Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries#21849

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries #21849

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8167cb1
Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared li…
msluszniak Aug 14, 2026
24d05ae
lint: apply cmake-format to extension/android/CMakeLists.txt
msluszniak Aug 18, 2026
69a5f51
Export the backend registry when a backend is built as its own .so
msluszniak Sep 1, 2026
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96 changes: 83 additions & 13 deletions extension/android/CMakeLists.txt
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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -115,25 +115,83 @@ if(TARGET qnn_executorch_backend)
list(APPEND link_libraries qnn_executorch_backend)
endif()

# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED emit a backend as its own .so so a
# consumer can drop the ones it does not use. A split backend still links
# executorch_core statically, so it carries a second copy of the backend
# registry (registered_backends[] in runtime/backend/interface.cpp).
# Registration reaches the runtime's copy only through PLT interposition: the
# register_backend call in the backend .so is a JUMP_SLOT relocation, so the
# dynamic linker binds it to the first definition in the global lookup scope.
# Two things have to hold for that to be this library's copy:
#
# * libexecutorch_jni.so has to export register_backend. The default version
# script hides everything but JNI_OnLoad/Java_*, so jni/version_script.txt is
# swapped for jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt below whenever a backend
# is split out.
# * The consumer has to load libexecutorch_jni.so ahead of the backend .so in
# the same lookup scope. Naming both in the link line of the library that uses
# them, runtime first, does that: the runtime lands earlier in DT_NEEDED and
# wins the lookup. dlopen()ing a backend .so on its own does not, and the
# backend then registers into its own table while the runtime reports
# DelegateNotFound.
#
# The same interposition is what keeps a split XNNPACK on one thread pool: the
# pthreadpool symbols are exported from here too, so the backend .so binds to
# the pool extension_threadpool configures instead of a second, unconfigured
# copy of its own.
if(TARGET xnnpack_backend)
executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
list(
APPEND
link_libraries
xnnpack_backend
XNNPACK
pthreadpool
cpuinfo
xnnpack-microkernels-prod
set(_xnnpack_so_link_libs xnnpack_backend XNNPACK pthreadpool cpuinfo
xnnpack-microkernels-prod
)
if(TARGET kleidiai)
list(APPEND link_libraries kleidiai)
list(APPEND _xnnpack_so_link_libs kleidiai)
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
# Whole-archive the backend so its register_backend static initializer
# fires, and take only the XNNPACK third-party libs with it. The kernel
# registration archives stay in libexecutorch_jni.so, so loading both
# libraries together does not register a kernel twice
# (Error::RegistrationAlreadyRegistered, 0x16).
add_library(
xnnpack_executorch_backend SHARED
${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
)
executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
target_link_options_gc_sections(xnnpack_executorch_backend)
target_link_libraries(
xnnpack_executorch_backend PRIVATE ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs}
executorch_core log
)
# executorch_jni still needs cpuinfo headers / lib for thread count
# detection.
list(APPEND link_libraries cpuinfo)
else()
executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
list(APPEND link_libraries ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs})
endif()
endif()

if(TARGET vulkan_backend)
executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED)
# Same shape as the XNNPACK split above: whole-archive vulkan_backend and
# take only vulkan_schema with it, leaving the kernel registration archives
# in libexecutorch_jni.so.
add_library(
vulkan_executorch_backend SHARED
${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
)
executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
target_link_options_gc_sections(vulkan_executorch_backend)
target_link_libraries(
vulkan_executorch_backend PRIVATE vulkan_backend vulkan_schema
executorch_core log
)
else()
executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
endif()
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_KERNELS_LLM)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -242,9 +300,21 @@ target_include_directories(

target_compile_options(executorch_jni PUBLIC ${_common_compile_options})

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
)
set(_executorch_jni_version_script
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt"
)
else()
set(_executorch_jni_version_script
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
)
endif()

target_link_options(
executorch_jni PRIVATE
"LINKER:--version-script,${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
"LINKER:--version-script,${_executorch_jni_version_script}"
)
target_link_options_gc_sections(executorch_jni)

Expand Down
11 changes: 11 additions & 0 deletions extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
/*
* Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
* All rights reserved.
*
* This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
*/

