SHIELD: Suppressing Hallucinations In LVLM Encoders via Bias and Vulnerability Defense

First to trace LVLM hallucinations to visual encoders — a training-free framework that fixes statistical bias, inherent bias & vulnerability without any fine-tuning.

Key Results

SHIELD consistently outperforms existing methods across 3 LVLM families and 6 benchmarks — all without training.

CHAIR — LLaVA-1.5 7B (↓ lower is better) Method C_S C_I Vanilla 48.8 14.2 VCD 46.8 13.2 OPERA 44.6 12.8 SHIELD 36.6 10.3	POPE Avg — LLaVA-1.5 7B (↑ higher is better) Method Acc F1 Vanilla 81.3 79.6 VCD 84.6 84.4 OPERA 84.7 85.4 SHIELD 87.0 87.4
MME Hallucination (↑ higher is better) Method LLaVA-1.5 Qwen-VL Vanilla 565.3 587.3 VCD 604.6 596.6 OPERA 592.3 623.3 SHIELD 668.3 668.3	AMBER Score — LLaVA-1.5 7B (↑ higher is better) Method Score CHAIR↓ Hal.↓ Vanilla 82.0 9.2 29.2 VCD 82.9 8.1 28.6 OPERA 86.5 8.3 31.2 SHIELD 88.0 6.4 25.1

SHIELD also achieves 1810.8 on MME Full (vs. Vanilla 1632.1, OPERA 1717.2), confirming that hallucination suppression does not sacrifice general capability.

Quick Start

SHIELD works as a non-invasive wrapper — no source code modification of LLaVA needed.

# Run POPE evaluation in one command
bash experiments/scripts/llava1.5_pope_coco.bash
# Run CHAIR evaluation
bash experiments/scripts/llava1.5_chair.bash
# Run MME evaluation
bash experiments/scripts/llava1.5_MME_full.bash
bash experiments/scripts/llava1.5_MME_hal.bash

Python API

importshieldfromllava.model.builderimportload_pretrained_modeltokenizer, model, image_processor, _=load_pretrained_model(
"liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-7b", None, "llava-v1.5-7b"
)
# One-line setup: wrap the model with SHIELDshield.wrap(model, tokenizer,
caption_file="experiments/first_cap/llava15_coco_pope_first_caption.jsonl",
cd_alpha=2.0, cd_beta=0.35,
)
image_tensor=image_processor.preprocess(image, return_tensors="pt")["pixel_values"][0]
shield_kw=model.shield_prepare(image, image_tensor, "image.jpg", use_cd=True)
output_ids=model.generate(input_ids, **shield_kw, do_sample=True, max_new_tokens=1024)

Installation

conda create -n shield python=3.10
conda activate shield
pip install torch==2.0.1 torchvision==0.15.2 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu118
pip install -r requirements.txt

Data Preparation

The repository includes all text-based metadata. You only need to download images and COCO annotations.

Click to expand full data setup instructions

LLaVA Model

SHIELD uses LLaVA-1.5 as the base model. Model weights are automatically downloaded from Hugging Face when first used (liuhaotian/llava-v1.5-7b).

COCO Images & Annotations

COCO val2014 images are shared across POPE (COCO), CHAIR, and LLaVA-Bench evaluations.

1. Download COCO val2014 images and extract to experiments/data/coco/val2014/.
2. Download COCO 2014 annotations and extract to experiments/data/coco/annotations/.

cd experiments/data/coco
wget http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/val2014.zip
unzip val2014.zip
wget http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/annotations_trainval2014.zip
unzip annotations_trainval2014.zip -d .
mv annotations_trainval2014/annotations .

A pre-built cache (experiments/eval/chair.pkl) is included so you can skip COCO annotation download if you only want to run the CHAIR metric.

POPE

POPE question files for COCO, A-OKVQA, and GQA are already included under experiments/data/POPE/. No extra download needed.

