[fix](jdbc) Preserve query tvf column aliases across JDBC catalogs

[hubgeter]

What problem does this PR solve?

Related PR: #34516

Problem Summary:

Fix bug:
query() passes the SQL through to the JDBC catalog directly, so the returned column names should follow the aliases defined in that SQL.

For example, for:

select*from query(
'catalog'='jdbc_catalog',
'query'='select a as x from test.t'
);

the output column name should be x, not the original source column name a.

Release note

None

Check List (For Author)

• Test

  • Regression test
  • Unit Test
  • Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
  • No need to test or manual test. Explain why:
    • This is a refactor/code format and no logic has been changed.
    • Previous test can cover this change.
    • No code files have been changed.
    • Other reason

• Behavior changed:

  • No.
  • Yes.

• Does this need documentation?

  • No.
  • Yes.

Check List (For Reviewer who merge this PR)

• Confirm the release note
• Confirm test cases
• Confirm document
• Add branch pick label

[hello-stephen]

Thank you for your contribution to Apache Doris.
Don't know what should be done next? See How to process your PR.

Please clearly describe your PR:

1. What problem was fixed (it's best to include specific error reporting information). How it was fixed.
2. Which behaviors were modified. What was the previous behavior, what is it now, why was it modified, and what possible impacts might there be.
3. What features were added. Why was this function added?
4. Which code was refactored and why was this part of the code refactored?
5. Which functions were optimized and what is the difference before and after the optimization?

[hubgeter]

run buildall

[doris-robot]

TPC-H: Total hot run time: 26647 ms

machine: 'aliyun_ecs.c7a.8xlarge_32C64G'
scripts: https://github.com/apache/doris/tree/master/tools/tpch-tools
Tpch sf100 test result on commit d708bec9c816c0571a891fcfcbdf97114af7284b, data reload: false
------ Round 1 ----------------------------------
orders	Doris	NULL	NULL	0	0	0	NULL	0	NULL	NULL	2023-12-26 18:27:23	2023-12-26 18:42:55	NULL	utf-8	NULL	NULL ============================================
q1	17602	4470	4305	4305
q2	q3	10658	796	526	526
q4	4687	352	259	259
q5	7558	1224	1012	1012
q6	178	176	146	146
q7	796	866	673	673
q8	9314	1490	1359	1359
q9	4916	4741	4747	4741
q10	6246	1990	1642	1642
q11	461	260	244	244
q12	723	573	461	461
q13	18031	2691	1941	1941
q14	227	236	216	216
q15	q16	722	735	668	668
q17	722	826	446	446
q18	5931	5347	5319	5319
q19	1098	970	606	606
q20	535	504	379	379
q21	4458	1830	1412	1412
q22	351	292	382	292
Total cold run time: 95214 ms
Total hot run time: 26647 ms
----- Round 2, with runtime_filter_mode=off -----
orders	Doris	NULL	NULL	150000000	42	6422171781	NULL	22778155	NULL	NULL	2023-12-26 18:27:23	2023-12-26 18:42:55	NULL	utf-8	NULL	NULL ============================================
q1	4874	4624	4601	4601
q2	q3	3872	4361	3843	3843
q4	897	1204	778	778
q5	4148	4380	4336	4336
q6	186	185	152	152
q7	1742	1676	1547	1547
q8	2527	2701	2508	2508
q9	7819	7378	7485	7378
q10	3735	3964	3637	3637
q11	513	426	411	411
q12	495	599	461	461
q13	2484	2922	2128	2128
q14	284	334	284	284
q15	q16	729	762	711	711
q17	1165	1319	1376	1319
q18	7201	7034	6667	6667
q19	914	985	952	952
q20	2046	2141	2004	2004
q21	3948	3632	3310	3310
q22	452	425	412	412
Total cold run time: 50031 ms
Total hot run time: 47439 ms

[doris-robot]

