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Rust DOS (Creating a DOS executable with Rust)

It is possible to create a DOS executable or 1st stage bootloader with Rust.
This is a quick demo of creating COM executable for DOS.

Building

You need a binutils and llvm-tools-preview.

cargo install cargo-binutils
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview

Then you can build the project by running:

cargo build --release

To create a COM executable for DOS, run:

cargo objcopy --release -- -O binary --binary-architecture=i386:x86 rust_dos.com

Running

QEMU

You can copy rust_dos.com to your DOS image.

examples on Linux

$ sudo partx -av freedos.img
partition: none, disk: freedos.img, lower: 0, upper: 0
Trying to use '/dev/loop1'for the loop device
/dev/loop1: partition table type'dos' detected
range recount: max partno=1, lower=0, upper=0
/dev/loop1: partition #1 added
$ sudo mount /dev/loop1p1 /mnt
$ sudo cp rust_dos.com /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo partx -dv /dev/loop1

Then, you can test it using QEMU:

qemu-system-i386 freedos.img -boot c

You can use the println! macro. Below is an example of HelloWorld:

sample

DOSBox

First install DOSBox. Some examples if you like using package managers:

Debian / Ubuntu

sudo apt install dosbox

macOS (Homebrew)

brew install dosbox

Windows (Chocolatey)

choco install dosbox

Once installed, you can launch DOSBox and give it the path to your executable. For example, you can just give it the current working directory like the following:

dosbox .

And this will open DOSBox and have the "C:" drive be the current working directory. It's usually good to do this from another console so you don't have to close DOSBox every time you want to compile your application again.

Others

dpkey module steals key input processing from DOS and converts scan code to ascii code.
about scan code: see PS/2 Keyboard - OSDev Wiki.

sample2

Tests

To run the tests suite, you can type on your DOS emulator:

rust_dos.com test

About

Rust DOS : Creating a DOS executable with Rust

Resources

Readme
MIT license
Activity

Stars

198 stars

Watchers

5 watching

Forks

16 forks
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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Add copy buttons to all 
 blocks\n(function() {\n function addCopyButtons() {\n document.querySelectorAll('pre code').forEach(function(codeBlock) {\n if (codeBlock.parentElement.hasAttribute('data-copy-added')) return;\n codeBlock.parentElement.setAttribute('data-copy-added', 'true');\n \n var btn = document.createElement('button');\n btn.textContent = 'Copy';\n btn.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;top:4px;right:4px;padding:2px 8px;font-size:11px;background:#4ecdc4;border:none;border-radius:4px;color:#1a1a2e;cursor:pointer;opacity:0.7;transition:opacity 0.2s;';\n btn.onmouseover = function() { this.style.opacity = '1'; };\n btn.onmouseout = function() { this.style.opacity = '0.7'; };\n btn.onclick = function() {\n navigator.clipboard.writeText(codeBlock.textContent).then(function() {\n btn.textContent = 'Copied!';\n setTimeout(function() { btn.textContent = 'Copy'; }, 1500);\n });\n };\n codeBlock.parentElement.style.position = 'relative';\n codeBlock.parentElement.appendChild(btn);\n });\n }\n \n addCopyButtons();\n \n // Re-run on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(addCopyButtons);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "github.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "github\\.com" + '

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Rust DOS (Creating a DOS executable with Rust)
It is possible to create a DOS executable or 1st stage bootloader with Rust.

This is a quick demo of creating COM executable for DOS.
Building
You need a binutils and llvm-tools-preview.
cargo install cargo-binutils
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
Then you can build the project by running:
cargo build --release
To create a COM executable for DOS, run:
cargo objcopy --release -- -O binary --binary-architecture=i386:x86 rust_dos.com
Running
QEMU
You can copy rust_dos.com to your DOS image.
examples on Linux
$ sudo partx -av freedos.img
partition: none, disk: freedos.img, lower: 0, upper: 0
Trying to use '/dev/loop1'for the loop device
/dev/loop1: partition table type'dos' detected
range recount: max partno=1, lower=0, upper=0
/dev/loop1: partition #1 added
$ sudo mount /dev/loop1p1 /mnt
$ sudo cp rust_dos.com /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo partx -dv /dev/loop1
Then, you can test it using QEMU:
qemu-system-i386 freedos.img -boot c
You can use the println! macro.
Below is an example of HelloWorld:
sample
DOSBox
First install DOSBox. Some examples if you like using package managers:
Debian / Ubuntu
sudo apt install dosbox

macOS (Homebrew)
brew install dosbox

Windows (Chocolatey)
choco install dosbox

Once installed, you can launch DOSBox and give it the path to your executable. For example, you can just give it the current working directory like the following:
dosbox .

