.htaccess Snippets

A collection of useful .htaccess snippets, all in one place.

NOTE: .htaccess files are for people that do not have rights to edit the main server configuration file. They are intrinsically slower and more complicated than using the main config. Please see the howto in the httpd documentation for further details.

Disclaimer: While dropping the snippet into an .htaccess file is most of the time sufficient, there are cases when certain modifications might be required. Use at your own risk.

IMPORTANT: Apache 2.4 introduces a few breaking changes, most notably in access control configuration. For more information, check the upgrading document as well as this issue.

Credits

What we are doing here is mostly collecting useful snippets from all over the interwebs (for example, a good chunk is from Apache Server Configs) into one place. While we’ve been trying to credit where due, things might be missing. If you believe anything here is your work and credits should be given, let us know, or just send a PR.

Table of Contents

• Rewrite and Redirection
  • Force www
  • Force www in a Generic Way
  • Force non-www
  • Force non-www in a Generic Way
  • Force HTTPS
  • Force HTTPS Behind a Proxy
  • Force Trailing Slash
  • Remove Trailing Slash
  • Redirect a Single Page
  • Redirect Using RedirectMatch
  • Alias a Single Directory
  • Alias Paths to Script
  • Redirect an Entire Site
  • Alias "Clean" URLs
• Security
  • Deny All Access
  • Deny All Access Except Yours
  • Allow All Access Except Spammers'
  • Deny Access to Hidden Files and Directories
  • Deny Access to Backup and Source Files
  • Disable Directory Browsing
  • Disable Image Hotlinking
  • Disable Image Hotlinking for Specific Domains
  • Password Protect a Directory
  • Password Protect a File or Several Files
  • Block Visitors by Referrer
  • Prevent Framing the Site
• Performance
  • Compress Text Files
  • Set Expires Headers
  • Turn eTags Off
• Miscellaneous
  • Set PHP Variables
  • Custom Error Pages
  • Force Downloading
  • Prevent Downloading
  • Allow Cross-Domain Fonts
  • Auto UTF-8 Encode
  • Switch to Another PHP Version
  • Disable Internet Explorer Compatibility View
  • Serve WebP Images

Rewrite and Redirection

Note: It is assumed that you have mod_rewrite installed and enabled.

Force www

RewriteEngineonRewriteCond%{HTTP_HOST}^example\.com [NC]
RewriteRule^(.*)$http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301,NC]

Force www in a Generic Way

RewriteCond%{HTTP_HOST}!^$RewriteCond%{HTTP_HOST}!^www\. [NC]
RewriteCond%{HTTPS}s^on(s)|RewriteRule^http%1://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

This works for any domain. Source

Force non-www

It’s stillopenfordebate whether www or non-www is the way to go, so if you happen to be a fan of bare domains, here you go:

RewriteEngineonRewriteCond%{HTTP_HOST}^www\.example\.com [NC]
RewriteRule^(.*)$http://example.com/$1 [L,R=301]

Force non-www in a Generic Way

RewriteEngineonRewriteCond%{HTTP_HOST}^www\.RewriteCond%{HTTPS}s^on(s)|offRewriteCondhttp%1://%{HTTP_HOST}^(https?://)(www\.)?(.+)$RewriteRule^%1%3%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

Force HTTPS

RewriteEngineonRewriteCond%{HTTPS}!onRewriteRule(.*)https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}# Note: It’s also recommended to enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)# on your HTTPS website to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.# See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/HTTP_strict_transport_security
<IfModulemod_headers.c>
Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"
</IfModule>

Force HTTPS Behind a Proxy

Useful if you have a proxy in front of your server performing TLS termination.

RewriteCond%{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto}!httpsRewriteRule(.*)https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}

Force Trailing Slash

RewriteCond%{REQUEST_URI}/+[^\.]+$RewriteRule^(.+[^/])$%{REQUEST_URI}/ [R=301,L]

Remove Trailing Slash

This snippet will redirect paths ending in slashes to their non-slash-terminated counterparts (except for actual directories), e.g. http://www.example.com/blog/ to http://www.example.com/blog. This is important for SEO, since it’s recommended to have a canonical URL for every page.

RewriteCond%{REQUEST_FILENAME}!-dRewriteCond%{REQUEST_URI}(.+)/$RewriteRule^%1 [R=301,L]

Source

Redirect a Single Page

Redirect301/oldpage.htmlhttp://www.example.com/newpage.htmlRedirect301/oldpage2.htmlhttp://www.example.com/folder/

Source

Redirect Using RedirectMatch

RedirectMatch301/subdirectory(.*)http://www.newsite.com/newfolder/$1RedirectMatch301^/(.*).htm$/$1.htmlRedirectMatch301^/200([0-9])/([^01])(.*)$/$2$3RedirectMatch301^/category/(.*)$/$1RedirectMatch301^/(.*)/htaccesselite-ultimate-htaccess-article.html(.*)/htaccess/htaccess.htmlRedirectMatch301^/(.*).html/1/(.*)/$1.html$2RedirectMatch301^/manual/(.*)$http://www.php.net/manual/$1RedirectMatch301^/dreamweaver/(.*)$/tools/$1RedirectMatch301^/z/(.*)$http://static.askapache.com/$1