TPC-DS: Total hot run time: 168433 ms

machine: 'aliyun_ecs.c7a.8xlarge_32C64G'
scripts: https://github.com/apache/doris/tree/master/tools/tpcds-tools
TPC-DS sf100 test result on commit d708bec9c816c0571a891fcfcbdf97114af7284b, data reload: false
query5	4326	639	527	527
query6	346	222	213	213
query7	4218	463	251	251
query8	355	244	226	226
query9	8689	2725	2698	2698
query10	504	391	334	334
query11	6954	5062	4878	4878
query12	189	136	132	132
query13	1281	453	356	356
query14	5825	3699	3412	3412
query14_1	2841	2861	2855	2855
query15	206	195	174	174
query16	1019	476	460	460
query17	1126	744	644	644
query18	2499	466	357	357
query19	224	219	182	182
query20	140	126	128	126
query21	216	137	113	113
query22	13307	13914	14621	13914
query23	16810	16386	15910	15910
query23_1	15925	15744	15604	15604
query24	7176	1617	1211	1211
query24_1	1216	1227	1227	1227
query25	561	453	401	401
query26	1231	266	150	150
query27	2772	475	290	290
query28	4472	1814	1838	1814
query29	856	562	485	485
query30	304	227	189	189
query31	1001	962	883	883
query32	81	72	75	72
query33	517	335	299	299
query34	885	865	548	548
query35	652	677	611	611
query36	1109	1123	937	937
query37	137	97	83	83
query38	2976	2896	2841	2841
query39	861	837	803	803
query39_1	789	787	788	787
query40	234	148	136	136
query41	61	63	60	60
query42	267	257	253	253
query43	240	245	220	220
query44 query45	202	190	183	183
query46	858	984	603	603
query47	2111	2134	2067	2067
query48	303	308	223	223
query49	632	469	375	375
query50	680	279	229	229
query51	4071	3999	4040	3999
query52	260	265	253	253
query53	295	334	286	286
query54	314	268	268	268
query55	94	96	84	84
query56	310	331	324	324
query57	1928	1547	1677	1547
query58	281	271	272	271
query59	2787	2973	2737	2737
query60	342	324	332	324
query61	168	156	159	156
query62	641	594	555	555
query63	303	277	272	272
query64	5162	1294	1027	1027
query65 query66	1453	461	358	358
query67	24202	24189	24148	24148
query68 query69	414	320	295	295
query70	972	933	952	933
query71	337	312	294	294
query72	2848	2715	2426	2426
query73	544	537	311	311
query74	9620	9555	9398	9398
query75	2854	2735	2470	2470
query76	2312	1044	694	694
query77	371	388	335	335
query78	10918	11113	10495	10495
query79	1141	766	567	567
query80	709	656	584	584
query81	486	267	228	228
query82	1354	167	132	132
query83	377	271	257	257
query84	261	131	110	110
query85	948	568	533	533
query86	365	316	293	293
query87	3174	3093	3028	3028
query88	3543	2676	2693	2676
query89	426	364	344	344
query90	1976	180	178	178
query91	171	164	138	138
query92	75	72	77	72
query93	915	832	504	504
query94	450	312	294	294
query95	590	406	325	325
query96	645	510	226	226
query97	2472	2482	2384	2384
query98	232	226	216	216
query99	1018	997	910	910
Total cold run time: 249484 ms
Total hot run time: 168433 ms

[hello-stephen]

FE UT Coverage Report

Increment line coverage 75.00% (3/4) 🎉
Increment coverage report
Complete coverage report

[morningman]

/review

[github-actions]

No issues found in this review.

Critical checkpoints:

• Goal/test fit: The PR goal is to preserve JDBC query() TVF column aliases, and the code change accomplishes that on the ResultSetMetaData path used by getColumnsFromQuery(). Coverage includes a focused FE unit test and a regression test for both desc function query(...) and querying aliased columns.
• Change scope: The modification is small and focused to JdbcFieldSchema(ResultSetMetaData, int), which is the constructor used only for query-derived schemas, so regular JDBC table schema discovery remains unchanged.
• Concurrency/lifecycle: No new concurrency, locking, lifecycle, config, compatibility, persistence, or FE/BE protocol concerns were introduced in this diff.
• Parallel paths: I checked the adjacent JDBC schema-discovery path in JdbcClient; only the query-metadata path is changed, which matches the stated bug.
• Conditional logic: The added fallback from getColumnLabel() to getColumnName() is straightforward and appropriate for drivers that return an empty label.
• Test coverage/observability: Tests are present for the user-visible behavior. No additional observability looks necessary for this small metadata fix.
• Performance: No meaningful performance impact; the change just swaps one metadata accessor for another with a safe fallback.
• Other issues: None found from the reviewed code paths.

[github-actions]

PR approved by at least one committer and no changes requested.

[github-actions]

PR approved by anyone and no changes requested.