[function](cast)Make string casting to integers more like MySQL's beh…

[Mryange]

…avior (#38847)
#38847

Proposed changes

There are two issues here. First, the results of casting are inconsistent between FE and BE .

FE
mysql [(none)]>select cast('3.000' as int); +----------------------+
| cast('3.000' as INT) |
+----------------------+
| 3 |
+----------------------+
mysql [(none)]>set debug_skip_fold_constant = true;
BE
mysql [(none)]>select cast('3.000' as int);
+----------------------+
| cast('3.000' as INT) |
+----------------------+
| NULL |
+----------------------+

The second issue is that casting on BE converts '3.0' to null. Here, the casting logic for FE and BE has been unified

Proposed changes

Issue Number: close #xxx

[doris-robot]

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[Mryange]

run buildall

[github-actions]

clang-tidy made some suggestions

[Mryange]

run beut

[Mryange]

run buildall

[doris-robot]

TeamCity be ut coverage result:
Function Coverage: 36.10% (9342/25876)
Line Coverage: 27.67% (76740/277346)
Region Coverage: 26.46% (39405/148896)
Branch Coverage: 23.24% (20047/86246)
Coverage Report: http://coverage.selectdb-in.cc/coverage/cb9d8ba9b1398d5ecbe112571a695d838caf791e_cb9d8ba9b1398d5ecbe112571a695d838caf791e/report/index.html

[Mryange]

run buildall

[doris-robot]

TeamCity be ut coverage result:
Function Coverage: 36.09% (9339/25876)
Line Coverage: 27.65% (76686/277349)
Region Coverage: 26.45% (39384/148901)
Branch Coverage: 23.24% (20044/86250)
Coverage Report: http://coverage.selectdb-in.cc/coverage/cb9d8ba9b1398d5ecbe112571a695d838caf791e_cb9d8ba9b1398d5ecbe112571a695d838caf791e/report/index.html

[Mryange]

run p0

[yiguolei]

之前的代码对于 “3 ” 能转为3
这里好像对 “3.1 ” 就不能转为3了