Source

Alias a Single Directory

RewriteEngineOnRewriteRule^source-directory/(.*)/target-directory/$1 [R=301,L]

Alias Paths To Script

FallbackResource /index.fcgi

This example has an index.fcgi file in some directory, and any requests within that directory that fail to resolve a filename/directory will be sent to the index.fcgi script. It’s good if you want baz.foo/some/cool/path to be handled by baz.foo/index.fcgi (which also supports requests to baz.foo) while maintaining baz.foo/css/style.css and the like. Get access to the original path from the PATH_INFO environment variable, as exposed to your scripting environment.

RewriteEngineOnRewriteRule^$index.fcgi/ [QSA,L]
RewriteCond%{REQUEST_FILENAME}!-fRewriteCond%{REQUEST_FILENAME}!-dRewriteRule^(.*)$index.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L]

This is a less efficient version of the FallbackResource directive (because using mod_rewrite is more complex than just handling the FallbackResource directive), but it’s also more flexible.

Redirect an Entire Site

Redirect301/http://newsite.com/

This way does it with links intact. That is www.oldsite.com/some/crazy/link.html will become www.newsite.com/some/crazy/link.html. This is extremely helpful when you are just “moving” a site to a new domain. Source

Alias “Clean” URLs

This snippet lets you use “clean” URLs -- those without a PHP extension, e.g. example.com/users instead of example.com/users.php.

RewriteEngineOnRewriteCond%{SCRIPT_FILENAME}!-dRewriteRule^([^.]+)$$1.php [NC,L]

Source

Security

Deny All Access

## Apache 2.2Denyfrom all
## Apache 2.4# Require all denied

But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing...

Deny All Access Except Yours

## Apache 2.2Order deny,allow
Denyfrom all
Allowfrom xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
## Apache 2.4# Require all denied# Require ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is your IP. If you replace the last three digits with 0/12 for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately. Source

Now of course there's a reversed version:

Allow All Access Except Spammers'

## Apache 2.2Order deny,allow
Denyfrom xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
Denyfrom xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy
## Apache 2.4# Require all granted# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy

Deny Access to Hidden Files and Directories

Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot .) should most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example: .htaccess, .htpasswd, .git, .hg...

RewriteCond%{SCRIPT_FILENAME}-d [OR]
RewriteCond%{SCRIPT_FILENAME}-fRewriteRule"(^|/)\."- [F]

Alternatively, you can just raise a “Not Found” error, giving the attacker no clue:

RedirectMatch404/\..*$

Deny Access to Backup and Source Files

These files may be left by some text/HTML editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger if exposed to public.

<FilesMatch"(\.(bak|config|dist|fla|inc|ini|log|psd|sh|sql|swp)|~)$">
## Apache 2.2Order allow,deny
Denyfrom all
Satisfy All
## Apache 2.4# Require all denied
</FilesMatch>

Source

Disable Directory Browsing

Options All -Indexes

Disable Image Hotlinking

RewriteEngineon# Remove the following line if you want to block blank referrer tooRewriteCond%{HTTP_REFERER}!^$RewriteCond%{HTTP_REFERER}!^https?://(.+\.)?example.com [NC]
RewriteRule\.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp)$- [NC,F,L]
# If you want to display a “blocked” banner in place of the hotlinked image,# replace the above rule with:# RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

Disable Image Hotlinking for Specific Domains

Sometimes you want to disable image hotlinking from some bad guys only.

RewriteEngineonRewriteCond%{HTTP_REFERER}^https?://(.+\.)?badsite\.com [NC,OR]
RewriteCond%{HTTP_REFERER}^https?://(.+\.)?badsite2\.com [NC,OR]
RewriteRule\.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp)$- [NC,F,L]
# If you want to display a “blocked” banner in place of the hotlinked image,# replace the above rule with:# RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

Password Protect a Directory

First you need to create a .htpasswd file somewhere in the system:

htpasswd -c /home/fellowship/.htpasswd boromir

Then you can use it for authentication:

AuthType Basic
AuthName "One does not simply"
AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
Require valid-user

Password Protect a File or Several Files

AuthName "One still does not simply"
AuthType Basic
AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
<Files"one-ring.o">
Require valid-user
</Files>
<FilesMatch^((one|two|three)-rings?\.o)$>
Require valid-user
</FilesMatch>

Block Visitors by Referrer

This denies access for all users who are coming from (referred by) a specific domain. Source

RewriteEngineon# Options +FollowSymlinksRewriteCond%{HTTP_REFERER}somedomain\.com [NC,OR]
RewriteCond%{HTTP_REFERER}anotherdomain\.comRewriteRule.*- [F]

Prevent Framing the Site

This prevents the website to be framed (i.e. put into an iframe tag), when still allows framing for a specific URI.

