Added BGNPCGN Kurdish system 2007

maps/bgnpcgn-kur-Arab-Latn-2007.yaml

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+---
+authority_id: bgnpcgn
+id: 2007
+language: kur
+source_script: Arab
+destination_script: Latn
+name: ROMANIZATION OF KURDISH -- BGN/PCGN 2007
+url: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/693727/ROMANIZATION_OF_KURDISH.pdf
+creation_date: 2007
+confirmation date: 2017-12
+description: |
+ The tabulation below is applicable to the Kurdish language as a
+ whole. It is based for the most part on the Hawar Roman alphabet used
+ in the Library of Congress Standard Kurdish Orthography Table, but it
+ also incorporates certain non-Hawar elements found in A Kurdish-English
+ Dictionary (Taufiq Wahby & C J Edmonds, OUP, 1966). The tabulation
+ covers both major varieties of the Kurdish language: Kurmanji and
+ Sorani. Kurmanji is spoken principally in Turkey and in Iraq north of
+ the Great Zab River (Dahūk/Dihok Governorate). It is generally written
+ in Roman script, and usually employs the Roman orthography. Sorani is
+ spoken principally in Iraq south of the Great Zab river (Arbīl/Hewlêr
+ and As Sulaymānīyah/Slêmanî governorates). It is generally written in
+ Perso-Arabic script, and usually employs the Perso-Arabic script
+ orthography.
+
+ Kurdish forms of geographical names in Turkey will usually be found
+ in Roman script, and so no romanization process will be required. The
+ digraph options for consonant letters '\u0686', '\u0634', and '\u063A'
+ will not be encountered for such names. In Iraq, Syria, and Iran,
+ Kurdish will usually be encountered in Perso-Arabic script, in which
+ case it should be romanized into the corresponding Roman script form.
+ Kurdish geographical names for places and features outside Turkey,
+ found in Roman script form, should, where necessary and if possible, be
+ tailored to fit the orthography of the Romanization shown below and
+ should employ the digraph options for consonant letters '\u0686',
+ '\u0634', and '\u063A'.
+
+notes:
+
+ - In pure Kurdish words hamza is borne by yā’ ( ئ ) and occurs only
+ before initial vowels; it is not romanized. Medial and final hamza in
+ Arabic borrowings are romanized by ’ (apostrophe – Unicode encoding
+ 2019).
+
+ - The letters ث ذ ص ض ط ظ do not occur in pure Kurdish words. In Arabic
+ borrowings some writers retain these letters, others substitute س ز س ز
+ ت ز respectively. Only the letters ط ض and ص are catered for in the
+ Library of Congress tabulation, as reflected in lines 16-18 of the
+ above Consonant table. Words of obvious Arabic origin occurring in a
+ Kurdish toponymic environment will be treated as Kurdish rather than
+ Arabic, as will words of other non-Kurdish origins.
+
+ - The digraph options appearing in rows 6, 15 and 20 of the consonants
+ table should be used for Kurdish geographical names in Iraq, Iran, and
+ Syria. The single character options should be used for Kurdish
+ geographical names in Turkey.
+
+ - ڨ is used to represent v in foreign words. Some southern Kurdish
+ writers use it to represent the v in borrowings from northern Kurdish
+ dialects. و is pronounced as a v in the north and as a w elsewhere.
+
+ - Hā’ can be used as a vowel or a consonant. The initial (ه) and medial
+ (forms are used for the consonant h, Consonant table, row 31, while the
+ final (ه) and independent (forms are used to represent the vowel e,
+ Vowel table, row 1. Therefore, when used as a consonant, the final and
+ independent forms of hā’ will be seen as ‘ه’ instead of ‘and ‘ه’,
+ respectively. For example, مهه meh, (“month”). When used as ‘e’, the
+ hā’ behaves like the letters alif (ا) , wāw, dāl (د) , and rā (ر) , in
+ that it never joins to the following letter (i.e., it has no medial
+ form). Consequently, the following letter will display the initial
+ form, e.g. هەولێر Hewlêr (unless there is only one following letter, in
+ which case it will be written in the independent form, e.g. ماوەت
+ Mawet). As with other vowels (see special rules 2 and 3), initial e is
+ preceded by the kursî hamza, yielding initial ئه , e.g. ئهني enî
+ “forehead”.
+
+ - In pure Kurdish words, the vowel ى is always long î, e.g. كانى ماسێ
+ Kanî Masê. When it represents îzafe, it is also romanized î and joined
+ by means of a hyphen to its preceding word e.g. پارێزگاى دهۆك Parêzga-î
+ Dihok.
