Add SQL support for tinyint , smallint, and unsigned int variants

[kmitchener]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes#3307 and closes#3325.

Rationale for this change

What changes are included in this PR?

Per the issue, this adds the following SQL datatype support:

• TINYINT
• UNSIGNED {TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT}

so now you can use this in create external table (c1 tinyint, c2 bigint unsigned) ... etc. Also available in cast() SQL:

Are there any user-facing changes?

[kmitchener]

I really messed up the previous PR #3309, this replaces that one. Apologies for that.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Merging #3359 (f597ad8) into master (4c948a3) will increase coverage by 0.05%.
The diff coverage is 97.29%.

@@ Coverage Diff @@## master #3359 +/- ##
==========================================
+ Coverage 85.51% 85.56% +0.05% 
==========================================
Files 294 295 +1 Lines 54120 54112 -8 ==========================================
+ Hits 46279 46303 +24 + Misses 7841 7809 -32 

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
datafusion/core/tests/sql/mod.rs	97.77% <ø> (ø)
datafusion/sql/src/planner.rs	81.67% <88.88%> (+1.12%)	⬆️
datafusion/core/tests/sql/cast.rs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
datafusion/core/tests/sql/explain_analyze.rs	83.87% <100.00%> (ø)
datafusion/expr/src/logical_plan/plan.rs	77.44% <0.00%> (-0.17%)	⬇️
datafusion/common/src/scalar.rs	84.71% <0.00%> (-0.07%)	⬇️
datafusion/core/src/physical_plan/hash_utils.rs	40.34% <0.00%> (+0.28%)	⬆️
...fusion/optimizer/src/pre_cast_lit_in_comparison.rs	94.38% <0.00%> (+0.37%)	⬆️
datafusion/core/src/physical_plan/metrics/value.rs	87.43% <0.00%> (+0.50%)	⬆️

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[alamb]

Looks great -- thank you for sticking with this @kmitchener as we reached consensus.

cc @liukun4515

[alamb]

🎉

[alamb]

For anyone else following along, additional work is tracked in #3376

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 827cab9 and contender = 751cbc8. 751cbc8 is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on test-mac-arm] test-mac-arm
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ursa-i9-9960x] ursa-i9-9960x
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ursa-thinkcentre-m75q] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java