url: create URLSearchParams collision map lazily

[RomainLanz]

Note

AI assistance was used to investigate this change and draft parts of the
implementation, tests, benchmarks, and PR description. I reviewed and
verified the final changes and benchmark results.

Hey! 👋

new URLSearchParams(record) currently creates and updates a SafeMap for every record.

Most property names do not need this map. JavaScript object keys are already unique, so no collision is possible while toUSVString(key) leaves the key unchanged.

A map is only needed when a property name contains malformed UTF-16. toUSVString() replaces the invalid part with � (U+FFFD), which can make two different property names identical:

'\uFFFDx'// remains '\uFFFDx''\uD835x'// becomes '\uFFFDx'

This change appends entries directly while keys remain unchanged. When the first key changes during conversion, it creates the SafeMap, adds the entries already processed, and continues with the existing collision handling. The later value still replaces the earlier one without changing its position.

A test covers a collision occurring after regular keys have already been processed.

Benchmark

Node v27.0.0-pre, V8 14.6.202.34-node.29, 15 runs with 4 million constructions per run:

node benchmark/compare.js \ --old ./node-before \ --new ./node-after \ --runs 15 \ --filter url-searchparams-creation \ --set inputType=object \ --set type=noencode \ --set type=multiprimitives \ --set type=array \ --set n=4000000 \ url

Input	Before	After	Improvement
String values	2.925M ops/s	3.270M ops/s	+11.80%
Mixed primitive values	2.840M ops/s	3.093M ops/s	+8.89%
Array values	2.055M ops/s	2.250M ops/s	+9.50%

For ten-property records, a separate GC diagnostic measured:

• allocated memory: 3,016.5 → 2,076.1 bytes/op (-31.2%)
• scavenges: 724 → 498 (-31.2%)
• cumulative GC pause: 32.29 → 22.50 ms (-30.3%)

A conversion-heavy TCP loopback benchmark improved from 857k to 1.14M frames/s (+33%). This only demonstrates the cumulative effect when URLSearchParams construction is hot; it is not a general TCP performance claim.

The malformed-key fallback measured 544.4 → 550.9 ns/op, around 1.2% slower and within the observed noise. This rare path now pays for creating and backfilling the map.

Tests

The focused constructor test, the URLSearchParams fast-path test, and the URL
WPT suite pass.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/url

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 90.13%. Comparing base (1e9fd95) to head (2fb7b16).
⚠️ Report is 8 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@ Coverage Diff @@## main #65801 +/- ##
==========================================
- Coverage 90.17% 90.13% -0.04% 
==========================================
Files 769 769 Lines 261448 261638 +190 Branches 49674 49673 -1 ==========================================
+ Hits 235759 235831 +72 - Misses 16736 16812 +76 - Partials 8953 8995 +42 

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/internal/url.js	93.31% <100.00%> (+0.04%)	⬆️

... and 39 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.
• 📦 JS Bundle Analysis: Save yourself from yourself by tracking and limiting bundle sizes in JS merges.