// Empty translation unit so SHARED libraries that only need to whole-archive
// other static archives (e.g. libvulkan_executorch_backend.so) have at least
// one source file for CMake to invoke the linker on.
23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions extension/android/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt
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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
{
global:
JNI_OnLoad;
Java_*;
# A backend built as its own .so (EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED) carries its own statically linked
# copy of executorch_core, and therefore its own backend registry. Its call
# to register_backend goes through the PLT, so exporting the registry entry
# points here lets the dynamic linker bind that call to this library's
# registry - the one the runtime actually reads from.
extern "C++" {
executorch::runtime*::register_backend*;
executorch::runtime*::get_backend_class*;
executorch::runtime*::get_backend_name*;
executorch::runtime*::get_num_registered_backends*;
};
# Same reason, for the thread pool the split XNNPACK backend runs on: bind
# its pthreadpool calls to the pool extension_threadpool configures here
# rather than to a second, unconfigured copy inside the backend .so.
pthreadpool_*;
local:
*;
};
6 changes: 5 additions & 1 deletion extension/llm/custom_ops/CMakeLists.txt
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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ endif()

list(TRANSFORM _custom_ops__srcs PREPEND "${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/")

if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK)
if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
# custom_ops doesn't actually call into xnnpack_backend (no XNNPACK refs in
# its sources). The transitive PUBLIC link is what was previously dragging
# XNNCompiler/XNNExecutor into libexecutorch_jni.so via the WHOLE_ARCHIVE on
# custom_ops, which defeats EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED. Drop it.
list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool)
else()
list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool xnnpack_backend)
Expand Down
17 changes: 16 additions & 1 deletion scripts/build_android_library.sh
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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
fi

EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN:-OFF}"
EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2:-ON}"

cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_OUT}" \
Expand All@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
-DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN}" \
-DQNN_SDK_ROOT="${QNN_SDK_ROOT}" \
-DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN}" \
-DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
-DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
-DXNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2}" \
-DFLATCC_ALLOW_WERROR=OFF \
-DSUPPORT_REGEX_LOOKAHEAD=ON \
Expand All@@ -68,7 +72,18 @@ build_android_native_library() {
# Copy artifacts to ABI specific directory
local SO_STAGE_DIR="cmake-out-android-so/${ANDROID_ABI}"
mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libexecutorch_jni.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"

# Copy standalone Vulkan backend shared library if built. Used by React
# Native Executorch as an opt-in artifact when the app enables Vulkan.
if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so ]; then
cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
fi

# Same for XNNPACK as a standalone shared library.
if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so ]; then
cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
fi

# Copy QNN related so library
if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
Expand Down
21 changes: 21 additions & 0 deletions tools/cmake/preset/default.cmake
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Expand Up@@ -171,6 +171,18 @@ define_overridable_option(
define_overridable_option(
EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN "Build the Vulkan backend" BOOL OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
"Build the XNNPACK backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
BOOL
OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
"Build the Vulkan backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
BOOL
OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
EXECUTORCH_BUILD_WEBGPU "Build the WebGPU backend" BOOL OFF
)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -357,6 +369,15 @@ check_required_options_on(
IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_EXTENSION_TENSOR
)

check_required_options_on(
IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES
EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK
)

check_required_options_on(
IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN
)

check_required_options_on(
IF_ON EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_BUNDLE_IO REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_DEVTOOLS
)
Expand Down
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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries#21849

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries
#21849
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8167cb1

Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared li…


msluszniak Aug 14, 2026
24d05ae

lint: apply cmake-format to extension/android/CMakeLists.txt


msluszniak Aug 18, 2026
69a5f51

Export the backend registry when a backend is built as its own .so


msluszniak Sep 1, 2026

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96 changes: 83 additions & 13 deletions
extension/android/CMakeLists.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -115,25 +115,83 @@ if(TARGET qnn_executorch_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries qnn_executorch_backend)
endif()

# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED emit a backend as its own .so so a
# consumer can drop the ones it does not use. A split backend still links
# executorch_core statically, so it carries a second copy of the backend
# registry (registered_backends[] in runtime/backend/interface.cpp).
# Registration reaches the runtime's copy only through PLT interposition: the
# register_backend call in the backend .so is a JUMP_SLOT relocation, so the
# dynamic linker binds it to the first definition in the global lookup scope.
# Two things have to hold for that to be this library's copy:
#
# * libexecutorch_jni.so has to export register_backend. The default version
# script hides everything but JNI_OnLoad/Java_*, so jni/version_script.txt is
# swapped for jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt below whenever a backend
# is split out.
# * The consumer has to load libexecutorch_jni.so ahead of the backend .so in
# the same lookup scope. Naming both in the link line of the library that uses
# them, runtime first, does that: the runtime lands earlier in DT_NEEDED and
# wins the lookup. dlopen()ing a backend .so on its own does not, and the
# backend then registers into its own table while the runtime reports
# DelegateNotFound.
#
# The same interposition is what keeps a split XNNPACK on one thread pool: the
# pthreadpool symbols are exported from here too, so the backend .so binds to
# the pool extension_threadpool configures instead of a second, unconfigured
# copy of its own.
if(TARGET xnnpack_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(
 APPEND
 link_libraries
 xnnpack_backend
 XNNPACK
 pthreadpool
 cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 set(_xnnpack_so_link_libs xnnpack_backend XNNPACK pthreadpool cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 )
 if(TARGET kleidiai)
 list(APPEND link_libraries kleidiai)
 list(APPEND _xnnpack_so_link_libs kleidiai)
 endif()

