[C++] Add madvise random support for memory mapped file

[asfimport]

Currently, the MemoryMappedFile API allows users to specify a list of read ranges to advise operating system to prefetch WillNeed data for better IO performance, and sometimes, the application's read pattern is random access, and POSIX_MADV_RANDOM advice should be given to operating system to indicate this so that application with random access capability can perform better by leveraging this API.

https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/madvise.2.html

Reporter: Yue Ni / @niyue

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #11588

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-14548. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[github-actions]

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