GH-47438: [Python][Packaging] Set up wheel building for Python 3.14

.env

@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ VCPKG="4334d8b4c8916018600212ab4dd4bbdc343065d1" # 2025.09.17 Release
 # ci/docker/python-*-windows-*.dockerfile or the vcpkg config.
 # This is a workaround for our CI problem that "archery docker build" doesn't
 # use pulled built images in dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.windows.yml.
-PYTHON_WHEEL_WINDOWS_IMAGE_REVISION=2025-09-04
-PYTHON_WHEEL_WINDOWS_TEST_IMAGE_REVISION=2025-09-04
+PYTHON_WHEEL_WINDOWS_IMAGE_REVISION=2025-10-13
+PYTHON_WHEEL_WINDOWS_TEST_IMAGE_REVISION=2025-10-13
 
 # Use conanio/${CONAN_BASE}:{CONAN_VERSION} for "docker compose run --rm conan".
 # See https://github.com/conan-io/conan-docker-tools#readme and

ci/docker/python-free-threaded-wheel-manylinux-test-imports.dockerfile

@@ -18,18 +18,20 @@
 ARG base
 FROM ${base}
 
+ARG python_version=3.13
+
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 
 RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
  apt install -y -q --no-install-recommends software-properties-common gpg-agent && \
  add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa && \
  apt-get update -y -q && \
- apt install -y -q --no-install-recommends python3.13-dev python3.13-nogil python3.13-venv && \
+ apt install -y -q --no-install-recommends python${python_version}-dev python${python_version}-nogil python${python_version}-venv && \
  apt-get clean && \
  rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists*
 
 ENV ARROW_PYTHON_VENV /arrow-dev
-RUN python3.13t -m venv ${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}
+RUN python${python_version}t -m venv ${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}
 
 ENV PYTHON_GIL 0
 ENV PATH "${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}/bin:${PATH}"

ci/docker/python-free-threaded-wheel-manylinux-test-unittests.dockerfile

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 ARG base
 FROM ${base}
 
+ARG python_version=3.13
+
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 
 RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
@@ -27,14 +29,14 @@ RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
  apt install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
  build-essential \
  libffi-dev \
-python3.13-dev \
-python3.13-nogil \
-python3.13-venv && \
+python${python_version}-dev \
+python${python_version}-nogil \
+python${python_version}-venv && \
  apt-get clean && \
  rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists*
 
 ENV ARROW_PYTHON_VENV /arrow-dev
-RUN python3.13t -m venv ${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}
+RUN python${python_version}t -m venv ${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}
 
 ENV PYTHON_GIL 0
 ENV PATH "${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}/bin:${PATH}"

ci/docker/python-free-threaded-wheel-musllinux-test-imports.dockerfile

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 ARG base
 FROM ${base}
 
+ARG python_version=3.13
+ARG python_patch_version=3.13.7
+
 RUN apk add --no-cache \
  bash \
  build-base \
@@ -34,19 +37,19 @@ RUN apk add --no-cache \
  tzdata \
  zlib-dev
 
-# Install Python3.13.2 without GIL
-RUN wget https://github.com/python/cpython/archive/refs/tags/v3.13.2.tar.gz && \
- tar -xzf v3.13.2.tar.gz && \
- rm v3.13.2.tar.gz && \
- cd cpython-3.13.2/ && \
+# Install Python without GIL
+RUN wget https://github.com/python/cpython/archive/refs/tags/v${python_patch_version}.tar.gz && \
+ tar -xzf v${python_patch_version}.tar.gz && \
+ rm v${python_patch_version}.tar.gz && \
+ cd cpython-${python_patch_version}/ && \
  ./configure --disable-gil --with-ensurepip && \
  make -j && \
  make install && \
  cd ../ && \
- rm -rf cpython-3.13.2/
+ rm -rf cpython-${python_patch_version}/
 
 ENV ARROW_PYTHON_VENV /arrow-dev
-RUN python3.13t -m venv ${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}
+RUN python${python_version}t -m venv ${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}
 
 ENV PYTHON_GIL 0
 ENV PATH "${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}/bin:${PATH}"

ci/docker/python-free-threaded-wheel-musllinux-test-unittests.dockerfile

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 ARG base
 FROM ${base}
 
+ARG python_version=3.13
+ARG python_patch_version=3.13.7
+
 RUN apk add --no-cache \
  bash \
  build-base \
@@ -34,19 +37,19 @@ RUN apk add --no-cache \
  tzdata \
  zlib-dev
 