 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Whole-archive the backend so its register_backend static initializer
 # fires, and take only the XNNPACK third-party libs with it. The kernel
 # registration archives stay in libexecutorch_jni.so, so loading both
 # libraries together does not register a kernel twice
 # (Error::RegistrationAlreadyRegistered, 0x16).
 add_library(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(xnnpack_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend PRIVATE ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs}
 executorch_core log
 )
 # executorch_jni still needs cpuinfo headers / lib for thread count
 # detection.
 list(APPEND link_libraries cpuinfo)
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs})
 endif()
endif()

if(TARGET vulkan_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Same shape as the XNNPACK split above: whole-archive vulkan_backend and
 # take only vulkan_schema with it, leaving the kernel registration archives
 # in libexecutorch_jni.so.
 add_library(
 vulkan_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(vulkan_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 vulkan_executorch_backend PRIVATE vulkan_backend vulkan_schema
 executorch_core log
 )
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 endif()
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_KERNELS_LLM)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -242,9 +300,21 @@ target_include_directories(

target_compile_options(executorch_jni PUBLIC ${_common_compile_options})

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
)
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt"
 )
else()
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 )
endif()

target_link_options(
 executorch_jni PRIVATE
 "LINKER:--version-script,${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 "LINKER:--version-script,${_executorch_jni_version_script}"
)
target_link_options_gc_sections(executorch_jni)

Expand Down

11 changes: 11 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
/*
 * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
 * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 */

// Empty translation unit so SHARED libraries that only need to whole-archive
// other static archives (e.g. libvulkan_executorch_backend.so) have at least
// one source file for CMake to invoke the linker on.

23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
{
 global:
 JNI_OnLoad;
 Java_*;
 # A backend built as its own .so (EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
 # EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED) carries its own statically linked
 # copy of executorch_core, and therefore its own backend registry. Its call
 # to register_backend goes through the PLT, so exporting the registry entry
 # points here lets the dynamic linker bind that call to this library's
 # registry - the one the runtime actually reads from.
 extern "C++" {
 executorch::runtime*::register_backend*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_class*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_name*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_num_registered_backends*;
 };
 # Same reason, for the thread pool the split XNNPACK backend runs on: bind
 # its pthreadpool calls to the pool extension_threadpool configures here
 # rather than to a second, unconfigured copy inside the backend .so.
 pthreadpool_*;
 local:
 *;
};

6 changes: 5 additions & 1 deletion
extension/llm/custom_ops/CMakeLists.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ endif()

list(TRANSFORM _custom_ops__srcs PREPEND "${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/")

if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK)
if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # custom_ops doesn't actually call into xnnpack_backend (no XNNPACK refs in
 # its sources). The transitive PUBLIC link is what was previously dragging
 # XNNCompiler/XNNExecutor into libexecutorch_jni.so via the WHOLE_ARCHIVE on
 # custom_ops, which defeats EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED. Drop it.
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool)
else()
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool xnnpack_backend)
Expand Down

17 changes: 16 additions & 1 deletion
scripts/build_android_library.sh

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 fi

 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2:-ON}"

 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_OUT}" \
Expand All@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN}" \
 -DQNN_SDK_ROOT="${QNN_SDK_ROOT}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DXNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2}" \
 -DFLATCC_ALLOW_WERROR=OFF \
 -DSUPPORT_REGEX_LOOKAHEAD=ON \
Expand All@@ -68,7 +72,18 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 # Copy artifacts to ABI specific directory
 local SO_STAGE_DIR="cmake-out-android-so/${ANDROID_ABI}"
 mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libexecutorch_jni.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"

 # Copy standalone Vulkan backend shared library if built. Used by React
 # Native Executorch as an opt-in artifact when the app enables Vulkan.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Same for XNNPACK as a standalone shared library.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Copy QNN related so library
 if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
Expand Down

21 changes: 21 additions & 0 deletions
tools/cmake/preset/default.cmake

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Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -171,6 +171,18 @@ define_overridable_option(
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN "Build the Vulkan backend" BOOL OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the XNNPACK backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the Vulkan backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_WEBGPU "Build the WebGPU backend" BOOL OFF
)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -357,6 +369,15 @@ check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_EXTENSION_TENSOR
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_BUNDLE_IO REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_DEVTOOLS
)
Expand Down
Loading

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode\n(function() {\n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '\n .markdown-body {\n color-scheme: dark light;\n }\n .markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; }\n .markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; }\n .markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; }\n .markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; }\n .markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; }\n .markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; }\n ';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n})();", "GitHub Dark Mode README Fix");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries#21849

