feat(python/sedonadb): Implement Python UDFs

docs/reference/python.md

@@ -25,3 +25,5 @@
 ::: sedonadb.testing
 
 ::: sedonadb.dbapi
+
+::: sedonadb.udf

python/sedonadb/Cargo.toml

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ futures = { workspace = true }
 pyo3 = { version = "0.25.1" }
 sedona = { path = "../../rust/sedona" }
 sedona-adbc = { path = "../../rust/sedona-adbc" }
+sedona-expr = { path = "../../rust/sedona-expr" }
 sedona-geoparquet = { path = "../../rust/sedona-geoparquet" }
 sedona-schema = { path = "../../rust/sedona-schema" }
 sedona-proj = { path = "../../c/sedona-proj", default-features = false }

python/sedonadb/pyproject.toml

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ dynamic = ["version"]
 test = [
     "adbc-driver-manager[dbapi]",
     "adbc-driver-postgresql",
+    "datafusion",
     "duckdb",
     "geoarrow-pyarrow",
     "geopandas",

python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/context.py

@@ -170,6 +170,40 @@ def sql(self, sql: str) -> DataFrame:
         """
         return DataFrame(self._impl, self._impl.sql(sql), self.options)
 
+    def register_udf(self, udf: Any):
+        """Register a user-defined function
+
+        Args:
+            udf: An object implementing the DataFusion PyCapsule protocol
+                (i.e., `__datafusion_scalar_udf__`) or a function annotated
+                with [arrow_udf][sedonadb.udf.arrow_udf].
+
+        Examples:
+
+            >>> import pyarrow as pa
+            >>> from sedonadb import udf
+            >>> sd = sedona.db.connect()
+            >>> @udf.arrow_udf(pa.int64(), [udf.STRING])
+            ... def char_count(arg0):
+            ...     arg0 = pa.array(arg0.to_array())
+            ...
+            ...     return pa.array(
+            ...         (len(item) for item in arg0.to_pylist()),
+            ...         pa.int64()
+            ...     )
+            ...
+            >>> sd.register_udf(char_count)
+            >>> sd.sql("SELECT char_count('abcde') as col").show()
+            ┌───────┐
+            │  col  │
+            │ int64 │
+            ╞═══════╡
+            │     5 │
+            └───────┘
+
+        """
+        self._impl.register_udf(udf)
+
 
 def connect() -> SedonaContext:
     """Create a new [SedonaContext][sedonadb.context.SedonaContext]"""