And this will open DOSBox and have the "C:" drive be the current working directory. It's usually good to do this from another console so you don't have to close DOSBox every time you want to compile your application again.
Others
dpkey module steals key input processing from DOS and converts scan code to ascii code.

about scan code: see PS/2 Keyboard - OSDev Wiki.
sample2
Tests
To run the tests suite, you can type on your DOS emulator:
rust_dos.com test
About
Rust DOS : Creating a DOS executable with Rust 
Resources
Readme
MIT license
Activity
Stars
198 stars
Watchers
5 watching
Forks
16 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode\n(function() {\n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '\n .markdown-body {\n color-scheme: dark light;\n }\n .markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; }\n .markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; }\n .markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; }\n .markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; }\n .markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; }\n .markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; }\n ';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n})();", "GitHub Dark Mode README Fix");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Rust DOS (Creating a DOS executable with Rust)
It is possible to create a DOS executable or 1st stage bootloader with Rust.

This is a quick demo of creating COM executable for DOS.
Building
You need a binutils and llvm-tools-preview.
cargo install cargo-binutils
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
Then you can build the project by running:
cargo build --release
To create a COM executable for DOS, run:
cargo objcopy --release -- -O binary --binary-architecture=i386:x86 rust_dos.com
Running
QEMU
You can copy rust_dos.com to your DOS image.
examples on Linux
$ sudo partx -av freedos.img
partition: none, disk: freedos.img, lower: 0, upper: 0
Trying to use '/dev/loop1'for the loop device
/dev/loop1: partition table type'dos' detected
range recount: max partno=1, lower=0, upper=0
/dev/loop1: partition #1 added
$ sudo mount /dev/loop1p1 /mnt
$ sudo cp rust_dos.com /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo partx -dv /dev/loop1
Then, you can test it using QEMU:
qemu-system-i386 freedos.img -boot c
You can use the println! macro.
Below is an example of HelloWorld:
sample
DOSBox
First install DOSBox. Some examples if you like using package managers:
Debian / Ubuntu
sudo apt install dosbox

macOS (Homebrew)
brew install dosbox

Windows (Chocolatey)
choco install dosbox

Once installed, you can launch DOSBox and give it the path to your executable. For example, you can just give it the current working directory like the following:
dosbox .

And this will open DOSBox and have the "C:" drive be the current working directory. It's usually good to do this from another console so you don't have to close DOSBox every time you want to compile your application again.
Others
dpkey module steals key input processing from DOS and converts scan code to ascii code.

about scan code: see PS/2 Keyboard - OSDev Wiki.
sample2
Tests
To run the tests suite, you can type on your DOS emulator:
rust_dos.com test
About
Rust DOS : Creating a DOS executable with Rust 
Resources
Readme
MIT license
Activity
Stars
198 stars
Watchers
5 watching
Forks
16 forks
Report repository
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Used by
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, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer\n(function() {\n var ref = document.referrer;\n var terms = [];\n \n if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) {\n var url = new URL(ref);\n var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p');\n if (q) {\n terms = q.split(/\\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; });\n }\n }\n \n if (terms.length === 0) return;\n \n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n \n function highlight(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 3) { // text node\n var text = node.textContent;\n var found = false;\n terms.forEach(function(term) {\n var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\\]\\\\]/g, '\\\\') + ')', 'gi');\n if (regex.test(text)) {\n found = true;\n var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();\n var parts = text.split(regex);\n parts.forEach(function(part, i) {\n if (i % 2 === 0) {\n frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part));\n } else {\n var span = document.createElement('span');\n span.className = 'userscript-highlight';\n span.textContent = part;\n frag.appendChild(span);\n }\n });\n node.parentNode.replaceChild(frag, node);\n }\n });\n } else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element\n var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT'];\n if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) {\n Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight);\n }\n }\n }\n \n highlight(document.body);\n \n // Re-highlight on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node);\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Highlight Search Terms");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Rust DOS (Creating a DOS executable with Rust)
It is possible to create a DOS executable or 1st stage bootloader with Rust.