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries
#21849
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8167cb1

Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared li…


msluszniak Aug 14, 2026
24d05ae

lint: apply cmake-format to extension/android/CMakeLists.txt


msluszniak Aug 18, 2026
69a5f51

Export the backend registry when a backend is built as its own .so


msluszniak Sep 1, 2026

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96 changes: 83 additions & 13 deletions
extension/android/CMakeLists.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -115,25 +115,83 @@ if(TARGET qnn_executorch_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries qnn_executorch_backend)
endif()

# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED emit a backend as its own .so so a
# consumer can drop the ones it does not use. A split backend still links
# executorch_core statically, so it carries a second copy of the backend
# registry (registered_backends[] in runtime/backend/interface.cpp).
# Registration reaches the runtime's copy only through PLT interposition: the
# register_backend call in the backend .so is a JUMP_SLOT relocation, so the
# dynamic linker binds it to the first definition in the global lookup scope.
# Two things have to hold for that to be this library's copy:
#
# * libexecutorch_jni.so has to export register_backend. The default version
# script hides everything but JNI_OnLoad/Java_*, so jni/version_script.txt is
# swapped for jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt below whenever a backend
# is split out.
# * The consumer has to load libexecutorch_jni.so ahead of the backend .so in
# the same lookup scope. Naming both in the link line of the library that uses
# them, runtime first, does that: the runtime lands earlier in DT_NEEDED and
# wins the lookup. dlopen()ing a backend .so on its own does not, and the
# backend then registers into its own table while the runtime reports
# DelegateNotFound.
#
# The same interposition is what keeps a split XNNPACK on one thread pool: the
# pthreadpool symbols are exported from here too, so the backend .so binds to
# the pool extension_threadpool configures instead of a second, unconfigured
# copy of its own.
if(TARGET xnnpack_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(
 APPEND
 link_libraries
 xnnpack_backend
 XNNPACK
 pthreadpool
 cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 set(_xnnpack_so_link_libs xnnpack_backend XNNPACK pthreadpool cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 )
 if(TARGET kleidiai)
 list(APPEND link_libraries kleidiai)
 list(APPEND _xnnpack_so_link_libs kleidiai)
 endif()

 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Whole-archive the backend so its register_backend static initializer
 # fires, and take only the XNNPACK third-party libs with it. The kernel
 # registration archives stay in libexecutorch_jni.so, so loading both
 # libraries together does not register a kernel twice
 # (Error::RegistrationAlreadyRegistered, 0x16).
 add_library(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(xnnpack_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend PRIVATE ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs}
 executorch_core log
 )
 # executorch_jni still needs cpuinfo headers / lib for thread count
 # detection.
 list(APPEND link_libraries cpuinfo)
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs})
 endif()
endif()

if(TARGET vulkan_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Same shape as the XNNPACK split above: whole-archive vulkan_backend and
 # take only vulkan_schema with it, leaving the kernel registration archives
 # in libexecutorch_jni.so.
 add_library(
 vulkan_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(vulkan_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 vulkan_executorch_backend PRIVATE vulkan_backend vulkan_schema
 executorch_core log
 )
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 endif()
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_KERNELS_LLM)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -242,9 +300,21 @@ target_include_directories(

target_compile_options(executorch_jni PUBLIC ${_common_compile_options})

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
)
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt"
 )
else()
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 )
endif()

target_link_options(
 executorch_jni PRIVATE
 "LINKER:--version-script,${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 "LINKER:--version-script,${_executorch_jni_version_script}"
)
target_link_options_gc_sections(executorch_jni)

Expand Down

11 changes: 11 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
/*
 * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
 * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 */

// Empty translation unit so SHARED libraries that only need to whole-archive
// other static archives (e.g. libvulkan_executorch_backend.so) have at least
// one source file for CMake to invoke the linker on.

23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
{
 global:
 JNI_OnLoad;
 Java_*;
 # A backend built as its own .so (EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
 # EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED) carries its own statically linked
 # copy of executorch_core, and therefore its own backend registry. Its call
 # to register_backend goes through the PLT, so exporting the registry entry
 # points here lets the dynamic linker bind that call to this library's
 # registry - the one the runtime actually reads from.
 extern "C++" {
 executorch::runtime*::register_backend*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_class*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_name*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_num_registered_backends*;
 };
 # Same reason, for the thread pool the split XNNPACK backend runs on: bind
 # its pthreadpool calls to the pool extension_threadpool configures here
 # rather than to a second, unconfigured copy inside the backend .so.
 pthreadpool_*;
 local:
 *;
};