For GQA images (only needed for POPE-GQA evaluation), download from the GQA dataset and extract to experiments/data/gqa/images/.

CHAIR

CHAIR questions are included at experiments/data/CHAIR/questions.jsonl. Images come from COCO val2014.

MME

1. Download the MME Benchmark images and extract to experiments/data/MME/MME_Benchmark_release_version/.
2. MME question lists and evaluation tools are already included.

LLaVA-Bench

LLaVA-Bench data (images + questions) is fully included in experiments/data/llava-bench/. No extra download needed.

Caption Files

Pre-generated first-round captions for all benchmarks are provided under experiments/first_cap/.

Expected Directory Structure

experiments/data/
├── POPE/ # (included) question files
│ ├── coco/
│ ├── aokvqa/
│ └── gqa/
├── CHAIR/
│ └── questions.jsonl # (included)
├── MME/
│ ├── full.json # (included) question list
│ ├── hal.json # (included) question list
│ └── MME_Benchmark_release_version/ # (download)
├── llava-bench/ # (fully included)
├── coco/
│ ├── val2014/ # (download) COCO val2014 images
│ └── annotations/ # (download) COCO 2014 annotations
└── gqa/
└── images/ # (download) GQA images

Inference and Evaluation

POPE

bash experiments/scripts/llava1.5_pope_coco.bash
python experiments/eval/eval_pope.py \
--gt_file experiments/data/POPE/coco/coco_pope_random.json \
--gen_file output/llava15_coco_pope_random_answers_*.jsonl

Other POPE splits (popular, adversarial) and datasets (A-OKVQA, GQA) can be run by passing arguments to the script.

CHAIR

bash experiments/scripts/llava1.5_chair.bash

The CHAIR evaluation script computes CHAIRs, CHAIRi, and Recall metrics. It requires the pattern library:

pip install git+https://github.com/clips/pattern.git

MME

bash experiments/scripts/llava1.5_MME_full.bash
bash experiments/scripts/llava1.5_MME_hal.bash

Detailed Results

POPE COCO (all splits, 3 LVLMs)

LVLM	Method	Rand. Acc	Rand. F1	Pop. Acc	Pop. F1	Adv. Acc	Adv. F1
LLaVA-1.5	Vanilla	83.2	81.3	81.8	80.0	78.9	77.5
	VCD	87.7	87.1	85.3	85.0	80.8	81.3
	OPERA	89.1	89.0	86.0	86.3	79.1	80.9
	SHIELD	91.3	91.1	87.4	87.6	82.5	83.6
InstructBLIP	Vanilla	80.7	80.4	78.2	78.3	75.8	76.5
	VCD	84.5	83.6	81.4	81.0	79.5	79.5
	OPERA	89.8	89.6	83.4	84.0	80.7	81.8
	SHIELD	88.2	87.6	84.6	84.3	82.2	82.4
Qwen-VL	Vanilla	84.7	82.6	84.1	82.0	82.2	80.3
	VCD	88.6	87.8	87.1	86.4	84.2	83.9
	OPERA	86.1	84.2	85.7	83.8	83.9	82.1
	SHIELD	89.2	88.6	87.6	87.1	84.3	84.2

CHAIR (3 LVLMs)

Method	LLaVA C_S↓	LLaVA C_I↓	IBLIP C_S↓	IBLIP C_I↓	Qwen C_S↓	Qwen C_I↓
Vanilla	48.8	14.2	54.6	24.8	49.2	13.1
VCD	46.8	13.2	44.0	13.6	46.4	11.9
OPERA	44.6	12.8	46.4	14.2	34.6	9.5
SHIELD	36.6	10.3	40.4	10.9	28.9	9.2

MME Hallucination Subset (3 LVLMs)

