A collection of C++ snippets that explain how the language works.
Cherno makes programming tutorials focused on C++. The concepts explained in this repo reference his explanations from different videos.
Feel free to contribute your code or point out any issues. We're all human, mistakes in this code are inevitable, but unlikely.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_data_types.htm
| Data type | Size | Range (approx.) |
|---|---|---|
bool | 1 byte | 0 and 1 |
char | 1 byte | -127 to 127 |
unsigned char | 1 byte | 0 to 255 |
short (int) | 2 bytes | -32768 to 32767 |
unsigned short | 2 bytes | 0 to 65535 |
int | 4 bytes | -2147483648 to 2147483647 |
unsigned int | 4 bytes | 0 to 4294967295 |
long (int) | 8 bytes | -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 |
unsigned long | 8 bytes | 0 to 18446744073709551615 |
long long | 8 bytes | -(2^63) to (2^63)-1 |
unsigned long long | 8 bytes | 0 to 18446744073709551615 |
float | 4 bytes | Floating point numbers |
double | 8 bytes | Floating point numbers |
long double | 12 bytes | Floating point numbers |
auto | - | - |
autois a placeholder for a data type that is automatically deduced by the compiler: Cherno's video
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_operators.htm
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
sizeof | Returns the size of a variable |
& | Returns the address of a variable |
* | Pointer to a variable |
? : | Conditional operator |
. | Member operator |
-> | Member operator |
++ | Increments the value of a variable |
-- | Decrements the value of a variable |
+ | Adds two operands |
- | Subtracts two operands |
* | Multiplies two operands |
/ | Divides two operands |
% | Modulus operator |
= | Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand |
+= | Adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand |
-= | Subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand |
*= | Multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand |
/= | Divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand |
%= | Takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand |
== | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition becomes true |
!= | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true |
> | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true |
< | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true |
>= | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true |
<= | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true |
&& | Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true |
|| | Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then the condition becomes true |
! | Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false |
| Specifier | Description |
|---|---|
public | Members are accessible from outside the class |
private | Members cannot be accessed (or viewed) from outside the class |
protected | Members cannot be accessed from outside the class, however, they can be accessed in inherited classes |
| Specifier | In this repo | C++ Reference | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
const | const.cpp | Link | Makes a variable immutable |
static | static.cpp | Link | Makes a variable or function static |
extern | static.cpp | Link | Declares a variable that is defined in another translation unit or that is defined externally |
inline | NULL | Link | Instructs the compiler to insert a copy of the code of a function at the point where the function is called at compile time |
constexpr | NULL | Link | Instructs the compiler to evaluate the value of an expression at compile time |
virtual | virtual.cpp | Link | Declares a function that can be overridden in a derived class |
override | virtual.cpp | Link | Specifies that a virtual function overrides another virtual function |
final | NULL | Link | Specifies that a virtual function cannot be overridden in a derived class or that a class cannot be inherited from |
explicit | explicit.cpp | Link | Prevents a type to be converted to another type implicitly |
friend | NULL | Link | Grants a function or another class access to private and protected members of a class |
inlinevsconstexpr: Explanation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ1L2nSIV1s&list=PLlrATfBNZ98dudnM48yfGUldqGD0S4FFb&index=54
| Stack | Heap | |
|---|---|---|
| Initialization | int a; | int* a = new int; |
| Memory Allocation | int a[5]; | int* a = new int[5]; |
| Access | a = 2; | *a = 2; |
| Deletion | Automatically when out of scope | delete a; |
| Size | Smaller | Larger |
| Stored | Together in memory | Fragmented |
| Allocating | Costs around 1 CPU instruction | Costs a lot more |
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_casting_operators.htm
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
static_cast | Checks if the type of the expression is compatible with the target type and converts it if possible. |
reinterpret_cast | Converts any pointer type to any other pointer type. The operation result is a simple binary copy of the value from one pointer to the other. (type punning) |
const_cast | Modifies the const, volatile, and __unaligned attributes of the type. (usually used to remove const) |
dynamic_cast | Returns a null pointer of the target type if the conversion is not possible. |