6 changes: 5 additions & 1 deletion
extension/llm/custom_ops/CMakeLists.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ endif()

list(TRANSFORM _custom_ops__srcs PREPEND "${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/")

if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK)
if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # custom_ops doesn't actually call into xnnpack_backend (no XNNPACK refs in
 # its sources). The transitive PUBLIC link is what was previously dragging
 # XNNCompiler/XNNExecutor into libexecutorch_jni.so via the WHOLE_ARCHIVE on
 # custom_ops, which defeats EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED. Drop it.
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool)
else()
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool xnnpack_backend)
Expand Down

17 changes: 16 additions & 1 deletion
scripts/build_android_library.sh

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Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 fi

 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2:-ON}"

 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_OUT}" \
Expand All@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN}" \
 -DQNN_SDK_ROOT="${QNN_SDK_ROOT}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DXNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2}" \
 -DFLATCC_ALLOW_WERROR=OFF \
 -DSUPPORT_REGEX_LOOKAHEAD=ON \
Expand All@@ -68,7 +72,18 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 # Copy artifacts to ABI specific directory
 local SO_STAGE_DIR="cmake-out-android-so/${ANDROID_ABI}"
 mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libexecutorch_jni.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"

 # Copy standalone Vulkan backend shared library if built. Used by React
 # Native Executorch as an opt-in artifact when the app enables Vulkan.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Same for XNNPACK as a standalone shared library.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Copy QNN related so library
 if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
Expand Down

21 changes: 21 additions & 0 deletions
tools/cmake/preset/default.cmake

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -171,6 +171,18 @@ define_overridable_option(
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN "Build the Vulkan backend" BOOL OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the XNNPACK backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the Vulkan backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_WEBGPU "Build the WebGPU backend" BOOL OFF
)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -357,6 +369,15 @@ check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_EXTENSION_TENSOR
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_BUNDLE_IO REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_DEVTOOLS
)
Expand Down
Loading

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer\n(function() {\n var ref = document.referrer;\n var terms = [];\n \n if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) {\n var url = new URL(ref);\n var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p');\n if (q) {\n terms = q.split(/\\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; });\n }\n }\n \n if (terms.length === 0) return;\n \n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n \n function highlight(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 3) { // text node\n var text = node.textContent;\n var found = false;\n terms.forEach(function(term) {\n var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\\]\\\\]/g, '\\\\') + ')', 'gi');\n if (regex.test(text)) {\n found = true;\n var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();\n var parts = text.split(regex);\n parts.forEach(function(part, i) {\n if (i % 2 === 0) {\n frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part));\n } else {\n var span = document.createElement('span');\n span.className = 'userscript-highlight';\n span.textContent = part;\n frag.appendChild(span);\n }\n });\n node.parentNode.replaceChild(frag, node);\n }\n });\n } else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element\n var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT'];\n if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) {\n Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight);\n }\n }\n }\n \n highlight(document.body);\n \n // Re-highlight on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node);\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Highlight Search Terms");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries#21849

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msluszniak
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commits into

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Choose a base branch

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries
#21849
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8167cb1

Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared li…


msluszniak Aug 14, 2026
24d05ae

lint: apply cmake-format to extension/android/CMakeLists.txt


msluszniak Aug 18, 2026
69a5f51

Export the backend registry when a backend is built as its own .so


msluszniak Sep 1, 2026

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96 changes: 83 additions & 13 deletions
extension/android/CMakeLists.txt

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -115,25 +115,83 @@ if(TARGET qnn_executorch_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries qnn_executorch_backend)
endif()

# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED emit a backend as its own .so so a
# consumer can drop the ones it does not use. A split backend still links
# executorch_core statically, so it carries a second copy of the backend
# registry (registered_backends[] in runtime/backend/interface.cpp).
# Registration reaches the runtime's copy only through PLT interposition: the
# register_backend call in the backend .so is a JUMP_SLOT relocation, so the
# dynamic linker binds it to the first definition in the global lookup scope.
# Two things have to hold for that to be this library's copy:
#
# * libexecutorch_jni.so has to export register_backend. The default version
# script hides everything but JNI_OnLoad/Java_*, so jni/version_script.txt is
# swapped for jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt below whenever a backend
# is split out.
# * The consumer has to load libexecutorch_jni.so ahead of the backend .so in
# the same lookup scope. Naming both in the link line of the library that uses
# them, runtime first, does that: the runtime lands earlier in DT_NEEDED and
# wins the lookup. dlopen()ing a backend .so on its own does not, and the
# backend then registers into its own table while the runtime reports
# DelegateNotFound.
#
# The same interposition is what keeps a split XNNPACK on one thread pool: the
# pthreadpool symbols are exported from here too, so the backend .so binds to
# the pool extension_threadpool configures instead of a second, unconfigured
# copy of its own.
if(TARGET xnnpack_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(
 APPEND
 link_libraries
 xnnpack_backend
 XNNPACK
 pthreadpool
 cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 set(_xnnpack_so_link_libs xnnpack_backend XNNPACK pthreadpool cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 )
 if(TARGET kleidiai)
 list(APPEND link_libraries kleidiai)
 list(APPEND _xnnpack_so_link_libs kleidiai)
 endif()

