally expressed as Rydberg Hamiltonian ground states. This codebase implements the Non-Native Hybrid Algorithm (NNHA) framework from the paper, which avoids that limitation: instead of requiring the quantum device to directly produce solutions, it uses quantum measurement outcomes as a resource for classical postprocessing routines.

The framework defines three algorithm types, each using the quantum device differently:

Type	Quantum role	Classical role	Problem
Type 1	Individual bitstrings as warm starts	1-local greedy add/remove to enforce independence	Unit disk MIS
Type 2	Connected correlation functions as features	Spectral clustering (k-means on eigenvectors)	Max k-Cut
Type 3	Full measurement distribution as a reservoir	Cluster simulated annealing with sandpile updates	Unit disk MIS

The quantum ansatz is a piecewise-linear adiabatic state preparation on neutral atom arrays, run on QuEra's Aquila (256-qubit). Pulse parameters (time, initial/final detuning) are optimized variationally.

Installation

Requires Python ≥ 3.10.

uv sync

Architecture

Problem

Defines the combinatorial optimization target and its cost function.

Class	Module	Description
unit_disk_maximum_independent_set	bloqade.postprocess.problem.MIS_problem	MIS on a unit disk graph defined by atom positions and a blockade radius
maximum_independent_set	bloqade.postprocess.problem.MIS_problem	MIS on an arbitrary graph
k_maxcut	bloqade.postprocess.problem.k_maxcut	Graph k-partitioning (MaxCut generalization)

Solution

Wraps a parameterized Rydberg ansatz and a classical postprocessing strategy.

Class	Type	Description
greedy_MIS_solution	Type 1	Quantum bitstrings warm-start a greedy MIS algorithm (remove conflicts, then greedily add)
classical_greedy_MIS_solution	Type 1 baseline	Same postprocessing from all-zeros (no quantum)
spectral_kmaxcut_solution	Type 2	Eigenvectors of the quantum connected-correlation matrix feed k-means clustering
tempering_MIS_solution	Type 3	Quantum distribution seeds cluster simulated annealing via sandpile-model updates
classical_tempering_MIS_solution	Type 3 baseline	Same annealing from classical sampling (greedy or all-zeros)

All solutions share a common interface:

• ansatz(quantum_parameters) — builds the parameterized Bloqade program
• get_solution(quantum_parameters, classical_parameters) — returns candidate solutions
• objective(...) — scalar cost for the optimizer
• submit(quantum_parameters) — dispatches to the configured backend

Optimizer

bloqade.postprocess.optimizer.base_optimizer.Optimizer — a VQE-style loop supporting:

• "SPSA" — simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation
• "Bayesian" — Gaussian process optimization via scikit-optimize
• "Random" — uniform random search over bounds
• Any scipy.optimize.minimize method string

Supports parameter bounds, fixed indices, callback tracking, and JSON serialization for resuming runs.

Backends

Pass a backend dict to any Solution constructor:

{"quantum": "python_emulate", "num_shots": 20} # local Python ODE solver
{"quantum": "braket_emulate", "num_shots": 100} # Braket local emulator
{"quantum": "braket_aquila", "num_shots": 100} # AWS Braket → Aquila hardware
{"quantum": "internal_aquila","num_shots": 100} # QuEra direct hardware access

Usage

Type 1: Greedy MIS (local emulator)

frombloqade.postprocess.problem.MIS_problemimportunit_disk_maximum_independent_setfrombloqade.postprocess.solution.greedy_MISimportgreedy_MIS_solution, classical_greedy_MIS_solutionfrombloqade.postprocess.optimizer.base_optimizerimportOptimizerimportbloqade.postprocessaspostprocessimportnumpyasnp# Define a unit disk MIS problem from atom positionspositions=np.array(...) # shape (N, 2), coordinates in units of blockade radiusproblem=unit_disk_maximum_independent_set(positions, threshold=0.72)
# Build a quantum solution using the local Python emulatorsolution=greedy_MIS_solution(problem, backend={"quantum": "python_emulate", "num_shots": 20})
# Optimize pulse parameters with SPSAx_init=solution.flatten_parameters(
{"time": 1.5, "initial_detuning": -15, "final_detuning": 15}, {}
)
optimizer=Optimizer(solution, method="SPSA", initial_guess=x_init, max_iter=50)
optimizer()

See postprocessing_implementations/ for complete runnable examples:

Script	Paper type	Problem	Backend	Strategy
type1_MIS.py	Type 1	Unit disk MIS	python_emulate	Greedy warm-start postprocessing
type2_kmaxcut.py	Type 2	Max 3-Cut	braket_aquila	Spectral clustering of correlations
type3_MIS.py	Type 3	Unit disk MIS	braket_aquila	Sandpile cluster simulated annealing

Development

uv sync # install dependencies
uv run pytest tests/ # run tests
uv run black src/ tests/ # format
uv run ruff check src/ tests/ # lint

Namespace package

This package extends the bloqade namespace. It requires bloqade >= 0.34.0 (which provides bloqade.analog) and contributes bloqade.postprocess and bloqade.utils subpackages.