Arbiter

Arbiter is a compiler-assisted placement system for coherence-sensitive memory objects in tiered memory environments.

The current benchmark workflow is LLVM-only: C/C++ benchmarks are lowered to LLVM IR, an Arbiter LLVM pass plugin reports and rewrites selected allocation sites, and the runtime places selected objects on a configured target memory node such as remote NUMA memory or CXL-like memory.

The earlier MLIR/memref path is retained as a legacy precision/reference path, but it is not used by the current LLVM-only benchmark workflow. See MLIR Legacy Path.

Current Pipeline

C/C++ benchmark
-> clang/clang++ LLVM IR
-> opt -load-pass-plugin ArbiterLLVMPlugin
-> linked binary with Arbiter runtime
-> run with ARBITER_TARGET_NODE

The benchmark workflow uses one experiment pass:

report-sites -> experiment-all-rewrite

report-sites does not modify IR. experiment-all-rewrite rewrites every supported heap and anonymous mmap site, then rewrites the matching free/delete and munmap sites to side-table-aware runtime calls.

Build

Arbiter builds against LLVM 18 by default. The legacy MLIR path is optional.

Required:

• CMake 3.20 or newer
• Ninja
• C++17 compiler, such as clang++
• LLVM 18 development packages
• opt, llvm-link, and FileCheck for LLVM pass checks
• libnuma-dev on Linux for target-node placement
• git-lfs and zstd for the packaged XIndex/YCSB traces
• jemalloc and Intel MKL for XIndex
• MLIR 18 development packages only when building mlir-legacy

On Ubuntu 24.04:

sudo apt install cmake ninja-build make gcc clang-18 llvm-18-dev \
libnuma-dev git-lfs zstd libjemalloc-dev

Install Intel MKL separately, or set MKL_INCLUDE_DIR, MKL_LINK_DIR, and MKL_RUNTIME_DIR when building/running XIndex.

Fresh Clone Benchmark Setup

For a fresh clone of the benchmark branch, use the one-shot setup:

git clone --branch experiment/generic-shared-mutable-placement \
git@github.com:minchurl/arbiter.git
cd arbiter
./scripts/setup-benchmarks.sh

This script:

• pulls Git LFS chunks for the packaged XIndex/YCSB traces
• restores the full raw .dat files under benchmark/xindex/YCSB/xindex_dat
• configures and builds the Arbiter LLVM plugin/runtime in build-llvm18
• builds GUPS native and Arbiter variants
• builds XIndex native and Arbiter variants
• creates short XIndex/YCSB smoke traces from the full data
• runs short native/local smoke checks for both GUPS and XIndex/YCSB

The setup restores about 46GB of raw XIndex/YCSB trace data, so make sure the machine has enough disk space. To skip the smoke checks:

./scripts/setup-benchmarks.sh --no-smoke

Configure and build:

cmake -S . -B build-llvm18 -G Ninja \
-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=/usr/lib/llvm-18/bin/clang \
-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/usr/lib/llvm-18/bin/clang++
cmake --build build-llvm18 --target \
ArbiterLLVMPlugin \
arbiter_runtime \
arbiter-runtime-smoke

Runtime Placement

Selected LLVM allocation sites lower to runtime calls such as:

arbiter_alloc_site(size, align, site_id, flags);
arbiter_calloc_site(count, elem_size, align, site_id, flags);
arbiter_mmap_site(size, prot, mmap_flags, site_id, flags);

The runtime tracks selected allocations in an internal side table so rewritten deallocation calls can safely handle both Arbiter-managed and ordinary allocations:

arbiter_free_maybe(ptr);
arbiter_cxx_delete_maybe(ptr);
arbiter_cxx_delete_array_maybe(ptr);
arbiter_munmap_maybe(ptr, size);

The LLVM site-aware runtime does not call the header-based MLIR arbiter_alloc ABI. It allocates from the selected backend directly and uses the side table as the source of truth for *_maybe deallocation. Heap-site alignment is not enforced in this first LLVM path; the align argument is reserved for future aligned allocation support.

Set the target memory node with ARBITER_TARGET_NODE.

numactl --membind='!x' \
env ARBITER_TARGET_NODE=x \
./program

If ARBITER_TARGET_NODE is unset or node allocation is unavailable, the runtime falls back to host allocation for local checks.

