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High Performance Computing in C# (HPCsharp)

NuGet package of high performance Parallel C# generic algorithms (multi-core and SSE). Runs on Windows and Linux (.NET 5, 6 and 8, .NET Standard 2.0 and 2.1). Raises C# performance many times over standard versions. Familiar interfaces, similar to standard C# algorithms and Linq. Free, open source, on nuget.org

Algorithm	*	**	SSE	Multi-Core	Array	List	Details
Add	2	14	✔️	✔️	✔️		Adds two arrays element-wise
Binary Search	1	2			✔️	✔️	Generic IComparer<T>
Block Swap	4	5			✔️		Generic
Parallel .ToArray()	1	11	✔️	✔️	✔️	✔️	List.ToArray() and Array.Copy() parallel generic
Counting Sort	3	14	✔️	✔️	✔️		byte, ushort, sbyte, short arrays. Ludicrous speed!
Divide-and-Conquer	2	4		✔️	✔️		Generic serial and parallel abstraction
Fill	4	10	✔️	✔️	✔️		Numeric arrays
Heap Sort	1	2			✔️
Histogram	14	35	✔️	✔️	✔️		Byte, N-bit components of numeric arrays
Insertion Sort	1	2			✔️	✔️	Generic IComparer<T>
Introspective Sort	1	3			✔️
Max, Min	2	12	✔️	✔️	✔️	✔️	Generic IComparer<T>
Mean Absolute Deviation	3	6	✔️	✔️	✔️	✔️	float[] and double[]
Merge	6	18		✔️	✔️	✔️	Generic IComparer<T>
Merge In-Place	1	3		✔️	✔️	✔️	Generic IComparer<T>
Multi-way Merge	1	1			✔️
Merge Sort	2	25		✔️	✔️		Generic, Stable or not, whole or partial
Merge Sort In-Place	2	8		✔️	✔️		Generic, Adaptive, whole or partial
Priority Queue	2	15			✔️
Quicksort	5	9		✔️	✔️
Radix Sort (LSD)	6	40	✔️	✔️	✔️		Numeric arrays, user defined types, Stable
Radix Sort (MSD)	4	24	✔️	✔️	✔️		Numeric arrays, user defined types, In-place
Sequence Equal	2	19	✔️	✔️	✔️
Standard Deviation	7	12	✔️	✔️	✔️		Avoids arithmetic overflow exception
Sum	7	214	✔️	✔️	✔️		Numeric arrays. Better in many ways
Swap	4	4			✔️		Generic swap variations
Zero Array Detect	3	13	✔️		✔️		Detect if byte array is all zeroes

* Number of different algorithms
** Number of functions for this algorithm\

Examples

Usage examples are provided in the HPCsharpExamples directory, which has a VisualStudio 2022 solution. Build and run it to see performance gains on your computer or a cloud node. To get the maximum performance make sure to target x64 processor architecture for the Release build in VisualStudio, increasing performance by as much as 50%.

Book

HPCsharp has a book dedicated to Parallel Algorithm implementations within.

Benchmarking

The first time you call a function that is implemented using SIMD/SSE instructions, C# just-in-time (JIT) compiler takes the time to compile and optimize that function, which results in much slower performance. On the second use of the function and on subsequent uses, the SIMD/SSE function will run at its full performance. Keep this behavior of the C# JIT compiler in mind as you use or benchmark HPCsharp functions.

C# Standard Sort and Linq

C# implements two ways to sort arrays: .Sort and Linq.OrderBy. Sort does not support multi-core, whereas Linq.OrderBy does. The following Table shows performance of these two algorithms, for three input data distributions, in Millions of Int32's per second.

Algorithm	Random	Presorted	Constant	Computer
.Sort	11	70	32	1-core of 6-core i7-9750H
.Sort	13	136	78	1-core of Intel i7-12700H
.Sort	9	58	46	1-core of 32-core AMD EPYC
Linq.OrderBy	2.3	6.3	6.3	1-core of Intel i7-12700H
Linq.AsParallel.OrderBy	2.1	6.3	6.3	14-core Intel i7-12700H
Linq.OrderBy	2.3	7.7	8.0	single-core on 14 core Intel Xeon
Linq.AsParallel.OrderBy	1.1	5.5	5.4	single-core on 32 core AMD EPYC

LSD Radix Sort

HPCsharp implements LSD Radix Sort, which is a linear time O(N), stable sorting algorithm. The following table shows performance for three input data distributions, in Millions of UInt32's per second.

