[release/7.0] Simplify and fix the Int128 *, /, and % logic

[github-actions]

Backport of #75470 to release/7.0

/cc @tannergooding

Customer Impact

Developers utilizing these functions with specific inputs may get results that have the incorrect sign in the case of overflow

Testing

Additional regression tests were added covering the highlighted scenarios. The logic was likewise simplified to help reduce the chance for error.

Risk

This impacts types that are entirely new to .NET 7 and so the risk of breaking existing users is limited only to developers who have been utilizing the early previews.

[ghost]

I couldn't figure out the best area label to add to this PR. If you have write-permissions please help me learn by adding exactly one area label.

[tannergooding]

CC. @jeffhandley

[carlossanlop]

@danmoseley can we please get an approval?

[ghost]

Tagging subscribers to this area: @dotnet/area-system-numerics
See info in area-owners.md if you want to be subscribed.

Issue Details

---

Backport of #75470 to release/7.0

/cc @tannergooding

Customer Impact

Developers utilizing these functions with specific inputs may get results that have the incorrect sign in the case of overflow

Testing

Additional regression tests were added covering the highlighted scenarios. The logic was likewise simplified to help reduce the chance for error.

Risk

This impacts types that are entirely new to .NET 7 and so the risk of breaking existing users is limited only to developers who have been utilizing the early previews.

Author:	github-actions[bot]
Assignees:	-
Labels:	area-System.Numerics
Milestone:	-

[danmoseley]

Approved, new feature correctness

[danmoseley]

#75465

#58782

[carlossanlop]

@dakersnar@tannergooding do you see any concerning failures in the CI logs? I see a few failures.

[tannergooding]

@carlossanlop, all tests passed on rerun.

[carlossanlop]

Great! So this has been approved, signed off, and the CI is green. Ready to merge.