[pull] master from TheAlgorithms:master

.devcontainer/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-dev-containers/blob/main/containers/python-3/README.md
+ARG VARIANT=3.13-bookworm
+FROM mcr.microsoft.com/vscode/devcontainers/python:${VARIANT}
+COPY requirements.txt /tmp/pip-tmp/
+RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip \
+ && python3 -m pip install --no-cache-dir -r /tmp/pip-tmp/requirements.txt \
+ && pipx install pre-commit ruff

.devcontainer/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Development Container
+
+This is **Devcontainer** configuration to provide a consistent development environment for all contributors.
+
+## Features
+
+- [x] Pre-configured **Python environment**
+- [x] Automatic installation of **pre-commit hooks**
+- [x] **Ruff** linter ready to check your code
+- [x] **Oh My Zsh** with plugins:
+- `zsh-autosuggestions`
+- `zsh-syntax-highlighting`
+
+## Usage
+
+1. Install [**Docker** ](https://www.docker.com/get-started/) and [**Visual Studio Code**](https://code.visualstudio.com/)
+2. Install the **Remote - Containers** extension in VS Code
+
+ - Do `CTRL+P`, paste this command and press `Enter`
+
+ ```shell
+ ext install ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers
+ ```
+3. Open this repository in VS Code
+4. When prompted, click **"Reopen in Container"**
+5. Wait for the environment to build and initialize
+
+After setup:
+
+- `pre-commit` hooks are installed
+- `ruff` and other tools are available
+- The shell uses Zsh by default
+
+## Tips
+
+To manually run checks on all files:
+
+```bash
+pre-commit run --all-files
+```
+
+> For further information here's [Microsoft tutorial about devcontainers.](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/devcontainers/tutorial)

.devcontainer/devcontainer.json

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+{
+	"name": "Python 3",
+
+	// Use a prebuilt dev container image instead of building from a local
+	// Dockerfile. The repo migrated its dependencies to pyproject.toml, so the
+	// old Dockerfile's `COPY requirements.txt` step no longer had a file to copy
+	// and the image build failed. The upstream images already ship Python + a
+	// full toolchain, so pulling one is both faster and less to maintain.
+	//
+	// This repo tracks the latest-and-greatest CPython on the newest stable
+	// Debian. Images are published per CPython minor version on Debian 13
+	// "Trixie" (3.11-trixie ... 3.14-trixie); bump this to the newest available
+	// when a new stable CPython ships.
+	// NOTE: these images do not publish free-threaded (`t`) variants, so 3.14t
+	// cannot be selected via the tag alone -- but the repo's `.python-version`
+	// pins 3.14t, and `uv run`/`uv sync` in the container honor it, so uv gives
+	// contributors free-threaded 3.14t regardless of the base tag.
+	"image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/python:latest",
+
+	// Install the tools post_install and CI expect (pre-commit + ruff), plus uv
+	// for the free-threaded workflow above, then run the existing setup script.
+	"postCreateCommand": "pipx install pre-commit ruff uv && zsh .devcontainer/post_install",
+
+	// Configure tool-specific properties.
+	"customizations": {
+ // Configure properties specific to VS Code.
+ "vscode": {
+ // Set *default* container specific settings.json values on container create.
+ "settings": {
+ "python.defaultInterpreterPath": "/usr/local/bin/python",
+ // Formatting/linting is handled by Ruff (matches pre-commit and CI).
+ "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+ "[python]": {
+ "editor.defaultFormatter": "charliermarsh.ruff",
+ "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
+ "source.fixAll": "explicit",
+ "source.organizeImports": "explicit"
+ }
+ },
+ "terminal.integrated.defaultProfile.linux": "zsh"
+ },
+
+ // Add the IDs of extensions you want installed when the container is created.
+ "extensions": [
+ "ms-python.python",
+ "ms-python.vscode-pylance",
+ "charliermarsh.ruff"
+ ]
+ }
+	},
+
+	// Use 'forwardPorts' to make a list of ports inside the container available locally.
+	// "forwardPorts": [],
+
+	// Comment out to connect as root instead. More info: https://aka.ms/vscode-remote/containers/non-root.
+	"remoteUser": "vscode"
+}

.devcontainer/post_install

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+echo "Begin post-installation steps..."
+
+set -e
+
+echo "Installing pre-commit hooks..."
+pre-commit install
+
+echo "Installing Oh My Zsh plugins..."
+
+# Install zsh-autosuggestions if not present
+if [ ! -d "${ZSH_CUSTOM:-$HOME/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions" ]; then
+ echo "Cloning zsh-autosuggestions..."
+ git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions \
+ "${ZSH_CUSTOM:-$HOME/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions"
+fi
+
+# Install zsh-syntax-highlighting if not present
+if [ ! -d "${ZSH_CUSTOM:-$HOME/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting" ]; then
+ echo "Cloning zsh-syntax-highlighting..."
+ git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git \
+ "${ZSH_CUSTOM:-$HOME/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting"
+fi
+
+echo "Configuring plugins in ~/.zshrc..."
+sed -i '/^plugins=/c\plugins=(git zsh-autosuggestions zsh-syntax-highlighting)' ~/.zshrc
+
+echo "Post-installation steps completed successfully. Enjoy!"