Algorithm	Random	Presorted	Constant	Computer
LSD Radix Sort (Parallel)	655	652	692	48-core AWS C7i.24xlarge (Intel)
LSD Radix Sort (Parallel)	716	744	766	48-core AWS C7a.24xlarge (AMD)
LSD Radix Sort (Parallel)	524	538	676	14-core Intel i7-12700H
LSD Radix Sort (Sequential)	127	62	181	1-core of Intel i7-12700H

Several implementations available: serial, partially parallel, and fully parallel. Serial algorithm runs on a single core. Partially parallel algorithm runs the counting/histogram phase of the algorithm in parallel, and the permutation phase serially. Fully parallel algorith runs both phases of the algorithm on multiple cores in parallel.

Radix Sort has been extended to sort user defined classes based on a UInt32 or UInt64 key within the class. Radix Sort is currently using only a single core.

In-Place MSD Radix Sort

Single-core (sequential) in-place MSD Radix Sort provides competitive performance with a truly in-place implementation, which is linear-time. It is not a stable sort, just like Array.Sort. This algorithm supports keys of various data types: unsigned and signed integers (32-bit and 64-bit), floating-point and double.

Algorithm	Random	Presorted	Constant	Data Type	Computer
MSD Radix Sort (in-place)	28	42	333	int	1-core of Intel i7-12700H
MSD Radix Sort (in-place)	19	35	146	long	1-core of Intel i7-12700H
MSD Radix Sort (in-place)	21	33	241	float	1-core of Intel i7-12700H
MSD Radix Sort (in-place)	16	28	120	double	1-core of Intel i7-12700H

Merge Sort

Merge Sort provides a performance boost comparing with Linq.OrderBy when running on a single core, but is not competitive with Array.Sort(). On a single core on variety of machines, sorting an array of Int32's, performance in Millions of Int32's per second is:

Algorithm	Random	Presorted	Constant	Description
HPC# .SortMerge	8	30	27	1-core of Intel i7-12700H
HPC# .SortMerge	5	16	15	1-core of 32-core AMD EPYC

Parallel Merge Sort uses multiple CPU cores to accelerate performance, which scales well with the number of cores and the number of memory channels. C# Array.Sort does not support parallel sorting. On variety of machines, sorting an array of Int32's, performance in Millions of Int32's per second is:

Algorithm	Random	Presorted	Constant	Description
HPC# .SortMergePar	136	659	451	14-core Intel i7-12700H
HPC# .SortMergePar	272	875	736	48-core AWS C7a.24xlarge (AMD)
HPC# .SortMergePar	293	893	760	32-core AMD EPYC
HPC# .SortMergePar	397	915	754	48-core Intel Xeon 8275CL

HPCsharp's Parallel Merge Sort is not stable, just like Array.Sort. The version benchmarked above is the not-in-place one. Faster than Array.Sort and List.Sort across all distributions, and substantially faster than Linq.OrderBy and Linq.OrderBy.AsParallel, which doesn't scale well as the number of cores increases. HPCsharp's Parallel Merge Sort scales very well with the number of cores, for all distributions providing higher performance than Array.Sort() and Linq.OrderBy and Linq.OrderBy.AsParallel.

Better Sum in Many Ways

HPCsharp improves .Sum() of numeric arrays in the following ways:

• Adds support for the missing signed integer data types: sbyte and short
• Adds support for all unsigned integer data types: byte, ushort, uint, and ulong
• Simplified use: no arithmetic overflow exceptions to deal with, for all integer data types
• SIMD/SSE implementations for all integer and floating-point data types, to boost performance several times per processor core, as well as multi-core to use all the cores
• Adds support for BigInteger: single-core and multi-core
• New checked SIMD/SSE addition in C#, unsigned and signed, for much higher performance
• Extended precision ulong[] and long[] summation for a full precision to a Decimal and BigInteger result, using integer computation only: SIMD/SSE, single-core and multi-core
• Reduced error from O(eN) downto O(elgN) for float and double arrays by performing pair-wise summation
• Reduced error further down to O(e) by implementing Kahan summation for float and double arrays, with slight performance reduction, implemented in SIMD/SSE and multi-core
• GigaAdds/sec performance for all processor native data types

The table below compares performance (in GigaAdds/second) of Linq.AsParallel().Sum() and HPCsharp.SumSsePar() - both use multi-core (6 or 14 of them), with HPCsharp also using SIMD/SSE data parallel instructions on each core to gain additional performance:

Library	sbyte	byte	short	ushort	int	uint	long	ulong	Details
array.Sum()	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	1.5*	n/a	1.7*	n/a	using 6 cores
array.Sum(v => (long)v)	0.72	0.76	0.75	0.76	0.7	0.7			using 6 cores
array.Sum(v => (decimal)v)						0.35	0.31	0.29	using 6 cores
Parallel.ForEach((long)v)	5.9		10.9		10.7				using 6 cores, HPC# includes
Parallel.ForEach((long)v)		1.0			0.7				Raspberry Pi 4, 4-core ARM
HPC# (6-core)	33	33	17	17	8.4	8.4	3.7	4	using 6 cores, 2 memory channels
HPC# (6-core)	26	26	13		3.6				using 2 cores
HPC# (14-core)	63	63	16	22	14	14	3.2	7.1	4 memory channels
HPC# (32-core)	100								AMD EPYC 7502P w/ 8-channel DDR4 3200

* arithmetic overflow exception is possible
n/a not available

Library	float	floatToDouble	double	decimal	BigInteger
array.Sum()	1.8		2.1	0.38	0.016**
array.Sum(v => (double)v)		0.66
HPC#	8.3	7.9	4.2	0.5	0.075
HPC# pair-wise *	8.3	7.9	4.2
HPC# Kahan	6.7	5.9	3.6

** Linq doesn't implement BigInteger.Sum(), used .Aggregate() instead, which doesn't speed-up with .AsParallel()
* HPCsharp implements pair-wise floating-point parallel (multi-core) by default, since it uses divide-and-conquer algorithm for multi-core implementation.

All HPCsharp integer summations (unsigned and signed) including long[] and ulong[] arrays, do not throw overflow exceptions, while producing a perfectly accurate result. This simplifies usage, while providing high performance.

HPCsharp ulong[] array summation implements a full accuracy algorithm using integer only arithmetic to provide maximum performance. It detects and deals with arithmetic overflow internally, without using exceptions, using integer only computation. HPCsharp also uses SIMD/SSE data parallel instructions to get maximum performance out of each core, and uses multi-core to run even faster.

For more details, see several blogs on various aspects:

• Better C# .Sum() in Many Ways
• Better C# .Sum() in More Ways
• Faster Checked Addition in C#
• Faster Checked Addition in C# (Part 2)
• Checked SIMD/SSE Addition in C#
• Video of Checked SIMD/SSE/multi-core Addition in C#

Standard Deviation

Accelerated and safer implementation of standard deviation for integer type arrays, float and double arrays. Accelerated by using multi-core and SSE data parallel instructions. Avoids arithmetic overflow exceptions for integer data types, using the same methods as HPCsharp's .Sum(). The following benchmarks ran on 6-core i7-9750H processor:

Library	intToLong	longToDecimal	ulongToDecimal	float	floatToDouble	double
Linq	0.33	0.21	0.2	0.48	0.47	0.48
HPC#	3.3	1.9	2.0	4.0	3.8	2.0

The above benchmarks of Linq code were implemented in the following way:

intArray.Average(v => (long)v); // intToLong
or
longArray.Average(v => (decimal)v); // longToDecimal

to ensure that no arithmetic overflow exception is possible, to make a fair comparison to HPCsharp implementations.

The following benchmarks ran on 14-core Xeon W-2175 processor:

Library	intToLong	longToDecimal	ulongToDecimal	float	floatToDouble	double
Linq	0.44	0.29	0.26	0.6	0.5	0.5
HPC#	4.9	2.2	3.6	6.5	5.9	3.7

https://duvanenko.tech.blog/2020/03/22/parallel-standard-deviation/

Mean Absolute Deviation

Another useful measure of variability within a dataset is Mean Absolute Deviation. It is related to standard deviation, using absolute value of the difference between the average value of the data set and-Conquer each data value, eliminating warping of the data.

https://duvanenko.tech.blog/2020/03/22/how-standard-deviation-measures-warped-data/

Divide-and-Conquer

Provides parallel and serial generic functions, which support multi-core and single-core divide-and-conquer algorithm. Two versions are provided: single data type and two types.

For more details, see blog:

• Divide-and-Conquer

Merge

O(N) linear-time generic merge algorithms for arrays and list containers. Merges two pre-sorted arrays or lists, of any data type that defines IComparer. Two not-in-place algorithms: comparison at the heads, and divide-and-conquer. Parallel Merge algorithm, using divide-and-conquer, merges two presorted collections using multiple cores. Used by Parallel Merge Sort. See example solution for working code samples.

Insertion Sort

Insertion Sort, which is O(N²), and useful for fast in-place sorting of very small collections, due to its cache-friendliness. Generic implemenation for Array and List containers. Used by Parallel Merge Sort and MSD Radix Sort for the base case.

Add

Two algorithms for adding two arrays together:

• c[] = a[] + b[]
• a[] += b[]

The second algorithm is about 70% faster than the first. So far, both algorithms are implemented for int[] only, but other data types can be easily added. Both algorithms are implemented in scalar, data-parallel SIMD/SSE on a single core, and multi-core. Both run up to the memory bandwidth limit.

