ARROW-2023: [C++] Fix ASAN failure on malformed / empty stream input, enable ASAN builds, add more dev docs

[wesm]

More to do here, see discussion in https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-1589

[wesm]

@xhochy@crepererum this is ready to go. note this only fixes one of the fuzzer failures, now it returns a Flatbuffers error:

==19598==The signal is caused by a READ memory access.
#0 0x682c79 in int flatbuffers::ReadScalar<int>(void const*) /home/wesm/cpp-toolchain/include/flatbuffers/flatbuffers.h:198:23
#1 0x682b6f in flatbuffers::Table::GetVTable() const /home/wesm/cpp-toolchain/include/flatbuffers/flatbuffers.h:1583:20
#2 0x682a3a in flatbuffers::Table::GetOptionalFieldOffset(unsigned short) const /home/wesm/cpp-toolchain/include/flatbuffers/flatbuffers.h:1590:19
#3 0x6b0e8e in long flatbuffers::Table::GetField<long>(unsigned short, long) const /home/wesm/cpp-toolchain/include/flatbuffers/flatbuffers.h:1599:25
#4 0x783934 in org::apache::arrow::flatbuf::Message::bodyLength() const /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/src/arrow/ipc/Message_generated.h:294:12
#5 0x77ced7 in arrow::ipc::Message::ReadFrom(std::shared_ptr<arrow::Buffer> const&, arrow::io::InputStream*, std::unique_ptr<arrow::ipc::Message, std::default_delete<arrow::ipc::Message> >*) /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/message.cc:140:37
#6 0x7824d9 in arrow::ipc::ReadMessage(arrow::io::InputStream*, std::unique_ptr<arrow::ipc::Message, std::default_delete<arrow::ipc::Message> >*) /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/message.cc:236:10
#7 0x784036 in arrow::ipc::InputStreamMessageReader::ReadNextMessage(std::unique_ptr<arrow::ipc::Message, std::default_delete<arrow::ipc::Message> >*) /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/message.cc:255:12
#8 0x67abb8 in arrow::ipc::ReadMessageAndValidate(arrow::ipc::MessageReader*, arrow::ipc::Message::Type, bool, std::unique_ptr<arrow::ipc::Message, std::default_delete<arrow::ipc::Message> >*) /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/reader.cc:371:29
#9 0x6b2e82 in arrow::ipc::RecordBatchStreamReader::RecordBatchStreamReaderImpl::ReadSchema() /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/reader.cc:426:23
#10 0x67d40f in arrow::ipc::RecordBatchStreamReader::RecordBatchStreamReaderImpl::Open(std::unique_ptr<arrow::ipc::MessageReader, std::default_delete<arrow::ipc::MessageReader> >) /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/reader.cc:407:12
#11 0x6724d2 in arrow::ipc::RecordBatchStreamReader::Open(std::unique_ptr<arrow::ipc::MessageReader, std::default_delete<arrow::ipc::MessageReader> >, std::shared_ptr<arrow::RecordBatchReader>*) /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/reader.cc:477:36
#12 0x672dc0 in arrow::ipc::RecordBatchStreamReader::Open(arrow::io::InputStream*, std::shared_ptr<arrow::RecordBatchReader>*) /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/reader.cc:484:10
#13 0x651842 in LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput /home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/../src/arrow/ipc/ipc-fuzzing-test.cc:31:12
#14 0x52a0ae in fuzzer::Fuzzer::ExecuteCallback(unsigned char const*, unsigned long) (/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/debug/ipc-fuzzing-test+0x52a0ae)
#15 0x529a94 in fuzzer::Fuzzer::RunOne(unsigned char const*, unsigned long, bool, fuzzer::InputInfo*) (/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/debug/ipc-fuzzing-test+0x529a94)
#16 0x52ad51 in fuzzer::Fuzzer::MutateAndTestOne() (/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/debug/ipc-fuzzing-test+0x52ad51)
#17 0x52af17 in fuzzer::Fuzzer::Loop() (/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/debug/ipc-fuzzing-test+0x52af17)
#18 0x523415 in fuzzer::FuzzerDriver(int*, char***, int (*)(unsigned char const*, unsigned long)) (/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/debug/ipc-fuzzing-test+0x523415)
#19 0x51e280 in main (/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/debug/ipc-fuzzing-test+0x51e280)
#20 0x7fdeb9619f44 in __libc_start_main /build/eglibc-ripdx6/eglibc-2.19/csu/libc-start.c:287
#21 0x51e185 in _start (/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/build/debug/ipc-fuzzing-test+0x51e185)

I created https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-2222 about adding an option to validate input messages

[wesm]

appveyor build: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/wesm/arrow/build/1.0.1724

[xhochy]

+1, LGTM