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* text=auto

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# This is a comment.
+# Each line is a file pattern followed by one or more owners.
+
+# More details are here: https://help.github.com/articles/about-codeowners/
+
+# The '*' pattern is global owners.
+
+# Order is important. The last matching pattern has the most precedence.
+
+/.* @cclauss
+
+# /backtracking/
+
+# /bit_manipulation/
+
+# /blockchain/
+
+# /boolean_algebra/
+
+# /cellular_automata/
+
+# /ciphers/
+
+# /compression/
+
+# /computer_vision/
+
+# /conversions/
+
+# /data_structures/
+
+# /digital_image_processing/
+
+# /divide_and_conquer/
+
+# /dynamic_programming/
+
+# /file_transfer/
+
+# /fuzzy_logic/
+
+# /genetic_algorithm/
+
+# /geodesy/
+
+# /graphics/
+
+# /graphs/
+
+# /greedy_method/
+
+# /hashes/
+
+# /images/
+
+# /linear_algebra/
+
+# /machine_learning/
+
+# /maths/
+
+# /matrix/
+
+# /networking_flow/
+
+# /neural_network/
+
+# /other/
+
+# /project_euler/
+
+# /quantum/
+
+# /scheduling/
+
+# /scripts/
+
+# /searches/
+
+# /sorts/
+
+# /strings/
+
+# /traversals/
+
+/web_programming/ @cclauss

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+name: Bug report
+description: Create a bug report to help us address errors in the repository
+labels: [bug]
+body:
+ - type: markdown
+ attributes:
+ value: >
+ Before requesting please search [existing issues](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/labels/bug).
+ Usage questions such as "How do I...?" belong on the
+ [Discord](https://discord.gg/c7MnfGFGa6) and will be closed.
+
+ - type: input
+ attributes:
+ label: "Repository commit"
+ description: >
+ The commit hash for `TheAlgorithms/Python` repository. You can get this
+ by running the command `git rev-parse HEAD` locally.
+ placeholder: "a0b0f414ae134aa1772d33bb930e5a960f9979e8"
+ validations:
+ required: true
+
+ - type: input
+ attributes:
+ label: "Python version (python --version)"
+ placeholder: "Python 3.10.7"
+ validations:
+ required: true
+
+ - type: textarea
+ attributes:
+ label: "Dependencies version (pip freeze)"
+ description: >
+ This is the output of the command `pip freeze --all`. Note that the
+ actual output might be different as compared to the placeholder text.
+ placeholder: |
+ appnope==0.1.3
+ asttokens==2.0.8
+ backcall==0.2.0
+ ...
+ validations:
+ required: true
+
+ - type: textarea
+ attributes:
+ label: "Expected behavior"
+ description: "Describe the behavior you expect. May include images or videos."
+ validations:
+ required: true
+
+ - type: textarea
+ attributes:
+ label: "Actual behavior"
+ validations:
+ required: true

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false
+contact_links:
+ - name: Discord community
+ url: https://discord.gg/c7MnfGFGa6
+ about: Have any questions or need any help? Please contact us via Discord

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+name: Feature request
+description: Suggest features, propose improvements, discuss new ideas.
+labels: [enhancement]
+body:
+ - type: markdown
+ attributes:
+ value: >
+ Before requesting please search [existing issues](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/labels/enhancement).
+ Do not create issues to implement new algorithms as these will be closed.
+ Usage questions such as "How do I...?" belong on the
+ [Discord](https://discord.gg/c7MnfGFGa6) and will be closed.
+
+ - type: textarea
+ attributes:
+ label: "Feature description"
+ description: >
+ This could include new topics or improving any existing implementations.
+ validations:
+ required: true

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/other.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+name: Other
+description: Use this for any other issues. PLEASE do not create blank issues
+labels: ["awaiting triage"]
+body:
+ - type: textarea
+ id: issuedescription
+ attributes:
+ label: What would you like to share?
+ description: Provide a clear and concise explanation of your issue.
+ validations:
+ required: true
+
+ - type: textarea
+ id: extrainfo
+ attributes:
+ label: Additional information
+ description: Is there anything else we should know about this issue?
+ validations:
+ required: false

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Keep GitHub Actions up to date with Dependabot...
+# https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/working-with-dependabot/keeping-your-actions-up-to-date-with-dependabot
+version: 2
+updates:
+ - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+ directory: "/"
+ schedule:
+ interval: "daily"

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-### **Describe your change:**
+### Describe your change:
 
 
 
 * [ ] Add an algorithm?
 * [ ] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
+* [ ] Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
 * [ ] Documentation change?
 
-### **Checklist:**
+### Checklist:
 * [ ] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
 * [ ] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
 * [ ] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
@@ -16,5 +17,5 @@
 * [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
 * [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
 * [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
-* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
-* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
+* [ ] All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
+* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a [closing keyword](https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue): "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".