Binary Search

Generic implementation of the binary search algorithm, for Array and List containers. Used by the scalar and parallel divide-and-conquer Merge algorithms.

Min and Max

Algorithm	Collection	vs Linq	Parallel vs Linq
SequenceEqual	Array, List	4X faster	up to 11X faster
Min	Array	14-26X faster	4-7X faster
Max	Array	1.5X faster

.Min() is implemented using SIMD/SSE instructions to run at 4 GigaInts/sec on a single core, and over 5 GigaInts/sec on quad-core.

Block Swap

Three scalar algorithms for in-place swapping two neighboring sub-regions of an array, which do not have to be of equal size:

• Reversal
• Gries and Mills
• Juggle Bentley

See an article for more details (http://www.drdobbs.com/parallel/benchmarking-block-swapping-algorithms/232900395)

Also, several generic version of two element swap.

Zero Array Detect

Detects whether a byte array is zero in every byte. Runs at 17 GBytes/sec on a quad-core laptop, with two memory channels, using a single core. Provides short-circuit, early exit when a non-zero value is detected while scanning the array. Provides scalar, SSE, scalar-unrolled, SSE-unrolled, scalar unrolled multi-core, and SSE unrolled multi-core implementations. Unrolled refers to the loop being unrolled a few times to gain additional performance.

On dual memory channel CPUs, SSE-unrolled is the fastest, using a single core, saturating system memory bandwidth. For systems with more memory channels, SSE unrolled multi-core will most likely have the highest performance.

Parallel Copy

Converting a List to an Array is a common operation:

var listSource = new List<int> { 5, 7, 16, 3 };
int[] arrayDestination1 = listSource.ToArray(); // C# standard conversion
int[] arrayDestination2 = listSource.ToArrayPar(); // HPCsharp parallel/multi-core/faster conversion

The following table shows performance (in Billion Int32's per second) for copy functions:

Machine	ToArray()	AsParallel().ToArray()	Array.Copy()	ToArrayPar()	Memory Channels	Description
6-core i7	0.6	0.1	2.6	2	Returns a new Array
14-core Xeon	0.6	0.6	1.2	4	Returns a new Array

var listSource = new List<int> { 5, 7, 16, 3 };
int[] arrayDestination = new int[4];
listSource.CopyTo(arrayDestination); // C# standard List to Array copy
listSource.CopyToPar(arrayDestination); // HPCsharp parallel/multi-core/faster copy

The following table shows performance (in GigaInt32/sec) for copy functions:

Machine	CopyTo()	CopyToPar()	Paged-in	Memory Channels	Description
6-core i7	0.4	1.3	No	2	Copies to a new Array
6-core i7	2.4	2.9	Yes	2	Copies to an existing Array

var arraySource = new int[4] { 5, 7, 16, 3 };
int[] arrayDestination = new int[4];
arraySource.CopyTo(arrayDestination); // C# standard List to Array copy
arraySource.CopyToPar(arrayDestination); // HPCsharp parallel/multi-core/faster copy

HPCsharp provides parallel (multi-core) versions of List.ToArray() and List.CopyTo() functions, with exactly the same interfaces. Parallel Array.ToArray() and Array.CopyTo() are also available. These parallel functions are 3 times faster when the destination is a new array - i.e. allocated but never touched - a common use case shown in the first source code case above. When a destination array has been used before and has been paged into system memory, these parallel functions are 10-20% faster. These parallel copy functions provide a generic interface, handling any data type.

For more details, seee blog https://duvanenko.tech.blog/2019/08/19/faster-copying-in-c/

Naming Conventions

HPCsharp follows a few simple naming conventions:

• SSE functions append "Sse" to the function name
• multi-core functions append "Par" to the function name
• if the function name clashes with C# Linq name, then "Hpc" is appended to the function name

Blogs and Videos

For details on the motivation see blog: https://duvanenko.tech.blog/2018/03/03/high-performance-c/

For more performance discussion see blog: https://duvanenko.tech.blog/2018/05/23/faster-sorting-in-c/

HPCsharp presentation at the Indianapolis .NET Consortium, March 2019 on https://youtu.be/IRNW4VGevvQ

HPCsharp lighning talk at the Indianapolis .NET Consortium, October 2019 on - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNqE1Ghwbv4

Website for Feature Votes

Visit us at https://foostate.com/ and let us know what other high performance algorithms are important to you, and you'd like to see in this NuGet package.

Encouragement

If you like it, then help us keep more good stuff like this coming. Let us know other algorithms that could use acceleration.