LVLM	Method	Existence	Count	Position	Color	Total
LLaVA-1.5	Vanilla	175.6	124.6	114.0	151.0	565.3
	VCD	184.6	138.3	128.6	153.0	604.6
	OPERA	180.6	133.3	123.3	155.0	592.3
	SHIELD	195.0	141.6	148.3	183.3	668.3
InstructBLIP	Vanilla	141.0	75.3	66.6	97.3	380.3
	VCD	168.3	92.3	64.0	123.0	447.6
	OPERA	156.0	78.3	55.0	95.0	384.3
	SHIELD	170.0	75.0	88.3	128.3	461.6
Qwen-VL	Vanilla	155.0	127.6	131.6	173.0	587.3
	VCD	156.0	131.0	128.0	181.6	596.6
	OPERA	165.0	145.0	133.3	180.0	623.3
	SHIELD	180.0	170.0	128.3	190.0	668.3

GPT-4o Aided Evaluation

Method	LLaVA C↑	LLaVA D↑	IBLIP C↑	IBLIP D↑	Qwen C↑	Qwen D↑
Vanilla	4.9	5.0	4.2	4.2	6.2	4.6
VCD	5.5	5.5	5.1	5.5	6.5	5.7
OPERA	5.6	6.0	5.3	5.2	6.5	5.6
SHIELD	6.2	6.1	5.6	5.3	6.9	5.8

MME Full & Efficiency

MME Full (LLaVA-1.5 7B)

Method	Perception↑	Cognition↑	Total↑
Vanilla	1279.2	352.9	1632.1
VCD	1363.9	353.2	1717.1
OPERA	1413.0	304.2	1717.2
SHIELD	1473.0	337.8	1810.8

Efficiency (LLaVA-1.5 7B, CHAIR)

Method	C_S↓	Time (s/sample)↓	Memory↓
Vanilla	48.8	2.59	15.69 GB
VCD	46.8	4.89	16.52 GB
OPERA	44.6	24.01	34.88 GB
SHIELD	36.6	7.34	18.17 GB

Project Structure

SHIELD/
├── shield/ # Core SHIELD library
│ ├── __init__.py # Public API
│ ├── wrapper.py # shield.wrap() — non-invasive model patching
│ ├── attack.py # CW and PGD adversarial attacks in CLIP space
│ ├── caption.py # Caption loading and preprocessing
│ ├── clip_utils.py # CLIP model loading and text features
│ ├── feature.py # Feature weighting, bias computation
│ ├── noise.py # Diffusion noise injection
│ └── sampling.py # Custom contrastive decoding sampler
├── experiments/
│ ├── eval/ # Evaluation scripts
│ ├── scripts/ # Bash scripts for running experiments
│ ├── data/ # Evaluation datasets
│ ├── first_cap/ # Pre-generated first-round captions
│ └── llava/ # LLaVA model code (vendored)
├── logs/ # SOTA results for LLaVA, InstructBLIP, Qwen-VL
├── figs/ # Paper figures
├── requirements.txt
├── CITATION.bib
└── LICENSE

Acknowledgement

We extend our gratitude to the following projects:

• LLaVA — Large Language and Vision Assistant
• VCD — Visual Contrastive Decoding
• OPERA — Alleviating Hallucination in Multi-Modal LLMs
• CHAIR — Object Hallucination evaluation metric
• Qwen-VL — Qwen Vision-Language model

Citation

If you find this work useful, please cite our paper:

@inproceedings{
huang2026shield,
title={{SHIELD}: Suppressing Hallucinations In {LVLM} Encoders via Bias and Vulnerability Defense},
author={Yiyang Huang and Liang Shi and Yitian Zhang and Yi Xu and Yun Fu},
booktitle={The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations},
year={2026},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=yk7FFLoNcP}
}

arXiv version:

@article{huang2025shield,
title={SHIELD: Suppressing Hallucinations In LVLM Encoders via Bias and Vulnerability Defense},
author={Huang, Yiyang and Shi, Liang and Zhang, Yitian and Xu, Yi and Fu, Yun},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.16596},
year={2025}
}

License

This project is released under the Apache 2.0 License.