+
+ - |
+ An inventory of letter-diacritic combinations, used in addition to
+ the unmodified letters of the basic Roman script in the Romanization of
+ Kurdish, with their Unicode encoding, is:
+
+ '‘': '\u2018' , '’': '2019'
+ 'Ç': '00C7' , 'ç': '00E7'
+ 'Ḍ': '1E0C' , 'ḍ': '1E0D'
+ 'Ê': '00CA' , 'ê': '00EA'
+
+ # There is no single Unicode encoding for these letter-diacritic combinations.
+ 'Ḧ': '0048+0308' , 'ḧ': '0068+0308'
+ 'Î': '00CE' , 'î': '00EE'
+ 'Ł': '0141' , 'ł': '0142'
+ 'Ö': '00D6' , 'ö': '00F6'
+ 'Ṟ': '1E5E' , 'ṟ': '1E5F'
+ 'Ş': '015E' , 'ş': '015F'
+ 'Ṣ': '1E62' , 'ṣ': '1E63'
+ 'Ṭ': '1E6C' , 'ṭ': '1E6D'
+ 'Û': '00DB' , 'û': '00FB'
+ 'Ü': '00DC' , 'ü': '00FC'
+ 'Ẍ': '1E8C' , 'ẍ': '1E8D'
+
+ - The Romanization column shows only lowercase forms but, when
+ romanizing, uppercase and lowercase Roman letters as appropriate should
+ be used.
+
+
+tests:
+ - source:
+ expected:
+
+map:
+ characters:
+ '\u0621': '’' # ء (see note 1 and 7)
+ '\u0628': 'b' # ب
+ '\u067E': 'p' # پ
+ '\u062A': 't' # ت (see note 2)
+ '\u062C': 'c' # ج
+ '\u0686': # چ (see notes 3 and 7)
+ - 'ch'
+ - 'ç'
+ '\u062D': 'ḧ' # ح
+ '\u062E': 'x' # خ
+ '\u062F': 'd' # د
+ '\u0631': 'r' # ر
+ '\u0695': 'ṟ' # ڕ (Formerly written ڒ ڔ or رر according to typeface available; may vary on older sources. See note 7.)
+ '\u0632': 'z' # ز (see note 2)
+ '\u0698': 'j' # ژ
+ '\u0633': 's' # س (see note 2)
+ '\u0634': # ش (see notes 3 and 7)
+ - 'sh'
+ - 'ş'
+ '\u0635': 'ṣ' # ص (see notes 2 and 7)
+ '\u0636': 'ḍ' # ض (see notes 2 and 7)
+ '\u0637': 'ṭ' # ط (see notes 2 and 7)
+ '\u0639': '‘' # ع (see note 7)
+ '\u063A': # غ (see notes 3 and 7)
+ - 'gh'
+ - 'ẍ'
+ '\u0341': 'f' # ف
+ '\u06A8': 'v' # ڨ (see note 4)
+ '\u0642': 'q' # ق
+ '\u06A9': 'k' # ك
+ '\u06AF': 'g' # گ
+ '\u0644': 'l' # ل
+ '\u06B5': 'ł' # ڵ (Formerly written ڶ according to type available; may vary on older sources. See note 7)
+ '\u0645': 'm' # م
+ '\u0646': 'n' # ن
+ '\u0648': 'w' # و (see note 4)
+ '\u0647': 'h' # ه (see note 5)
+ '\u064A': 'y' # ي
+
+ # VOWELS
+ 'ه' : 'e' # See notes 1 and 5
+ 'ئه' : 'e' # See notes 1 and 5
+ 'ا' : 'a' # See note 1
+ 'ئا' : 'a' # See note 1
+ 'ي' : 'î' # See notes 1, 6 and 7
+ 'ئي' : 'î' # See notes 1, 6 and 7
+ 'ئ' : 'i'
+ 'ێ' : 'ê' # See note 7
+ 'ئێ' : 'ê' # See note 7
+ 'و' : 'u'
+ 'ئو' : 'u'
+ 'وو' : 'û' # See note 7
+ 'ئوو' : 'û' # See note 7
+ 'ۆ' : 'o'
+ 'ئۆ' : 'o'
+ 'و' : 'ö' # Rare; previously written وي . See note 7
+ 'ۊ' : 'ü' # Only appearing in some dialects and only in old sources. Often equated to /û/ (row 7 above). Sometimes written يو See note 7.