 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Whole-archive the backend so its register_backend static initializer
 # fires, and take only the XNNPACK third-party libs with it. The kernel
 # registration archives stay in libexecutorch_jni.so, so loading both
 # libraries together does not register a kernel twice
 # (Error::RegistrationAlreadyRegistered, 0x16).
 add_library(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(xnnpack_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend PRIVATE ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs}
 executorch_core log
 )
 # executorch_jni still needs cpuinfo headers / lib for thread count
 # detection.
 list(APPEND link_libraries cpuinfo)
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs})
 endif()
endif()

if(TARGET vulkan_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Same shape as the XNNPACK split above: whole-archive vulkan_backend and
 # take only vulkan_schema with it, leaving the kernel registration archives
 # in libexecutorch_jni.so.
 add_library(
 vulkan_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(vulkan_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 vulkan_executorch_backend PRIVATE vulkan_backend vulkan_schema
 executorch_core log
 )
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 endif()
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_KERNELS_LLM)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -242,9 +300,21 @@ target_include_directories(

target_compile_options(executorch_jni PUBLIC ${_common_compile_options})

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
)
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt"
 )
else()
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 )
endif()

target_link_options(
 executorch_jni PRIVATE
 "LINKER:--version-script,${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 "LINKER:--version-script,${_executorch_jni_version_script}"
)
target_link_options_gc_sections(executorch_jni)

Expand Down

11 changes: 11 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
/*
 * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
 * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 */

// Empty translation unit so SHARED libraries that only need to whole-archive
// other static archives (e.g. libvulkan_executorch_backend.so) have at least
// one source file for CMake to invoke the linker on.

23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt

View file


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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
{
 global:
 JNI_OnLoad;
 Java_*;
 # A backend built as its own .so (EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
 # EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED) carries its own statically linked
 # copy of executorch_core, and therefore its own backend registry. Its call
 # to register_backend goes through the PLT, so exporting the registry entry
 # points here lets the dynamic linker bind that call to this library's
 # registry - the one the runtime actually reads from.
 extern "C++" {
 executorch::runtime*::register_backend*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_class*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_name*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_num_registered_backends*;
 };
 # Same reason, for the thread pool the split XNNPACK backend runs on: bind
 # its pthreadpool calls to the pool extension_threadpool configures here
 # rather than to a second, unconfigured copy inside the backend .so.
 pthreadpool_*;
 local:
 *;
};

6 changes: 5 additions & 1 deletion
extension/llm/custom_ops/CMakeLists.txt

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Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ endif()

list(TRANSFORM _custom_ops__srcs PREPEND "${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/")

if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK)
if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # custom_ops doesn't actually call into xnnpack_backend (no XNNPACK refs in
 # its sources). The transitive PUBLIC link is what was previously dragging
 # XNNCompiler/XNNExecutor into libexecutorch_jni.so via the WHOLE_ARCHIVE on
 # custom_ops, which defeats EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED. Drop it.
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool)
else()
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool xnnpack_backend)
Expand Down

17 changes: 16 additions & 1 deletion
scripts/build_android_library.sh

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 fi

 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2:-ON}"

 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_OUT}" \
Expand All@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN}" \
 -DQNN_SDK_ROOT="${QNN_SDK_ROOT}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DXNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2}" \
 -DFLATCC_ALLOW_WERROR=OFF \
 -DSUPPORT_REGEX_LOOKAHEAD=ON \
Expand All@@ -68,7 +72,18 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 # Copy artifacts to ABI specific directory
 local SO_STAGE_DIR="cmake-out-android-so/${ANDROID_ABI}"
 mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libexecutorch_jni.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"

 # Copy standalone Vulkan backend shared library if built. Used by React
 # Native Executorch as an opt-in artifact when the app enables Vulkan.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Same for XNNPACK as a standalone shared library.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Copy QNN related so library
 if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
Expand Down

21 changes: 21 additions & 0 deletions
tools/cmake/preset/default.cmake

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -171,6 +171,18 @@ define_overridable_option(
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN "Build the Vulkan backend" BOOL OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the XNNPACK backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the Vulkan backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_WEBGPU "Build the WebGPU backend" BOOL OFF
)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -357,6 +369,15 @@ check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_EXTENSION_TENSOR
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_BUNDLE_IO REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_DEVTOOLS
)
Expand Down
Loading

