Inject3D

A data augmentation pipeline for LiDAR + camera datasets. Injects random 3D objects from Objaverse into scenes in a geometrically consistent way.

Useful for anomaly detection, data augmentation, and 3D vision research in autonomous driving and robotics.

Note: Generated results should be manually verified before use in training or evaluation.

How It Works

Pipeline Overview

1. Load calibration — Camera intrinsics (K, distortion) and LiDAR-to-camera extrinsics from YAML
2. Setup Blender scene — Virtual camera matching real sensor parameters
3. Import 3D object — Random mesh from Objaverse, scaled to realistic size
4. Place on ground — RANSAC ground plane fitting, snap object to surface
5. Collision/occlusion checks — Reject placements that intersect obstacles or are hidden
6. Render & composite — Blender render with distortion correction, alpha composite onto image
7. Augment point cloud — Sample points from mesh surface, append to LiDAR with anomaly label
8. IoU verification — Align render to projected points, reject if IoU < threshold

Object Placement

The placement algorithm has two modes:

Automatic placement:

1. Fit ground plane to LiDAR points using RANSAC
2. Sample random (x, y) position within configured bounds
3. Query nearby ground points to get local height
4. Place object so its bottom sits on the ground surface
5. Apply random yaw rotation
6. Check for collisions with existing obstacles (KD-tree query)
7. Verify object is visible in camera (not occluded, inside FOV)
8. Retry with different position if checks fail

Manual placement:

• Specify exact (x, y) coordinates in LiDAR frame
• Optionally set z manually or auto-adjust to ground height
• Skips collision/occlusion checks (useful for debugging or specific placements)

Key Parameters

Parameter	Description
--x_range	Distance range in front of sensor (meters)
--y_range	Lateral range (meters)
--clearance	Minimum distance from existing obstacles
--place_tries	Attempts before giving up on placement
--require_inside_frac	Fraction of object that must be in camera FOV
--unoccluded_thresh	Fraction that must be visible (not behind obstacles)
--iou_thresh	Required IoU between render and projected points

Outputs

• aug_image.png — Composited image with injected object
• aug_lidar.bin — Point cloud with object points appended
• aug_lidar.label — Labels with object points marked (default label: 150)

Installation

Local Setup

1. Install Blender (version 3.6.5 recommended)

   # Download from https://www.blender.org/download/# Also install via apt for dependencies:
   apt install blender

2. Install Python packages

   pip install -r requirements.txt
   # Inside Blender's Python environment:
   /path/to/blender-3.6.5-linux-x64/3.6/python/bin/python3.10 -m pip install -r requirement_bpy.txt

Docker

1. Download Blender .tar and place in docker/
2. Update Blender version in Dockerfile
3. Build:

   cd docker
   docker build --build-arg USERNAME=$USER -t inject3d:latest .

Calibration

Camera intrinsics and extrinsics in a single YAML file:

camera_intrinsics:
width: 1920height: 1200distortion_model: plumb_bob # or: equidistantK: [fx, 0, cx, 0, fy, cy, 0, 0, 1]D: [k1, k2, p1, p2, k3]P: [fxp, 0, cxp, 0, 0, fyp, cyp, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]static_transforms:
- parent: os_sensorchild: camera_frametranslation: {x: tx, y: ty, z: tz}rotation: {x: qx, y: qy, z: qz, w: qw}

See input/STU_dataset/calib.yaml for a complete example.

Coordinate convention: LiDAR frame is +X forward, +Y left, +Z up.

Usage

Single Frame

blender -b -P main.py -- \
--calib input/STU_dataset/calib.yaml \
--image input/STU_dataset/000000.png \
--lidar input/STU_dataset/000000.bin \
--labels input/STU_dataset/000000.label \
--outdir out/000000

Batch Processing

The augment_dataset.sh script processes entire sequences.

KITTI Dataset

# All sequences (00-21)
./augment_dataset.sh
# Specific sequences
./augment_dataset.sh "00,01,02"# Range of sequences
./augment_dataset.sh "00-05"

Default paths:

• Input: /mnt/data1/datasets/kitti_odom/dataset/sequences/
• Output: /mnt/data1/datasets/augmented_kitti_odom/
• Calibration: input/KITTI_dataset/KITTI_calibs/calib_XX.yaml

STU Dataset

./augment_dataset.sh --dataset stu --base_dir /path/to/stu --sequence 201

The script auto-detects common STU directory structures. If needed, specify the path explicitly:

./augment_dataset.sh --dataset stu --base_dir /path/to/stu --sequence 201 \
--lidar_subpath "train_pointcloud"

Frame Selection

# Start from a specific frame
./augment_dataset.sh --dataset stu --base_dir /path --sequence 201 --start_frame 50
# Process only specific frames
./augment_dataset.sh --dataset stu --base_dir /path --sequence 201 --frames "1,3,5,10-15,45"

Manual Object Placement

Override automatic placement with exact coordinates:

# Specify position (auto-adjust height to ground)
./augment_dataset.sh --dataset stu --base_dir /path --sequence 201 \
--manual_x 10.0 --manual_y 1.0 --manual_adjust_to_ground
# Full manual control
./augment_dataset.sh --dataset stu --base_dir /path --sequence 201 \
--manual_x 10.0 --manual_y 1.0 --manual_z 0.5 --manual_yaw 45

Docker Usage

docker run --gpus all --rm -it -v $(pwd):/workspace inject3d:latest bash -lc " cd /workspace blender -b -P main.py -- --calib input/STU_dataset/calib.yaml ..."

Extra Tools

Point Cloud Projection

Visualize LiDAR points projected onto the camera image:

python scripts/project_lidar_on_cam.py \
--lidar out/000000/aug_lidar.bin \
--label out/000000/aug_lidar.label \
--calib input/STU_dataset/calib.yaml \
--image input/STU_dataset/000000.png \
--out projection.png

main.py Arguments

Run blender -b -P main.py -- --help for the full list. Key parameters:

Required:
--calib Calibration YAML file
--image Input image (distorted)
--lidar Input point cloud (.bin)
--labels Input labels (.label)
--outdir Output directory
Placement:
--x_range Forward distance range [min max] (default: 4.0 12.0)
--y_range Lateral range [min max] (default: -2.0 2.0)
--clearance Min distance from obstacles (default: 0.30)
--place_tries Placement attempts (default: 150)
Manual placement:
--manual_x, --manual_y Exact position in LiDAR frame
--manual_z Exact height (optional)
--manual_yaw Rotation in degrees
--manual_adjust_to_ground Auto-adjust Z to ground
Quality:
--iou_thresh Required IoU (default: 0.92)
--iou_max_tries Retries if IoU fails (default: 10)
Object sizing:
--target_size Fixed size in meters (random 0.6-1.5 if not set)
--size_jitter_frac Size variation (default: 0.15)