[Python][Docs] Enable building documentation with pyarrow nightly builds

[asfimport]

The instructions for building documentation describes needing pyarrow to successfully build the docs. It also highlights that certain optional pyarrow features must be enabled to successfully build:

Note that building the documentation may fail if your build of pyarrow is not sufficiently comprehensive. Portions of the Python API documentation will also not build without CUDA support having been built. 

"Sufficiently comprehensive" is relatively ambiguous, leaving users to repeat a sequence of steps to identify and resolve required elements:

• Build C++

• Build Python

• Attempt to build docs

• Evaluate missing features based on error messages

  This adds significant overhead to simply building docs, limiting accessibility for less experienced users to offer docs improvements.

  Rather than attempt to follow the steps above, I attempted to use a nightly pyarrow build to satisfy docs build requirements. This did not work, though, because nightly builds are not built with the options needed to build docs:
  {code:java}
  (base) todd@pop-os:~/arrow$ pushd docs
  make html
  popd
  ~/arrow/docs ~/arrow
  sphinx-build -b html -d _build/doctrees -j8 source _build/html
  Running Sphinx v5.0.2
  WARNING: Invalid configuration value found: 'language = None'. Update your configuration to a valid langauge code. Falling back to 'en' (English).
  making output directory... done
  [autosummary] generating autosummary for: c_glib/index.rst, cpp/api.rst, cpp/api/array.rst, cpp/api/async.rst, cpp/api/builder.rst, cpp/api/c_abi.rst, cpp/api/compute.rst, cpp/api/cuda.rst, cpp/api/dataset.rst, cpp/api/datatype.rst, ..., python/json.rst, python/memory.rst, python/numpy.rst, python/orc.rst, python/pandas.rst, python/parquet.rst, python/plasma.rst, python/timestamps.rst, r/index.rst, status.rst
  WARNING: [autosummary] failed to import pyarrow.compute.CumulativeSumOptions.
  Possible hints:

• ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pyarrow.compute.CumulativeSumOptions'; 'pyarrow.compute' is not a package

• AttributeError: module 'pyarrow.compute' has no attribute 'CumulativeSumOptions'

• ImportError: 
  WARNING: [autosummary] failed to import pyarrow.compute.cumulative_sum.
  Possible hints:

• ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pyarrow.compute.cumulative_sum'; 'pyarrow.compute' is not a package

• ImportError: 

• AttributeError: module 'pyarrow.compute' has no attribute 'cumulative_sum'
  WARNING: [autosummary] failed to import pyarrow.compute.cumulative_sum_checked.
  Possible hints:

• ImportError: 

• AttributeError: module 'pyarrow.compute' has no attribute 'cumulative_sum_checked'

• ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pyarrow.compute.cumulative_sum_checked'; 'pyarrow.compute' is not a package
  WARNING: [autosummary] failed to import pyarrow.dataset.WrittenFile.
  Possible hints:

• ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pyarrow.dataset.WrittenFile'; 'pyarrow.dataset' is not a package

• ImportError: 

• AttributeError: module 'pyarrow.dataset' has no attribute 'WrittenFile'Extension error (sphinx.ext.autosummary):
  Handler <function process_generate_options at 0x7f6f49ebe820> for event 'builder-inited' threw an exception (exception: no module named pyarrow.parquet.encryption)
  make: *** [Makefile:81: html] Error 2
  ~/arrow
  {code}
  Nightly builds should be made sufficient to build documentation.

Reporter: Todd Farmer / @toddfarmer

Related issues:

• [Doc][Python] The use of IPython directive or doctest code blocks in the python user guide (is related to)
• [Doc] Remove dependency on PyArrow from rst build process (is related to)
• [Docs] Pin pydata-sphinx-theme to 0.8 to avoid dark mode (is related to)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-17076. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[AlenkaF]

Duplicate of #35906

[AlenkaF]

This issue was fixed with #35907