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page\n(function() {\n var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',\n 'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',\n 'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];\n \n function cleanUrl(url) {\n try {\n var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);\n var changed = false;\n trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {\n if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {\n u.searchParams.delete(p);\n changed = true;\n }\n });\n return changed ? u.toString() : url;\n } catch (e) {\n return url;\n }\n }\n \n function cleanLinks() {\n document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n \n cleanLinks();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1) {\n if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();\n node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Remove Tracking Parameters from Links");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "youtube.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries#21849

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries
#21849
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8167cb1

Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared li…


msluszniak Aug 14, 2026
24d05ae

lint: apply cmake-format to extension/android/CMakeLists.txt


msluszniak Aug 18, 2026
69a5f51

Export the backend registry when a backend is built as its own .so


msluszniak Sep 1, 2026

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96 changes: 83 additions & 13 deletions
extension/android/CMakeLists.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -115,25 +115,83 @@ if(TARGET qnn_executorch_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries qnn_executorch_backend)
endif()

# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED emit a backend as its own .so so a
# consumer can drop the ones it does not use. A split backend still links
# executorch_core statically, so it carries a second copy of the backend
# registry (registered_backends[] in runtime/backend/interface.cpp).
# Registration reaches the runtime's copy only through PLT interposition: the
# register_backend call in the backend .so is a JUMP_SLOT relocation, so the
# dynamic linker binds it to the first definition in the global lookup scope.
# Two things have to hold for that to be this library's copy:
#
# * libexecutorch_jni.so has to export register_backend. The default version
# script hides everything but JNI_OnLoad/Java_*, so jni/version_script.txt is
# swapped for jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt below whenever a backend
# is split out.
# * The consumer has to load libexecutorch_jni.so ahead of the backend .so in
# the same lookup scope. Naming both in the link line of the library that uses
# them, runtime first, does that: the runtime lands earlier in DT_NEEDED and
# wins the lookup. dlopen()ing a backend .so on its own does not, and the
# backend then registers into its own table while the runtime reports
# DelegateNotFound.
#
# The same interposition is what keeps a split XNNPACK on one thread pool: the
# pthreadpool symbols are exported from here too, so the backend .so binds to
# the pool extension_threadpool configures instead of a second, unconfigured
# copy of its own.
if(TARGET xnnpack_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(
 APPEND
 link_libraries
 xnnpack_backend
 XNNPACK
 pthreadpool
 cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 set(_xnnpack_so_link_libs xnnpack_backend XNNPACK pthreadpool cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 )
 if(TARGET kleidiai)
 list(APPEND link_libraries kleidiai)
 list(APPEND _xnnpack_so_link_libs kleidiai)
 endif()

 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Whole-archive the backend so its register_backend static initializer
 # fires, and take only the XNNPACK third-party libs with it. The kernel
 # registration archives stay in libexecutorch_jni.so, so loading both
 # libraries together does not register a kernel twice
 # (Error::RegistrationAlreadyRegistered, 0x16).
 add_library(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(xnnpack_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend PRIVATE ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs}
 executorch_core log
 )
 # executorch_jni still needs cpuinfo headers / lib for thread count
 # detection.
 list(APPEND link_libraries cpuinfo)
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs})
 endif()
endif()

if(TARGET vulkan_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Same shape as the XNNPACK split above: whole-archive vulkan_backend and
 # take only vulkan_schema with it, leaving the kernel registration archives
 # in libexecutorch_jni.so.
 add_library(
 vulkan_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(vulkan_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 vulkan_executorch_backend PRIVATE vulkan_backend vulkan_schema
 executorch_core log
 )
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 endif()
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_KERNELS_LLM)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -242,9 +300,21 @@ target_include_directories(

target_compile_options(executorch_jni PUBLIC ${_common_compile_options})

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
)
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt"
 )
else()
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 )
endif()

target_link_options(
 executorch_jni PRIVATE
 "LINKER:--version-script,${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 "LINKER:--version-script,${_executorch_jni_version_script}"
)
target_link_options_gc_sections(executorch_jni)

Expand Down

11 changes: 11 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
/*
 * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
 * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 */

// Empty translation unit so SHARED libraries that only need to whole-archive
// other static archives (e.g. libvulkan_executorch_backend.so) have at least
// one source file for CMake to invoke the linker on.

