Argument Clinic rollup fixes

[larryhastings]

BPO	20214
Nosy	@birkenfeld, @larryhastings
Files	larry.argument.clinic.misc.fixes.patch.1.txt larry.argument.clinic.misc.fixes.patch.2.txt larry.argument.clinic.misc.fixes.patch.3.txt

^{Note: these values reflect the state of the issue at the time it was migrated and might not reflect the current state.}

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GitHub fields:

assignee = 'https://github.com/larryhastings'
closed_at = <Date 2014-01-13.22:02:55.872>
created_at = <Date 2014-01-10.01:25:38.103>
labels = ['type-bug']
title = 'Argument Clinic rollup fixes'
updated_at = <Date 2014-01-13.22:02:55.871>
user = 'https://github.com/larryhastings'

bugs.python.org fields:

activity = <Date 2014-01-13.22:02:55.871>
actor = 'larry'
assignee = 'larry'
closed = True
closed_date = <Date 2014-01-13.22:02:55.872>
closer = 'larry'
components = []
creation = <Date 2014-01-10.01:25:38.103>
creator = 'larry'
dependencies = []
files = ['33396', '33430', '33432']
hgrepos = []
issue_num = 20214
keywords = []
message_count = 6.0
messages = ['207811', '207961', '207965', '207967', '207977', '207978']
nosy_count = 3.0
nosy_names = ['georg.brandl', 'larry', 'python-dev']
pr_nums = []
priority = 'normal'
resolution = 'fixed'
stage = 'resolved'
status = 'closed'
superseder = None
type = 'behavior'
url = 'https://bugs.python.org/issue20214'
versions = ['Python 3.4']

[larryhastings]

Miscellaneous Argument Clinic fixes:

• Added default value type verification for almost all return converters.
• Added return converters for float, dobule, unsigned long,
  unsigned int, short, and unsigned short.
• Py_buffer converter improvements:
  • Now allow exactly one value as a default value: None.
  • The default value in C only needs two fields initialized.
  • The cleanup call to PyBuffer_Release should be based on
    ".obj", not ".buf".
    As well as a bunch of documentation fixes.

I'd love a review, but I'm pretty confident it's all okay so I may just check it in. (The only code changes are in clinic.py so it's not going to break the world.)

[larryhastings]

Freshened patch,

[larryhastings]

Also adding the one-byte fix from bpo-20201 to the rollup patch here. (Not bothering to upload a fresh patch because it is literally one byte, fixing a misspelled variable name.)

[larryhastings]

I goofed, I do have some additional fixes. Here's everything.

Changes since patch #1:

• Added 'converter' argument to 'object' converter.
• Fixed misspelled variable name (see bpo-20201).
• Several documentation updates.

[larryhastings]

Third patch, with these new features:

• Relaxed rules regarding c_default and py_default; they can now be
  used even when no default value is supplied.
• Added bool return converter.
• Made one fail() call easier to read, through the power of str.format().
• More doc updates and fixes.

[python-dev]

New changeset 3eee3967d03f by Larry Hastings in branch 'default':
Issue bpo-20214: Fixed a number of small issues and documentation errors in
http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/3eee3967d03f