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<locale>: wrong field extraction for hexfloats, or special cases like inf #1259

Description

@fsb4000

Describe the bug
We don't match strtod / strtof when doing field extraction for hexfloats, or special cases like inf

Command-line test case

C:\Temp>type main.cpp
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#include <sstream>

template<typename Float>
void test()
{
    {
        const char str[] = "0x125p-1 ";
        std::stringstream f(str);
        Float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == 0x125p-1);
        assert (f.good());
    }
    {
        const char str[] =  "inf ";
        std::stringstream f(str);
        Float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == INFINITY);
        assert (f.good());
    }
    {
        const char str[] =  "INF ";
        std::stringstream f(str);
        Float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == INFINITY);
        assert (f.good());
    }
    {
        const char str[] =  "-inf ";
        std::stringstream f(str);
        Float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == -INFINITY);
        assert (f.good());
    }
    {
        const char str[] =  "-INF ";
        std::stringstream f(str);
        Float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == -INFINITY);
        assert (f.good());
    }
    {
        const char str[] =  "nan ";
        std::stringstream f(str);
        Float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (std::isnan(v));
        assert (f.good());
    }
    {
        const char str[] =  "NAN ";
        std::stringstream f(str);
        Float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (std::isnan(v));
        assert (f.good());
    }
}

int main()
{
    test<float>();
    test<double>();
    test<long double>();

    {
        const char str[] =  "3.40283e+39 "; // unrepresentable
        std::stringstream f(str);
        float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == HUGE_VAL);
        assert (f.fail());
    }
    {
        const char str[] = "-3.40283e+38 "; // unrepresentable
        std::stringstream f(str);
        float v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == -HUGE_VAL);
        assert (f.fail());
    }
    {
        const char str[] =  "1.79779e+309 "; // unrepresentable
        std::stringstream f(str);
        double v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == HUGE_VAL);
        assert (f.fail());
    }
    {
        const char str[] =  "-1.79779e+308 "; // unrepresentable
        std::stringstream f(str);
        double v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == -HUGE_VAL);
        assert (f.fail());
    }
    {
        const char str[] = "1.19973e+4933 "; // unrepresentable
        std::stringstream f(str);
        long double v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == HUGE_VAL);
        assert (f.fail());
    }
    {
        const char str[] = "-1.18974e+4932 "; // unrepresentable
        std::stringstream f(str);
        long double v;
        f >> v;
        assert (v == -HUGE_VAL);
        assert (f.fail());
    }
}

C:\Temp>cl /EHsc /W4 /WX /std:c++17 main.cpp
Оптимизирующий компилятор Microsoft (R) C/C++ версии 19.28.29213 для x64
(C) Корпорация Майкрософт (Microsoft Corporation).  Все права защищены.

main.cpp
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 14.28.29213.0
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

/out:main.exe
main.obj

C:\Temp>main
Assertion failed: v == 0x125p-1, file main.cpp, line 13

Expected behavior
All tests should pass.

STL version
Microsoft Visual Studio Community 2019 Preview Version 16.8.0 Preview 2.0

Additional context
Skipped libcxx test

# STL bug: We don't match strtod / strtof when doing field extraction for hexfloats, or special cases like inf
std/localization/locale.categories/category.numeric/locale.num.get/facet.num.get.members/get_double.pass.cpp FAIL
std/localization/locale.categories/category.numeric/locale.num.get/facet.num.get.members/get_float.pass.cpp FAIL
std/localization/locale.categories/category.numeric/locale.num.get/facet.num.get.members/get_long_double.pass.cpp FAIL

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