This is a quick demo of creating COM executable for DOS.
Building
You need a binutils and llvm-tools-preview.
cargo install cargo-binutils
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
Then you can build the project by running:
cargo build --release
To create a COM executable for DOS, run:
cargo objcopy --release -- -O binary --binary-architecture=i386:x86 rust_dos.com
Running
QEMU
You can copy rust_dos.com to your DOS image.
examples on Linux
$ sudo partx -av freedos.img
partition: none, disk: freedos.img, lower: 0, upper: 0
Trying to use '/dev/loop1'for the loop device
/dev/loop1: partition table type'dos' detected
range recount: max partno=1, lower=0, upper=0
/dev/loop1: partition #1 added
$ sudo mount /dev/loop1p1 /mnt
$ sudo cp rust_dos.com /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo partx -dv /dev/loop1
Then, you can test it using QEMU:
qemu-system-i386 freedos.img -boot c
You can use the println! macro.
Below is an example of HelloWorld:
sample
DOSBox
First install DOSBox. Some examples if you like using package managers:
Debian / Ubuntu
sudo apt install dosbox

macOS (Homebrew)
brew install dosbox

Windows (Chocolatey)
choco install dosbox

Once installed, you can launch DOSBox and give it the path to your executable. For example, you can just give it the current working directory like the following:
dosbox .

And this will open DOSBox and have the "C:" drive be the current working directory. It's usually good to do this from another console so you don't have to close DOSBox every time you want to compile your application again.
Others
dpkey module steals key input processing from DOS and converts scan code to ascii code.

about scan code: see PS/2 Keyboard - OSDev Wiki.
sample2
Tests
To run the tests suite, you can type on your DOS emulator:
rust_dos.com test
About
Rust DOS : Creating a DOS executable with Rust 
Resources
Readme
MIT license
Activity
Stars
198 stars
Watchers
5 watching
Forks
16 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page\n(function() {\n var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',\n 'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',\n 'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];\n \n function cleanUrl(url) {\n try {\n var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);\n var changed = false;\n trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {\n if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {\n u.searchParams.delete(p);\n changed = true;\n }\n });\n return changed ? u.toString() : url;\n } catch (e) {\n return url;\n }\n }\n \n function cleanLinks() {\n document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n \n cleanLinks();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1) {\n if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();\n node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Remove Tracking Parameters from Links");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "youtube.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Rust DOS (Creating a DOS executable with Rust)
It is possible to create a DOS executable or 1st stage bootloader with Rust.

This is a quick demo of creating COM executable for DOS.
Building
You need a binutils and llvm-tools-preview.
cargo install cargo-binutils
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
Then you can build the project by running:
cargo build --release
To create a COM executable for DOS, run:
cargo objcopy --release -- -O binary --binary-architecture=i386:x86 rust_dos.com
Running
QEMU
You can copy rust_dos.com to your DOS image.
examples on Linux
$ sudo partx -av freedos.img
partition: none, disk: freedos.img, lower: 0, upper: 0
Trying to use '/dev/loop1'for the loop device
/dev/loop1: partition table type'dos' detected
range recount: max partno=1, lower=0, upper=0
/dev/loop1: partition #1 added
$ sudo mount /dev/loop1p1 /mnt
$ sudo cp rust_dos.com /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo partx -dv /dev/loop1
Then, you can test it using QEMU:
qemu-system-i386 freedos.img -boot c
You can use the println! macro.
Below is an example of HelloWorld:
sample
DOSBox
First install DOSBox. Some examples if you like using package managers:
Debian / Ubuntu
sudo apt install dosbox

macOS (Homebrew)
brew install dosbox

Windows (Chocolatey)
choco install dosbox

Once installed, you can launch DOSBox and give it the path to your executable. For example, you can just give it the current working directory like the following:
dosbox .

