Welcome to the world of Parallel Programming in .NET

This repository's main purpose is to demonstrate the various tools that the .NET ecosystem provides us to write code that can run in parallel. Feel free to contribute. :)

Table of Contents

1. Required environment
2. Demo Application
   2.1) Static File server
   2.2) Throttled Downloader library
   2.3) Benchmark tool
3. Instructions for running
   3.1) Benchmark
   3.2) Debug
4. Demonstrated tools
   4.1) Baselines
   4.2) Low level abstractions
   4.3) Mid level abstractions
   4.4) High level abstractions
5. Sample benchmark result
6. .NET Profiling
7. Known missing sample codes

Required environment

• .NET Core 3.0
• Visual Studio 2019

Demo Application

In order to demonstrate the different capabilities, we need a demo application.
In our case this app will be a throttled parallel downloader. The solution contains three projects:

I. - Static File server

It is an ASP.NET Core 3.0 web-application which can serve static files for http clients.
It exposes the files under the Resources folder through the /resources route.
Related project: ThrottledParallelism

II. - Throttled Downloader library

It is a .NET Core 3.0 library, which is exposing a simple API and several implementations of it.

publicinterfaceIGovernedParallelDownloader{TaskDownloadThemAllAsync(IEnumerable<Uri>uris,ProcessResultprocessResult,bytemaxThreads);}

Related project: LogFileServer

III. - Benchmark tool

It is a .NET Core 3.0 console application, which is used to perform micro-benchmarking. It measures execution time, GC cycles, etc.
Related project: RunEverythingInParallel

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NOTE

Please note that this demo is I/O bound.
Which means that using techniques like Task.Run or Parallel.XYZ, which are CPU-bound, does not make too much sense, because they are limited to the number of cores in the machine.
So, please scrutinize the provided examples with this in mind.

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Instructions for running

Benchmark

1. Make sure that Program.cs of the RunEverythingInParallel project look like this:

usingSystem;usingSystem.Threading;usingBenchmarkDotNet.Running;//BenchmarkRunnernamespaceRunEverythingInParallel{classProgram{//Use Release staticvoidMain(string[]args){Thread.Sleep(1000);//Wait for the WebApp to startBenchmarkRunner.Run<ThrottledDownloader>();//Add as many benchmarks as you want to runConsole.ReadLine();}}}

2. Build the solution in Release mode (Set the Optimize node in the csproj to true if it is needed)
3. Hit Ctrl+F5 in Visual Studio
4. If you want to run it without VS (by using the dotnet cli) then run the LogFileServer project prior the RunEverythingInParallel

Debug

1. Make sure that Program.cs of the RunEverythingInParallel project look like this:

usingSystem;usingSystem.Threading;usingThrottledParallelism.Strategies;namespaceRunEverythingInParallel{classProgram{//Use DebugstaticvoidMain(string[]args){Thread.Sleep(1000);//Wait for the WebApp to startvardownloader=newThrottledDownloader();downloader.Setup();downloader.RunExperiment<HighLevel_Foreach_AsParallel>();}}}

2. Build the solution in Debug mode (Set the Optimize node in the csproj to false if it is needed)
3. Hit F5 in Visual Studio
4. Analyze the choosen code by using the Parallel Watch, Parallel Stack and Tasks windows

Demonstrated tools

Baselines

No.	Channel	Synchronizer	Workers via	Throttled by	File
1	IEnumerable	-	main thread	-	Link
2	IEnumerable	Task.WhenAll	Task	-	Link

Low level abstractions

No.	Channel	Synchronizer	Workers via	Throttled by	File
1	BlockingCollection	AsyncCountdownEvent	ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem	Manually (for (i = 0; i < maxThreads; i++))	Link
2	BlockingCollection	CountdownEvent	ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem	Manually (for (i = 0; i < maxThreads; i++))	Link
3	BlockingCollection	Parent Task	Children Tasks	Manually (for (i = 0; i < maxThreads; i++))	Link
4	BlockingCollection	Task.WhenAll	Task	Manually (for (i = 0; i < maxThreads; i++))	Link
5	IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<Uri, Func<Uri, Task>>	Task.WhenAll	Task	Load balancing by MoreLinq's Segment	Link
6	IGrouping<int, Job>	Task.WhenAll	Task	Load balancing by MoreLinq's GroupAdjacent	Link