Benchmark Workflow

The recommended fresh-clone path is:

./scripts/setup-benchmarks.sh

If you already have a local Niagara workload checkout, import the full XIndex/YCSB traces from it:

./scripts/import-niagara-workloads.sh --mode copy

For GitHub-friendly storage of the large traces, install Git LFS and package the imported data into compressed chunks:

git lfs install
./scripts/package-xindex-ycsb-data.sh

Fresh clones can restore the raw .dat files with:

git lfs pull
./scripts/restore-xindex-ycsb-data.sh

Create short smoke traces from the full data:

./scripts/prepare-xindex-ycsb-smoke-data.sh

Collect allocation and mmap sites:

./scripts/collect-allocation-sites.sh path/to/input.bc

Build benchmark variants:

./scripts/build-gups-llvm.sh
./scripts/build-xindex-llvm.sh

Run native, instrumented-local, and instrumented-remote configurations:

./scripts/run-gups-arbiter.sh native
./scripts/run-gups-arbiter.sh local
ARBITER_TARGET_NODE=<node> ./scripts/run-gups-arbiter.sh remote
./scripts/run-xindex-arbiter.sh native
./scripts/run-xindex-arbiter.sh local
ARBITER_TARGET_NODE=<node> ./scripts/run-xindex-arbiter.sh remote

The first supported benchmarks are:

• GUPS: primary data region is anonymous mmap, so mmap rewriting is required.
• XIndex/YCSB: primary index structures are C++ heap objects, so C++ allocation ABI rewriting is required.

Generic Placement Experiment

After ./scripts/setup-benchmarks.sh, run the generic placement experiment from the repository root in a separate tmux session:

tmux new-session -d -s arbiter-generic-exp -c "$(pwd)" \
'mkdir -p build/arbiter-bench/generic-placement-experiment && REPEATS=3 ./scripts/run-generic-placement-experiment.sh 2>&1 | tee build/arbiter-bench/generic-placement-experiment/driver.log'
tmux attach -t arbiter-generic-exp

Results are written under:

build/arbiter-bench/generic-placement-experiment

The main files are runs.csv, summary.csv, and summary.md. See Generic Placement Experiment.

For the first XIndex/YCSB remote-placement run, prefer the protected scaled experiment. It creates smaller canonical trace files from the full data and runs inside a user systemd memory scope so an OOM does not take unrelated services with it:

tmux new-session -d -s arbiter-scale-exp -c "$(pwd)" \
'./scripts/run-protected-scaled-xindex-experiment.sh 2>&1 | tee build/arbiter-bench/generic-placement-scale-100000-400000/driver.log'
tmux attach -t arbiter-scale-exp

Useful scaling knobs:

XINDEX_SCALE_LOAD_RECORDS=1000000 \
XINDEX_SCALE_TX_OPS=4000000 \
MEMORY_MAX=96G \
REPEATS=3 \
./scripts/run-protected-scaled-xindex-experiment.sh

The protected scaled run writes runs.csv, summary.csv, summary.md, and report.md under build/arbiter-bench/generic-placement-scale-<load>-<tx>.

MLIR Legacy Path

The MLIR tool remains available for memref-level experiments when explicitly enabled:

cmake -S . -B build-llvm18-mlir -G Ninja \
-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=/usr/lib/llvm-18/bin/clang \
-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/usr/lib/llvm-18/bin/clang++ \
-DARBITER_ENABLE_MLIR_LEGACY=ON \
-DMLIR_DIR=/usr/lib/llvm-18/lib/cmake/mlir
cmake --build build-llvm18-mlir --target arbiter-opt arbiter_runtime_mlir_legacy
ARBITER_BUILD_DIR=build-llvm18-mlir ./scripts/smoke-mlir-legacy.sh

This path is useful for precise object-boundary analysis, but it is not the main benchmark path.

Docs

• Overview
• LLVM-Only Design
• Benchmark Plan
• Benchmark Data
• Generic Placement Experiment
• Experiment Results
• Shared-Mutable Pattern Placement
• Lock-Touch Page Migration
• MLIR Legacy Path