[Doc] Generate Java documentation

[raulcd]

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

As discussed on:

• [Java][Docs] Remove Java documentation from this repo arrow#44843

We should move the generation of documentation to this repository.

Quoting @lidavidm from the original issue:

IMO, we should move the Java documentation to arrow-java so it can follow the right release process. I would also like to submit for consideration the sphinx-javadoc bridge used by ADBC, which allows treating Javadoc as an Intersphinx mapping (so you don't have to hardcode links in the Sphinx source to reference Javadocs): https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/blob/main/docs/source/ext/doxygen_inventory.py

[ParthChonkar]

Was coincidentally updating Java related docs in apache/arrow in apache/arrow#45134

Happy to help if the order described in apache/arrow#45134 (comment) seems reasonable

[lidavidm]

Help would be appreciated. Honestly I think an entirely separate docs site would be appropriate. I also left some comments on docs improvements in #468 (comment).

[lidavidm]

The order you describe seems reasonable to me.

[lidavidm]

I think this is done. We can open issues for further improvements.