SetEnvIf Request_URI "/starry-night" allow_framing=true
Headerset X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN env=!allow_framing

Performance

Compress Text Files

<IfModulemod_deflate.c>
# Force compression for mangled headers.# https://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/pushing-beyond-gzipping-25601.html
<IfModulemod_setenvif.c>
<IfModulemod_headers.c>
SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding
</IfModule>
</IfModule>
# Compress all output labeled with one of the following MIME-types# (for Apache versions below 2.3.7, you don't need to enable `mod_filter`# and can remove the `<IfModule mod_filter.c>` and `</IfModule>` lines# as `AddOutputFilterByType` is still in the core directives).
<IfModulemod_filter.c>
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/atom+xml \
application/javascript \
application/json \
application/rss+xml \
application/vnd.ms-fontobject \
application/x-font-ttf \
application/x-web-app-manifest+json \
application/xhtml+xml \
application/xml \
font/opentype \
image/svg+xml \
image/x-icon \
text/css \
text/html \
text/plain \
text/x-component \
text/xml
</IfModule>
</IfModule>

Source

Set Expires Headers

Expires headers tell the browser whether they should request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content's expires headers to something far in the future.

If you don’t control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week. Source

<IfModulemod_expires.c>
ExpiresActiveonExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"
# CSSExpiresByTypetext/css "access plus 1 year"
# Data interchangeExpiresByTypeapplication/json "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByTypeapplication/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByTypetext/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
# Favicon (cannot be renamed!)ExpiresByTypeimage/x-icon "access plus 1 week"
# HTML components (HTCs)ExpiresByTypetext/x-component "access plus 1 month"
# HTMLExpiresByTypetext/html "access plus 0 seconds"
# JavaScriptExpiresByTypeapplication/javascript "access plus 1 year"
# Manifest filesExpiresByTypeapplication/x-web-app-manifest+json "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByTypetext/cache-manifest "access plus 0 seconds"
# MediaExpiresByTypeaudio/ogg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypeimage/gif "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypeimage/jpeg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypeimage/png "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypevideo/mp4 "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypevideo/ogg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypevideo/webm "access plus 1 month"
# Web feedsExpiresByTypeapplication/atom+xml "access plus 1 hour"
ExpiresByTypeapplication/rss+xml "access plus 1 hour"
# Web fontsExpiresByTypeapplication/font-woff2 "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypeapplication/font-woff "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypeapplication/vnd.ms-fontobject "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypeapplication/x-font-ttf "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType font/opentype "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByTypeimage/svg+xml "access plus 1 month"
</IfModule>

Turn eTags Off

By removing the ETag header, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on your Cache-Control and Expires header. Source

<IfModulemod_headers.c>
Headerunset ETag
</IfModule>
FileETag None

Miscellaneous

Set PHP Variables

php_value<key><val># For example:php_valueupload_max_filesize50Mphp_valuemax_execution_time240

Custom Error Pages

ErrorDocument500 "Houston, we have a problem."
ErrorDocument401 http://error.example.com/mordor.html
ErrorDocument404 /errors/halflife3.html

Force Downloading

Sometimes you want to force the browser to download some content instead of displaying it.

<Files*.md>
ForceTypeapplication/octet-streamHeaderset Content-Disposition attachment
</Files>

Now there is a yang to this yin:

Prevent Downloading

Sometimes you want to force the browser to display some content instead of downloading it.

<FilesMatch"\.(tex|log|aux)$">
Headerset Content-Type text/plain
</FilesMatch>

Allow Cross-Domain Fonts

CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to CORS. This snippet solves the problem.

<IfModulemod_headers.c>
<FilesMatch"\.(eot|otf|ttc|ttf|woff|woff2)$">
Headerset Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
</FilesMatch>
</IfModule>

Source

Auto UTF-8 Encode

Your text content should always be UTF-8 encoded, no?

# Use UTF-8 encoding for anything served text/plain or text/htmlAddDefaultCharset utf-8# Force UTF-8 for a number of file formatsAddCharset utf-8 .atom .css .js .json .rss .vtt .xml

Source

Switch to Another PHP Version

If you’re on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. The following snippet should switch the PHP version for you.

AddHandlerapplication/x-httpd-php56 .php
# Alternatively, you can use AddTypeAddTypeapplication/x-httpd-php56 .php

Disable Internet Explorer Compatibility View

Compatibility View in IE may affect how some websites are displayed. The following snippet should force IE to use the Edge Rendering Engine and disable the Compatibility View.

<IfModulemod_headers.c>
BrowserMatch MSIE is-msie
Headerset X-UA-Compatible IE=edge env=is-msie
</IfModule>

Serve WebP Images

If WebP images are supported and an image with a .webp extension and the same name is found at the same place as the jpg/png image that is going to be served, then the WebP image is served instead.

RewriteEngineOnRewriteCond%{HTTP_ACCEPT}image/webpRewriteCond%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/$1.webp-fRewriteRule(.+)\.(jpe?g|png)$$1.webp [T=image/webp,E=accept:1]

Source