-# Install Python3.13.2 without GIL
-RUN wget https://github.com/python/cpython/archive/refs/tags/v3.13.2.tar.gz && \
- tar -xzf v3.13.2.tar.gz && \
- rm v3.13.2.tar.gz && \
- cd cpython-3.13.2/ && \
+# Install Python without GIL
+RUN wget https://github.com/python/cpython/archive/refs/tags/v${python_patch_version}.tar.gz && \
+ tar -xzf v${python_patch_version}.tar.gz && \
+ rm v${python_patch_version}.tar.gz && \
+ cd cpython-${python_patch_version}/ && \
  ./configure --disable-gil --with-ensurepip && \
  make -j && \
  make install && \
  cd ../ && \
- rm -rf cpython-3.13.2/
+ rm -rf cpython-${python_patch_version}/
 
 ENV ARROW_PYTHON_VENV /arrow-dev
-RUN python3.13t -m venv ${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}
+RUN python${python_version}t -m venv ${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}
 
 ENV PYTHON_GIL 0
 ENV PATH "${ARROW_PYTHON_VENV}/bin:${PATH}"

ci/docker/python-free-threaded-wheel-windows-test-vs2022.dockerfile

@@ -26,24 +26,34 @@ FROM ${base}
 
 ARG python=3.13
 
+# hadolint ignore=SC1072
+RUN (if "%python%"=="3.13" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.13.1") & \
+ (if "%python%"=="3.14" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.14.0")
+
 SHELL ["powershell", "-NoProfile", "-Command", "$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'; $ProgressPreference = 'SilentlyContinue';"]
-RUN $filename = 'python-3.13.1-amd64.exe'; \
- $url = 'https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.1/' + $filename; \
+RUN $version = $env:PYTHON_VERSION; \
+ $filename = 'python-' + $version + '-amd64.exe'; \
+ $url = 'https://www.python.org/ftp/python/' + $version + '/' + $filename; \
  Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $url -OutFile $filename; \
  Start-Process -FilePath $filename -ArgumentList '/quiet', 'Include_freethreaded=1' -Wait
 
 ENV PYTHON_CMD="py -${python}t"
 
 SHELL ["cmd", "/S", "/C"]
-RUN %PYTHON_CMD% -m pip install -U pip setuptools
-
-COPY python/requirements-wheel-test-3.13t.txt C:/arrow/python/
-# Cython and Pandas wheels for 3.13 free-threaded are not released yet
+RUN %PYTHON_CMD% -m pip install -U pip setuptools & \
+ if "%python%"=="3.13" ( \
+ setx REQUIREMENTS_FILE "requirements-wheel-test-3.13t.txt" \
+ ) else ( \
+ setx REQUIREMENTS_FILE "requirements-wheel-test.txt" \
+ )
+
+COPY python/requirements-wheel-test-3.13t.txt python/requirements-wheel-test.txt C:/arrow/python/
+# Cython and Pandas wheels for free-threaded are not released yet
 RUN %PYTHON_CMD% -m pip install \
  --extra-index-url https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple \
  --pre \
  --prefer-binary \
- -r C:/arrow/python/requirements-wheel-test-3.13t.txt
+ -r C:/arrow/python/%REQUIREMENTS_FILE%
 
 ENV PYTHON="${python}t"
 ENV PYTHON_GIL=0

ci/docker/python-free-threaded-wheel-windows-vs2022.dockerfile

@@ -26,9 +26,13 @@ FROM ${base}
 
 ARG python=3.13
 
+RUN (if "%python%"=="3.13" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.13.1") & \
+ (if "%python%"=="3.14" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.14.0")
+
 SHELL ["powershell", "-NoProfile", "-Command", "$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'; $ProgressPreference = 'SilentlyContinue';"]
-RUN $filename = 'python-3.13.1-amd64.exe'; \
- $url = 'https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.1/' + $filename; \
+RUN $version = $env:PYTHON_VERSION; \
+ $filename = 'python-' + $version + '-amd64.exe'; \
+ $url = 'https://www.python.org/ftp/python/' + $version + '/' + $filename; \
  Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $url -OutFile $filename; \
  Start-Process -FilePath $filename -ArgumentList '/quiet', 'Include_freethreaded=1' -Wait
 

ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux.dockerfile

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ RUN --mount=type=secret,id=github_repository_owner \
  export GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER=$(cat /run/secrets/github_repository_owner); \
  export GITHUB_TOKEN=$(cat /run/secrets/github_token); \
  export VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES=$(cat /run/secrets/vcpkg_binary_sources); \
+ export CMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5; \
  arrow/ci/scripts/install_vcpkg.sh ${VCPKG_ROOT} ${vcpkg} && \
  vcpkg install \
  --clean-after-build \
@@ -110,10 +111,5 @@ RUN PYTHON_ROOT=$(find /opt/python -name cp${PYTHON_VERSION/./}-${PYTHON_ABI_TAG
 SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-i", "-c", "-l"]
 ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/bash", "-i", "-c", "-l"]
 
-# Remove once there are released Cython wheels for 3.13 free-threaded available
-RUN if [ "${python_abi_tag}" = "cp313t" ]; then \
- pip install cython --pre --extra-index-url "https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple" --prefer-binary ; \
- fi
-
 COPY python/requirements-wheel-build.txt /arrow/python/
 RUN pip install -r /arrow/python/requirements-wheel-build.txt

ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-test-vs2022.dockerfile

@@ -30,8 +30,9 @@ FROM ${base}
 ARG python=3.10
 RUN (if "%python%"=="3.10" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.10.11" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.10") & \
  (if "%python%"=="3.11" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.11.9" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.11") & \
- (if "%python%"=="3.12" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.12.8" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.12") & \
- (if "%python%"=="3.13" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.13.1" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.13")
+ (if "%python%"=="3.12" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.12.10" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.12") & \
+ (if "%python%"=="3.13" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.13.7" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.13") & \
+ (if "%python%"=="3.14" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.14.0" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.14")
 
 # hadolint ignore=DL3059
 RUN choco install -r -y --pre --no-progress --force python --version=%PYTHON_VERSION%

ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2022.dockerfile

@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ FROM ${base}
 ARG python=3.10
 RUN (if "%python%"=="3.10" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.10.11" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.10") & \
  (if "%python%"=="3.11" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.11.9" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.11") & \
- (if "%python%"=="3.12" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.12.8" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.12") & \
- (if "%python%"=="3.13" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.13.1" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.13")
+ (if "%python%"=="3.12" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.12.10" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.12") & \
+ (if "%python%"=="3.13" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.13.7" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.13") & \
+ (if "%python%"=="3.14" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.14.0" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.14")
 
 RUN choco install -r -y --pre --no-progress python --version=%PYTHON_VERSION%
 RUN %PYTHON_CMD% -m pip install -U pip setuptools

ci/scripts/install_python.sh

@@ -27,9 +27,11 @@ platforms=([windows]=Windows
 declare -A versions
 versions=([3.10]=3.10.11
  [3.11]=3.11.9
- [3.12]=3.12.9
- [3.13]=3.13.2
- [3.13t]=3.13.2)
+ [3.12]=3.12.10
+ [3.13]=3.13.7
+ [3.13t]=3.13.7
+ [3.14]=3.14.0
+ [3.14t]=3.14.0)
 
 if [ "$#" -ne 2 ]; then
  echo "Usage: $0 <platform> <version>"
@@ -50,7 +52,9 @@ if [ "$platform" = "macOS" ]; then
  wget "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/${full_version}/${fname}"
 
  echo "Installing Python..."
- if [[ $2 == "3.13t" ]]; then
+ if [[ $2 == "3.13t" ]] || [[ $2 == "3.14t" ]]; then
+ # Extract the base version without 't' suffix
+ base_version="${version%t}"
  # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/120098#issuecomment-2151122033 for more info on this.
  cat > ./choicechanges.plist <<EOF
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
@@ -63,7 +67,7 @@ if [ "$platform" = "macOS" ]; then
  <key>choiceAttribute</key>
  <string>selected</string>
  <key>choiceIdentifier</key>
- <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-3.13</string>
+ <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-${base_version}</string>
  </dict>
 </array>
 </plist>
@@ -76,8 +80,9 @@ EOF
  rm "$fname"
 
  python="/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/${version}/bin/python${version}"
- if [[ $2 == "3.13t" ]]; then
- python="/Library/Frameworks/PythonT.framework/Versions/3.13/bin/python3.13t"
+ if [[ $2 == "3.13t" ]] || [[ $2 == "3.14t" ]]; then
+ base_version="${version%t}"
+ python="/Library/Frameworks/PythonT.framework/Versions/${base_version}/bin/python${base_version}t"
  fi
 
  echo "Installing Pip..."

