Knot

Knot is a compact ESP32 password hashing library with a bcrypt-like self-contained hash string format, backed by PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256.

Knot helps Arduino ESP32 projects create and verify self-contained password hashes with secure salt generation, cost-based PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 hashing, constant-time comparison, cooperative verification, and bounded result buffers.

Why use Knot?

• Password-focused - generate salts, hash passwords, compare stored hashes, and detect old costs.
• Self-contained hashes - the encoded hash stores the algorithm marker, version, cost, salt, and derived key.
• Cooperative verification - split PBKDF2 comparison into bounded steps for FreeRTOS and Worker integration.
• ESP32-friendly - fixed public buffers, no exceptions, result-based errors, and optional mutex protection.
• Familiar API shape - genSalt(), hash(), compare(), and getRounds() helpers without bcrypt compatibility claims.
• Clear compatibility - Knot hashes are not bcrypt hashes and never use bcrypt $2a$, $2b$, or $2y$ prefixes.

Install

PlatformIO

[env:esp32dev]platform = espressif32
board = esp32dev
framework = arduino
lib_deps =
https://github.com/ZekStack/knot.git
build_flags =
-std=gnu++20
build_unflags =
-std=gnu++11

Arduino IDE

Knot is not published to Arduino Library Manager yet.

Install it by downloading the repository ZIP or cloning it into your Arduino libraries folder.

Arduino/libraries/Knot

Quick start

#include<Arduino.h>
#include<Knot.h>
Knot knot;
voidsetup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
KnotResult init = knot.init();
if (!init) {
Serial.println(init.message);
return;
}
KnotHashResult hash = knot.hash("my-password");
if (!hash) {
Serial.println(hash.message);
return;
}
KnotCompareResult check = knot.compare("my-password", hash.value);
if (!check) {
Serial.println(check.message);
return;
}
Serial.println(check.match ? "valid" : "invalid");
}
voidloop() {
delay(1000);
}

Cooperative compare

Use a stateful operation when verification must return control to FreeRTOS between bounded PBKDF2 slices.

KnotCompareOperation operation;
KnotResult begin = knot.beginCompare(operation, password, encodedHash);
KnotStepResult step = operation.step(iterationBudget);
while (step.inProgress()) {
vTaskDelay(1);
step = operation.step(iterationBudget);
}
if (step.completed() && step.match) {
login();
}

Benchmark iterationBudget on the target and aim for the application's responsiveness window, normally around 5-20 ms per step(). Call operation.cancel() between steps when a request or Worker job is cancelled.

Important notes

Important

Knot uses PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256, not bcrypt. Store and verify Knot hashes only with Knot.

• v0.1 hashes use $knot$v1$c<cost>$<salt>$<hash>.
• v1 means PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 with a 16-byte salt and 32-byte derived key.
• Password input is limited to KNOT_MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH bytes by default.
• Cost 14 is the secure default, not the demo setting. Tune cost on real target hardware.
• hash() and compare() are synchronous convenience APIs. Use beginCompare() and step() for cooperative verification.

Examples

Example	Description
BasicHash	Minimal init, hash, and compare.
CooperativeCompare	Verify a hash through bounded PBKDF2 steps.
ExplicitCost	Choose a cost and read rounds/cost.
ManualSalt	Generate a salt and pass it into hash().
CallerBuffer	Use caller-owned buffers.
NeedsRehash	Upgrade stored hashes after login.
HashInfo	Read algorithm, version, and cost metadata.
Configuration	Configure password length and cost limits.
ClassUsage	Use Knot from an application class.
Benchmark	Print target, cost, iterations, timing, and heap measurements.

Start with:

examples/BasicHash

Documentation

Detailed documentation is available in the docs/ folder.

Document	Description
docs/getting-started.md	Setup and first password flow.
docs/configuration.md	Config options and defaults.
docs/api.md	Public classes, methods, and result types.
docs/examples.md	Explanation of all included examples.
docs/security.md	Password hashing and storage notes.
docs/memory.md	Buffers, mutexes, and synchronous behavior.
docs/troubleshooting.md	Common issues and fixes.
docs/bcrypt-positioning.md	Bcrypt-like format and compatibility limits.

API overview

Knot knot;
knot.init();
KnotSaltResult salt = knot.genSalt(14);
KnotHashResult hash = knot.hash("password", salt.value);
KnotCompareResult check = knot.compare("password", hash.value);
KnotRoundsResult cost = knot.getRounds(hash.value);
bool upgrade = knot.needsRehash(hash.value, 14);

For the full API, see docs/api.md.

Compatibility

Item	Support
Framework	Arduino ESP32
Platform	espressif32
Language	C++20
Filesystem	none
PSRAM	not used in v0.1
Dependencies	mbedTLS from ESP32 platform
Exceptions	Not used
Status	Early-stage 0.1.0

Configuration

KnotConfig config;
config.defaultCost = 14;
config.minCost = 4;
config.maxCost = 16;
config.maxPasswordLength = 72;
KnotResult result = knot.init(config);

For all options, see docs/configuration.md.

Existing $knot$v1$c10$... hashes remain verifiable after the default cost change. They are treated as rehash candidates when checked against the new default cost 14.

Error handling

Knot reports operation status through result objects.

KnotHashResult hash = knot.hash("password");
if (!hash) {
Serial.println(hash.message);
return;
}

For result fields and status codes, see docs/api.md.

License

MIT - see LICENSE.md.

ZekStack

Part of the ZekStack ESP32 library stack.