[C++] Compute functions should fail gracefully when given non-CPU resident Arrays

[felipecrv]

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

Instead of segfaulting, they should return a bad Status.

And ideally: kernels should spec which device allocation types they accept for each parameter. This allows generic checking right before execution. Similar to how types are checked during the dispatching phase.

Related issues:

• [Python] Ensure (Chunked)Array/RecordBatch/Table methods don't crash with non-CPU data #41665
• [Python] Array fails gracefully on non-cpu devices #42112
• [Python] Current assertion of CPU-accessible data in Array methods is specific to CPU device type #43511

Related PRs:

• GH-42112: [Python] Array gracefully fails on non-cpu device #42113

Component(s)

C++