GH-3070: Add Variant logical type annotation to parquet-java

[aihuaxu]

Rationale for this change

This is to add Variant logical type in parquet-java to be used by dependent projects.

What changes are included in this PR?

The Variant logical type has been added to LogicalTypeAnnotation. For variant columns, the corresponding Parquet group is annotated as VARIANT(), indicating that the variant data may be encoded according to the specified or lower version. Readers can use this version information to validate compatibility and fail early if the version is not supported.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes. Variant logical type is available.

Closes#3070

[aihuaxu]

@Fokko, @wgtmac Can you help check if this is right implementation? Thanks.

[wgtmac]

Do we need to support writing and reading variant data?

[aihuaxu]

The Variant reading and writing are getting implemented in Iceberg and/or the engines themselves. I think later we can think of pulling the implementation to Parquet if needed.

[emkornfield]

The Variant reading and writing are getting implemented in Iceberg and/or the engines themselves. I think later we can think of pulling the implementation to Parquet if needed.

I think this is problematic if the spec lives in parquet and doesn't have a complete implementation per previously agreed upon guidelines for new parquet features. This probably warrants a discussion on the mailing list. CC @julienledem@rdblue@RussellSpitzer

[Fokko]

@aihuaxu I agree with @emkornfield that the iceberg-java implementation should be able to read and write the variant type.

It would also be great to drop some example parquet files in https://github.com/apache/parquet-testing, this will also help the adoption of other implementations, see apache/parquet-format#456 (comment)

[wgtmac]

Usually we need two reference implementations for spec changes like this. I'm not sure if there is any chance to have another implementation ready in a timely manner. IMO, at least parquet-java should support basic roundtrip read and write.

[aihuaxu]

I see. Per guideline, we need to have the implementation in parquet-java and then another one. Do we usually include the implementation with this annotation change or should be separate?

Completeness: The goal of this phase is to ensure the feature is viable, there is no ambiguity in its specification by demonstrating compatibility between implementations. Once a change has lazy consensus, two implementations of the feature demonstrating interopability must also be provided. One implementation MUST be parquet-java. It is preferred that the second implementation be parquet-cpp or parquet-rs,

[wgtmac]

I think it should be in one change. The parquet-format cannot be released without concrete PoC implementation in parquet-java. Without that release, separate changes may break CI and thus cannot be merged.

[aihuaxu]

@wgtmac With https://github.com/apache/parquet-java/pull/3117/files implementing encoding/decoding, should we consider merging this separately?

[wgtmac]

I think at least it needs the conversion from/to thrift definition of the variant type. So we need to wait for the release of parquet-format 2.11.0.

[rdblue]

Thanks, @aihuaxu! And thanks to @emkornfield for taking a look as well.