ci/scripts/python_wheel_unix_test.sh

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ source_dir=${1}
 : "${ARROW_AZURE:=ON}"
 : "${ARROW_FLIGHT:=ON}"
 : "${ARROW_GCS:=ON}"
+: "${CHECK_IMPORTS:=ON}"
 : "${ARROW_S3:=ON}"
 : "${ARROW_SUBSTRAIT:=ON}"
-: "${CHECK_IMPORTS:=ON}"
 : "${CHECK_WHEEL_CONTENT:=ON}"
 : "${CHECK_UNITTESTS:=ON}"
 : "${INSTALL_PYARROW:=ON}"
@@ -106,10 +106,10 @@ is_free_threaded() {
 
 if [ "${CHECK_UNITTESTS}" == "ON" ]; then
  # Install testing dependencies
- if [ "$(is_free_threaded)" = "ON" ]; then
- echo "Free-threaded Python build detected"
+ if [ "$(is_free_threaded)" = "ON" ] && [[ "${PYTHON:-}" == *"3.13"* ]]; then
+ echo "Free-threaded Python 3.13 build detected"
  python -m pip install -U -r "${source_dir}/python/requirements-wheel-test-3.13t.txt"
-elif [ "$(is_free_threaded)" = "OFF" ]; then
+else
  echo "Regular Python build detected"
  python -m pip install -U -r "${source_dir}/python/requirements-wheel-test.txt"
  fi

dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh

@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ test_linux_wheels() {
  local arch="x86_64"
  fi
 
- local python_versions="${TEST_PYTHON_VERSIONS:-3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13}"
+ local python_versions="${TEST_PYTHON_VERSIONS:-3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14}"
  local platform_tags="${TEST_WHEEL_PLATFORM_TAGS:-manylinux_2_28_${arch}}"
 
  if [ "${SOURCE_KIND}" != "local" ]; then
@@ -891,11 +891,11 @@ test_macos_wheels() {
 
  # apple silicon processor
  if [ "$(uname -m)" = "arm64" ]; then
- local python_versions="3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13"
+ local python_versions="3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14"
  local platform_tags="macosx_12_0_arm64"
  local check_flight=OFF
  else
- local python_versions="3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13"
+ local python_versions="3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14"
  local platform_tags="macosx_12_0_x86_64"
  fi
 

dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.linux.yml

@@ -42,16 +42,25 @@ jobs:
  {% endif %}
  PYTHON: "{{ python_version }}"
  PYTHON_ABI_TAG: "{{ python_abi_tag }}"
+ {% if python_version == "3.14" %}
+ PYTHON_IMAGE_TAG: "3.14"
+ PYTHON_PATCH_VERSION: "3.14.0"
+ {% elif python_version == "3.13" %}
  PYTHON_IMAGE_TAG: "{{ python_version }}"
+ PYTHON_PATCH_VERSION: "3.13.7"
+ {% else %}
+ PYTHON_IMAGE_TAG: "{{ python_version }}"
+ {% endif %}
 
  steps:
  {{ macros.github_checkout_arrow()|indent }}
  {{ macros.github_install_archery()|indent }}
  {{ macros.github_login_dockerhub()|indent }}
 
+ # Detect free-threaded Python builds
  - name: Prepare
  run: |
- if [ "${PYTHON_ABI_TAG}" = "cp313t" ]; then
+ if [[ "${PYTHON_ABI_TAG}" == *t ]]; then
  test_image_prefix=python-free-threaded
  else
  test_image_prefix=python

dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.osx.yml

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  PYARROW_VERSION: "{{ arrow.no_rc_version }}"
  PYTHON_VERSION: "{{ python_version }}"
  PYTHON_ABI_TAG: "{{ python_abi_tag }}"
- {% if python_abi_tag == "cp313t" %}
+ {% if python_abi_tag.endswith('t') %}
  PYTHON: "/Library/Frameworks/PythonT.framework/Versions/{{ python_version }}/bin/python{{ python_version }}t"
  {% else %}
  PYTHON: "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{{ python_version }}/bin/python{{ python_version }}"
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ jobs:
  --x-feature=s3
 
  - name: Install Python {{ python_version }}
- run: sudo arrow/ci/scripts/install_python.sh macos {{ "3.13t" if python_abi_tag == "cp313t" else python_version }}
+ run: sudo arrow/ci/scripts/install_python.sh macos {{ python_version + "t" if python_abi_tag.endswith('t') else python_version }}
 
  - name: Build Wheel
  run: |
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ jobs:
  - name: Test Wheel
  env:
  PYTEST_ADDOPTS: "-k 'not test_cancellation'"
- PYTHON_GIL: {{ 0 if python_abi_tag == "cp313t" else 1 }}
+ PYTHON_GIL: {{ 0 if python_abi_tag.endswith('t') else 1 }}
  run: |
  $PYTHON -m venv test-env
  source test-env/bin/activate