And this will open DOSBox and have the "C:" drive be the current working directory. It's usually good to do this from another console so you don't have to close DOSBox every time you want to compile your application again.
Others
dpkey module steals key input processing from DOS and converts scan code to ascii code.

about scan code: see PS/2 Keyboard - OSDev Wiki.
sample2
Tests
To run the tests suite, you can type on your DOS emulator:
rust_dos.com test
About
Rust DOS : Creating a DOS executable with Rust 
Resources
Readme
MIT license
Activity
Stars
198 stars
Watchers
5 watching
Forks
16 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube\n(function() {\n function tryTheater() {\n var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label=\"Theater mode\"], ytd-player #player button[title=\"Theater mode\"]');\n if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {\n btn.click();\n }\n }\n \n // Try immediately\n tryTheater();\n \n // Try after navigation (SPA)\n var lastUrl = location.href;\n setInterval(function() {\n if (location.href !== lastUrl) {\n lastUrl = location.href;\n setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);\n }\n }, 1000);\n \n // Also try on player load\n var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "YouTube Theater Mode Default");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Rust DOS (Creating a DOS executable with Rust)
It is possible to create a DOS executable or 1st stage bootloader with Rust.

This is a quick demo of creating COM executable for DOS.
Building
You need a binutils and llvm-tools-preview.
cargo install cargo-binutils
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
Then you can build the project by running:
cargo build --release
To create a COM executable for DOS, run:
cargo objcopy --release -- -O binary --binary-architecture=i386:x86 rust_dos.com
Running
QEMU
You can copy rust_dos.com to your DOS image.
examples on Linux
$ sudo partx -av freedos.img
partition: none, disk: freedos.img, lower: 0, upper: 0
Trying to use '/dev/loop1'for the loop device
/dev/loop1: partition table type'dos' detected
range recount: max partno=1, lower=0, upper=0
/dev/loop1: partition #1 added
$ sudo mount /dev/loop1p1 /mnt
$ sudo cp rust_dos.com /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo partx -dv /dev/loop1
Then, you can test it using QEMU:
qemu-system-i386 freedos.img -boot c
You can use the println! macro.
Below is an example of HelloWorld:
sample
DOSBox
First install DOSBox. Some examples if you like using package managers:
Debian / Ubuntu
sudo apt install dosbox

macOS (Homebrew)
brew install dosbox

Windows (Chocolatey)
choco install dosbox

Once installed, you can launch DOSBox and give it the path to your executable. For example, you can just give it the current working directory like the following:
dosbox .

And this will open DOSBox and have the "C:" drive be the current working directory. It's usually good to do this from another console so you don't have to close DOSBox every time you want to compile your application again.
Others
dpkey module steals key input processing from DOS and converts scan code to ascii code.

about scan code: see PS/2 Keyboard - OSDev Wiki.
sample2
Tests
To run the tests suite, you can type on your DOS emulator:
rust_dos.com test
About
Rust DOS : Creating a DOS executable with Rust 
Resources
Readme
MIT license
Activity
Stars
198 stars
Watchers
5 watching
Forks
16 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Remove or un-stick sticky/fixed headers that block content\n(function() {\n function unstick() {\n document.querySelectorAll('header, nav, [role=\"banner\"], .header, .navbar, .sticky, .fixed-top, [style*=\"position: fixed\"], [style*=\"position:sticky\"]').forEach(function(el) {\n if (el.style.position === 'fixed' || el.style.position === 'sticky' || \n getComputedStyle(el).position === 'fixed' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'sticky') {\n el.style.position = 'static';\n el.style.top = 'auto';\n el.style.zIndex = 'auto';\n }\n });\n }\n \n unstick();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(unstick);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style', 'class'] });\n})();", "Kill Sticky Headers");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Kill Sticky Headers]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
Rust DOS (Creating a DOS executable with Rust)
It is possible to create a DOS executable or 1st stage bootloader with Rust.

This is a quick demo of creating COM executable for DOS.
Building
You need a binutils and llvm-tools-preview.
cargo install cargo-binutils
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
Then you can build the project by running:
cargo build --release
To create a COM executable for DOS, run:
cargo objcopy --release -- -O binary --binary-architecture=i386:x86 rust_dos.com
Running
QEMU
You can copy rust_dos.com to your DOS image.
examples on Linux
$ sudo partx -av freedos.img
partition: none, disk: freedos.img, lower: 0, upper: 0
Trying to use '/dev/loop1'for the loop device
/dev/loop1: partition table type'dos' detected
range recount: max partno=1, lower=0, upper=0
/dev/loop1: partition #1 added
$ sudo mount /dev/loop1p1 /mnt
$ sudo cp rust_dos.com /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo partx -dv /dev/loop1
Then, you can test it using QEMU:
qemu-system-i386 freedos.img -boot c
You can use the println! macro.
Below is an example of HelloWorld:
sample
DOSBox
First install DOSBox. Some examples if you like using package managers:
Debian / Ubuntu
sudo apt install dosbox

macOS (Homebrew)
brew install dosbox

Windows (Chocolatey)
choco install dosbox

Once installed, you can launch DOSBox and give it the path to your executable. For example, you can just give it the current working directory like the following:
dosbox .