Mid level abstractions

No.	Channel	Synchronizer	Workers via	Throttled by	File
1	ActionBlock	CancellationTokenSource + Interlocked	Task	ExecutionDataflowBlockOptions	Link
2	ActionBlock + BatchBlock	PropagateCompletion + Completion	Task	ExecutionDataflowBlockOptions	Link
3	BufferBlock	Task.WhenAll + ImmutableList	Task	Manually (for (i = 0; i < maxThreads; i++))	Link
4	Channel	Task.WhenAll	Task	Manually (Enumerable.Range(0, maxThreads -1))	Link

High level abstractions

No.	Channel	Synchronizer	Workers via	Throttled by	File
1	Partitioner	Parallel.Foreach	Task + AsyncHelper.RunSync!!!	ParallelOptions	Link
2	IGrouping<int, Uri>	Parallel.Invoke	Task + AsyncHelper.RunSync!!!	GroupBy (round robin)	Link
3	IGrouping<int, Uri>	Parallel.For +TLS	Task + AsyncHelper.RunSync!!!	GroupBy + Parallel.For	Link
4	ConcurrentQueue	Task.WhenAll	Task	Manually (Enumerable.Range(0, maxThreads -1))	Link
5	IEnumerable	ParallelForEachAsync	Task	ParalellelForEachAsync	Link
6	HashSet	Task.WhenAny	Task	Manually only during initialization	Link
7	IAsyncEnumerable	await last Task	Task	SemaphoreSlim	Link
8	ParallelQuery	Task.WhenAll	Task	WithDegreeOfParallelism	Link
9	ParallelQuery	Custom Awaiter	Task	WithDegreeOfParallelism	Link
10	IEnumerable	Task.WhenAll	Task	SemaphoreSlim	Link
11	IEnumerable	Task.WhenAll	Task	BulkheadAsync	Link

Sample benchmark result

BenchmarkDotNet=v0.11.5
OS=Windows 10.0.17134.1069 (1803/April2018Update/Redstone4)
Intel Core i7-8650U CPU 1.90GHz (Kaby Lake R), 1 CPU, 8 logical and 4 physical cores Frequency=2062501 Hz, Resolution=484.8482 ns .NET Core SDK=3.0.100
Host : .NET Core 3.0.0 (CoreCLR 4.700.19.46205, CoreFX 4.700.19.46214), 64bit RyuJIT
IterationCount=3 RunStrategy=ColdStart

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen 0	Gen 1	Gen 2	Allocated
BaseLine_Sequentially	3.151 s	1.3267 s	0.0727 s	1.00	0.00	377000.0000	47000.0000	38000.0000	1600419.34 KB
BaseLine_EmbarrassinglyParallel	1.055 s	1.8874 s	0.1035 s	0.33	0.03	270000.0000	1000.0000	1000.0000	58.29 KB
CSharp3	1.426 s	0.7124 s	0.0390 s	0.45	0.02	320000.0000	8000.0000	7000.0000	1.98 KB
CSharp5	1.943 s	1.6989 s	0.0931 s	0.62	0.02	383000.0000	4000.0000	4000.0000	4.32 KB
CSharp6	1.318 s	0.6582 s	0.0361 s	0.42	0.00	367000.0000	1000.0000	1000.0000	22.23 KB
CSharp8	1.340 s	1.8518 s	0.1015 s	0.42	0.02	300000.0000	4000.0000	4000.0000	13.41 KB
Bonus	1.999 s	2.2747 s	0.1247 s	0.63	0.04	405000.0000	3000.0000	3000.0000	30.4 KB

.NET Profiling

If you want to deep dive into the execution details, I highly recommend you to use some profiling.
If sampling is enough for you, then I encourage you to use CodeTrack

If tracing is needed, then you can play with the Concurrency Visualizerstep-by-step

Known missing sample codes

• Reactive eXtensions
• ideas are more than welcome