[MATLAB] Add a `validate` method to all `arrow.array.Array` classes

[kevingurney]

Describe the enhancement requested

As a follow up to #38531 (see #38531 (comment)), we should consider adding a validate method to all arrow.array.Array classes, which would allow users to explicitly validate the contents of an arrow.array.Array after it is created.

Component(s)

MATLAB

[sgilmore10]

take

[sgilmore10]

Issue resolved by pull request 47059
#47059