And this will open DOSBox and have the "C:" drive be the current working directory. It's usually good to do this from another console so you don't have to close DOSBox every time you want to compile your application again.
Others
dpkey module steals key input processing from DOS and converts scan code to ascii code.

about scan code: see PS/2 Keyboard - OSDev Wiki.
sample2
Tests
To run the tests suite, you can type on your DOS emulator:
rust_dos.com test
About
Rust DOS : Creating a DOS executable with Rust 
Resources
Readme
MIT license
Activity
Stars
198 stars
Watchers
5 watching
Forks
16 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site\n(function() {\n var enabled = true;\n \n function applyDarkMode() {\n if (!enabled) return;\n \n // Create style element if it doesn't exist\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (!style) {\n style = document.createElement('style');\n style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n }\n \n // Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video\n style.textContent = '\n /* Invert everything except media */\n html {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #1a1a2e !important;\n }\n \n /* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */\n img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*=\"background-image\"] {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n }\n \n /* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */\n .no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,\n [data-theme=\"light\"], [data-theme=\"light\"],\n .ace_editor, .ace_editor *,\n .CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,\n .monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,\n .markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,\n .highlight, .highlight *,\n pre code, pre code * {\n filter: none !important;\n }\n \n /* Fix common UI elements */\n .modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #2d2d44 !important;\n border-color: #444 !important;\n }\n \n /* Scrollbars */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }\n \n /* Selection */\n ::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ';\n }\n \n function removeDarkMode() {\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (style) style.remove();\n }\n \n // Toggle with Alt+Shift+D\n document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {\n if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {\n e.preventDefault();\n enabled = !enabled;\n if (enabled) {\n applyDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');\n } else {\n removeDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');\n }\n }\n });\n \n // Apply on load\n applyDarkMode();\n \n // Re-apply on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {\n applyDarkMode();\n }\n });\n observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });\n \n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');\n})();", "Universal Dark Mode");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); }
})();
})();

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Rust DOS (Creating a DOS executable with Rust)
It is possible to create a DOS executable or 1st stage bootloader with Rust.

This is a quick demo of creating COM executable for DOS.
Building
You need a binutils and llvm-tools-preview.
cargo install cargo-binutils
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
Then you can build the project by running:
cargo build --release
To create a COM executable for DOS, run:
cargo objcopy --release -- -O binary --binary-architecture=i386:x86 rust_dos.com
Running
QEMU
You can copy rust_dos.com to your DOS image.
examples on Linux
$ sudo partx -av freedos.img
partition: none, disk: freedos.img, lower: 0, upper: 0
Trying to use '/dev/loop1'for the loop device
/dev/loop1: partition table type'dos' detected
range recount: max partno=1, lower=0, upper=0
/dev/loop1: partition #1 added
$ sudo mount /dev/loop1p1 /mnt
$ sudo cp rust_dos.com /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo partx -dv /dev/loop1
Then, you can test it using QEMU:
qemu-system-i386 freedos.img -boot c
You can use the println! macro.
Below is an example of HelloWorld:
sample
DOSBox
First install DOSBox. Some examples if you like using package managers:
Debian / Ubuntu
sudo apt install dosbox

macOS (Homebrew)
brew install dosbox

Windows (Chocolatey)
choco install dosbox

Once installed, you can launch DOSBox and give it the path to your executable. For example, you can just give it the current working directory like the following:
dosbox .

And this will open DOSBox and have the "C:" drive be the current working directory. It's usually good to do this from another console so you don't have to close DOSBox every time you want to compile your application again.
Others
dpkey module steals key input processing from DOS and converts scan code to ascii code.

about scan code: see PS/2 Keyboard - OSDev Wiki.
sample2
Tests
To run the tests suite, you can type on your DOS emulator:
rust_dos.com test
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