python/sedonadb/python/sedonadb/udf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+import inspect
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, List, Union
+
+from sedonadb._lib import sedona_scalar_udf
+from sedonadb.utility import sedona  # noqa: F401
+
+
+class TypeMatcher(str):
+    """Helper class to mark type matchers that can be used as the `input_types` for
+    user-defined functions
+
+    Note that the internal storage of the type matcher (currently a string) is
+    arbitrary and may change in a future release. Use the constants provided by
+    the `udf` module.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+def arrow_udf(
+    return_type: Any,
+    input_types: List[Union[TypeMatcher, Any]] = None,
+    volatility: Literal["immutable", "stable", "volatile"] = "immutable",
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+):
+    """Generic Arrow-based user-defined scalar function decorator
+
+    This decorator may be used to annotate a function that accepts arguments as
+    Arrow array wrappers implementing the
+    [Arrow PyCapsule Interface](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/format/CDataInterface/PyCapsuleInterface.html).
+    The annotated function must return a value of a consistent length of the
+    appropriate type.
+
+    !!! warning
+        SedonaDB will call the provided function from multiple threads. Attempts
+        to modify shared state from the body of the function may crash or cause
+        unusual behaviour.
+
+    SedonaDB Python UDFs are experimental and this interface may change based on
+    user feedback.
+
+    Args:
+        return_type: One of
+            - A data type (e.g., pyarrow.DataType, arro3.core.DataType, nanoarrow.Schema)
+              if this function returns the same type regardless of its inputs.
+            - A function of `arg_types` (list of data types) and `scalar_args` (list of
+              optional scalars) that returns a data type. This function is also
+              responsible for returning `None` if this function does not apply to the
+              input types.
+        input_types: One of
+            - A list where each member is a data type or a `TypeMatcher`. The
+              `udf.GEOMETRY` and `udf.GEOGRAPHY` type matchers are the most useful
+              because otherwise the function will only match spatial data types whose
+              coordinate reference system (CRS) also matches (i.e., based on simple
+              equality). Using these type matchers will also ensure input CRS consistency
+              and will automatically propagate input CRSes into the output.
+            - `None`, indicating that this function can accept any number of arguments
+              of any type. Usually this is paired with a functional `return_type` that
+              dynamically computes a return type or returns `None` if the number or
+              types of arguments do not match.
+        volatility: Use "immutable" for functions whose output is always consistent
+            for the same inputs (even between queries); use "stable" for functions
+            whose output is always consistent for the same inputs but only within
+            the same query, and use "volatile" for functions that generate random
+            or otherwise non-deterministic output.
+        name: An optional name for the UDF. If not given, it will be derived from
+            the name of the provided function.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        >>> import pyarrow as pa
+        >>> from sedonadb import udf
+        >>> sd = sedona.db.connect()
+
+        The simplest scalar UDF only specifies return types. This implies that
+        the function can handle input of any type.
+
+        >>> @udf.arrow_udf(pa.string())
+        ... def some_udf(arg0, arg1):
+        ...     arg0, arg1 = (
+        ...         pa.array(arg0.to_array()).to_pylist(),
+        ...         pa.array(arg1.to_array()).to_pylist(),
+        ...     )
+        ...     return pa.array(
+        ...         (f"{item0} / {item1}" for item0, item1 in zip(arg0, arg1)),
+        ...         pa.string(),
+        ...     )
+        ...
+        >>> sd.register_udf(some_udf)
+        >>> sd.sql("SELECT some_udf(123, 'abc') as col").show()
+        ┌───────────┐
+        │    col    │
+        │    utf8   │
+        ╞═══════════╡
+        │ 123 / abc │
+        └───────────┘
+
+        Use the `TypeMatcher` constants where possible to specify input.
+        This ensures that the function can handle the usual range of input
+        types that might exist for a given input.
+
+        >>> @udf.arrow_udf(pa.int64(), [udf.STRING])
+        ... def char_count(arg0):
+        ...     arg0 = pa.array(arg0.to_array())
+        ...
+        ...     return pa.array(
+        ...         (len(item) for item in arg0.to_pylist()),
+        ...         pa.int64()
+        ...     )
+        ...
+        >>> sd.register_udf(char_count)
+        >>> sd.sql("SELECT char_count('abcde') as col").show()
+        ┌───────┐
+        │  col  │
+        │ int64 │
+        ╞═══════╡
+        │     5 │
+        └───────┘
+
+        In this case, the type matcher ensures we can also use the function
+        for string view input which is the usual type SedonaDB emits when
+        reading Parquet files.
+
+        >>> sd.sql("SELECT char_count(arrow_cast('abcde', 'Utf8View')) as col").show()
+        ┌───────┐
+        │  col  │
+        │ int64 │
+        ╞═══════╡
+        │     5 │
+        └───────┘
+
+        Geometry UDFs are best written using Shapely because pyproj (including its use
+        in GeoPandas) is not thread safe and can crash when attempting to look up
+        CRSes when importing an Arrow array. The UDF framework supports returning
+        geometry storage to make this possible. Coordinate reference system metadata
+        is propagated automatically from the input.
+
+        >>> import shapely
+        >>> import geoarrow.pyarrow as ga
+        >>> @udf.arrow_udf(ga.wkb(), [udf.GEOMETRY, udf.NUMERIC])
+        ... def shapely_udf(geom, distance):
+        ...     geom_wkb = pa.array(geom.storage.to_array())
+        ...     distance = pa.array(distance.to_array())
+        ...     geom = shapely.from_wkb(geom_wkb)
+        ...     result_shapely = shapely.buffer(geom, distance)
+        ...     return pa.array(shapely.to_wkb(result_shapely))
+        ...
+        >>>
+        >>> sd.register_udf(shapely_udf)
+        >>> sd.sql("SELECT ST_SRID(shapely_udf(ST_Point(0, 0), 2.0)) as col").show()
+        ┌────────┐
+        │   col  │
+        │ uint32 │
+        ╞════════╡
+        │      0 │
+        └────────┘
+
+        >>> sd.sql("SELECT ST_SRID(shapely_udf(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(0, 0), 3857), 2.0)) as col").show()
+        ┌────────┐
+        │   col  │
+        │ uint32 │
+        ╞════════╡
+        │   3857 │
+        └────────┘
+
+        Annotated functions may also declare keyword arguments `return_type` and/or `num_rows`,
+        which will be passed the appropriate value by the UDF framework. This facilitates writing
+        generic UDFs and/or UDFs with no arguments.
+
+        >>> import numpy as np
+        >>> def random_impl(return_type, num_rows):
+        ...     pa_type = pa.field(return_type).type
+        ...     return pa.array(np.random.random(num_rows), pa_type)
+        ...
+        >>> @udf.arrow_udf(pa.float32(), [])
+        ... def random_f32(*, return_type=None, num_rows=None):
+        ...     return random_impl(return_type, num_rows)
+        ...
+        >>> @udf.arrow_udf(pa.float64(), [])
+        ... def random_f64(*, return_type=None, num_rows=None):
+        ...     return random_impl(return_type, num_rows)
+        ...
+        >>> np.random.seed(487)
+        >>> sd.register_udf(random_f32)
+        >>> sd.register_udf(random_f64)
+        >>> sd.sql("SELECT random_f32() AS f32, random_f64() as f64;").show()
+        ┌────────────┬─────────────────────┐
+        │     f32    ┆         f64         │
+        │   float32  ┆       float64       │
+        ╞════════════╪═════════════════════╡
+        │ 0.35385555 ┆ 0.24793247139474195 │
+        └────────────┴─────────────────────┘
+
+    """
+
+    def decorator(func):
+        kwarg_names = _callable_kwarg_only_names(func)
+        if "return_type" in kwarg_names and "num_rows" in kwarg_names:
+
+            def func_wrapper(args, return_type, num_rows):
+                return func(*args, return_type=return_type, num_rows=num_rows)
+        elif "return_type" in kwarg_names:
+
+            def func_wrapper(args, return_type, num_rows):
+                return func(*args, return_type=return_type)
+        elif "num_rows" in kwarg_names:
+
+            def func_wrapper(args, return_type, num_rows):
+                return func(*args, num_rows=num_rows)
+        else:
+
+            def func_wrapper(args, return_type, num_rows):
+                return func(*args)
+
+        name_arg = func.__name__ if name is None and hasattr(func, "__name__") else name
+        return ScalarUdfImpl(
+            func_wrapper, return_type, input_types, volatility, name_arg
+        )
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+BINARY: TypeMatcher = "binary"
+"""Match any binary argument (i.e., binary, binary view, large binary,
+fixed-size binary)"""
+
+BOOLEAN: TypeMatcher = "boolean"
+"""Match a boolean argument"""
+
+GEOGRAPHY: TypeMatcher = "geography"
+"""Match a geography argument"""
+
+GEOMETRY: TypeMatcher = "geometry"
+"""Match a geometry argument"""
+
+NUMERIC: TypeMatcher = "numeric"
+"""Match any numeric argument"""
+
+STRING: TypeMatcher = "string"
+"""Match any string argument (i.e., string, string view, large string)"""
+
+
+class ScalarUdfImpl:
+    """Scalar user-defined function wrapper
+
+    This class is a wrapper class used as the return value for user-defined
+    function constructors. This wrapper allows the UDF to be registered with
+    a SedonaDB context or any context that accepts DataFusion Python
+    Scalar UDFs. This object is not intended to be used to call a UDF.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        invoke_batch,
+        return_type,
+        input_types=None,
+        volatility: Literal["immutable", "stable", "volatile"] = "immutable",
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        # If the input_types are None, the return_type must be callable when passed
+        # to the internals. In the Python API we allow a data type as the return type
+        # to the argument easier to understand, which means we may have to wrap
+        # it in a callable here.
+        if input_types is None and not callable(return_type):
+
+            def return_type_impl(*args, **kwargs):
+                return return_type
+
+            self._return_type = return_type_impl
+        else:
+            self._return_type = return_type
+
+        self._invoke_batch = invoke_batch
+        self._input_types = input_types
+        if name is None and hasattr(invoke_batch, "__name__"):
+            self._name = invoke_batch.__name__
+        else:
+            self._name = name
+
+        self._volatility = volatility
+
+    def __sedona_internal_udf__(self):
+        return sedona_scalar_udf(
+            self._invoke_batch,
+            self._return_type,
+            self._input_types,
+            self._volatility,
+            self._name,
+        )
+
+    def __datafusion_scalar_udf__(self):
+        return self.__sedona_internal_udf__().__datafusion_scalar_udf__()
+
+
+def _callable_kwarg_only_names(f):
+    sig = inspect.signature(f)
+    return [
+        k for k, p in sig.parameters.items() if p.kind == inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY
+    ]