23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt

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Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
{
 global:
 JNI_OnLoad;
 Java_*;
 # A backend built as its own .so (EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
 # EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED) carries its own statically linked
 # copy of executorch_core, and therefore its own backend registry. Its call
 # to register_backend goes through the PLT, so exporting the registry entry
 # points here lets the dynamic linker bind that call to this library's
 # registry - the one the runtime actually reads from.
 extern "C++" {
 executorch::runtime*::register_backend*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_class*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_name*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_num_registered_backends*;
 };
 # Same reason, for the thread pool the split XNNPACK backend runs on: bind
 # its pthreadpool calls to the pool extension_threadpool configures here
 # rather than to a second, unconfigured copy inside the backend .so.
 pthreadpool_*;
 local:
 *;
};

6 changes: 5 additions & 1 deletion
extension/llm/custom_ops/CMakeLists.txt

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ endif()

list(TRANSFORM _custom_ops__srcs PREPEND "${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/")

if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK)
if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # custom_ops doesn't actually call into xnnpack_backend (no XNNPACK refs in
 # its sources). The transitive PUBLIC link is what was previously dragging
 # XNNCompiler/XNNExecutor into libexecutorch_jni.so via the WHOLE_ARCHIVE on
 # custom_ops, which defeats EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED. Drop it.
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool)
else()
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool xnnpack_backend)
Expand Down

17 changes: 16 additions & 1 deletion
scripts/build_android_library.sh

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 fi

 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2:-ON}"

 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_OUT}" \
Expand All@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN}" \
 -DQNN_SDK_ROOT="${QNN_SDK_ROOT}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DXNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2}" \
 -DFLATCC_ALLOW_WERROR=OFF \
 -DSUPPORT_REGEX_LOOKAHEAD=ON \
Expand All@@ -68,7 +72,18 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 # Copy artifacts to ABI specific directory
 local SO_STAGE_DIR="cmake-out-android-so/${ANDROID_ABI}"
 mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libexecutorch_jni.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"

 # Copy standalone Vulkan backend shared library if built. Used by React
 # Native Executorch as an opt-in artifact when the app enables Vulkan.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Same for XNNPACK as a standalone shared library.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Copy QNN related so library
 if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
Expand Down

21 changes: 21 additions & 0 deletions
tools/cmake/preset/default.cmake

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -171,6 +171,18 @@ define_overridable_option(
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN "Build the Vulkan backend" BOOL OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the XNNPACK backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the Vulkan backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_WEBGPU "Build the WebGPU backend" BOOL OFF
)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -357,6 +369,15 @@ check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_EXTENSION_TENSOR
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_BUNDLE_IO REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_DEVTOOLS
)
Expand Down
Loading

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube\n(function() {\n function tryTheater() {\n var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label=\"Theater mode\"], ytd-player #player button[title=\"Theater mode\"]');\n if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {\n btn.click();\n }\n }\n \n // Try immediately\n tryTheater();\n \n // Try after navigation (SPA)\n var lastUrl = location.href;\n setInterval(function() {\n if (location.href !== lastUrl) {\n lastUrl = location.href;\n setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);\n }\n }, 1000);\n \n // Also try on player load\n var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "YouTube Theater Mode Default");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries#21849

New issue

Have a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.

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privacy statement. We’ll occasionally send you account related emails.

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Sign in
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 Open

msluszniak
wants to merge
3
commits into

base:main
Choose a base branch

from

 Open


Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries
#21849
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Commits

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3 commits


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Hold shift + click to select a range
8167cb1

Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared li…


msluszniak Aug 14, 2026
24d05ae

lint: apply cmake-format to extension/android/CMakeLists.txt


msluszniak Aug 18, 2026
69a5f51

Export the backend registry when a backend is built as its own .so


msluszniak Sep 1, 2026

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Filter by extension
Filter by extension
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96 changes: 83 additions & 13 deletions
extension/android/CMakeLists.txt

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -115,25 +115,83 @@ if(TARGET qnn_executorch_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries qnn_executorch_backend)
endif()

# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED emit a backend as its own .so so a
# consumer can drop the ones it does not use. A split backend still links
# executorch_core statically, so it carries a second copy of the backend
# registry (registered_backends[] in runtime/backend/interface.cpp).
# Registration reaches the runtime's copy only through PLT interposition: the
# register_backend call in the backend .so is a JUMP_SLOT relocation, so the
# dynamic linker binds it to the first definition in the global lookup scope.
# Two things have to hold for that to be this library's copy:
#
# * libexecutorch_jni.so has to export register_backend. The default version
# script hides everything but JNI_OnLoad/Java_*, so jni/version_script.txt is
# swapped for jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt below whenever a backend
# is split out.
# * The consumer has to load libexecutorch_jni.so ahead of the backend .so in
# the same lookup scope. Naming both in the link line of the library that uses
# them, runtime first, does that: the runtime lands earlier in DT_NEEDED and
# wins the lookup. dlopen()ing a backend .so on its own does not, and the
# backend then registers into its own table while the runtime reports
# DelegateNotFound.
#
# The same interposition is what keeps a split XNNPACK on one thread pool: the
# pthreadpool symbols are exported from here too, so the backend .so binds to
# the pool extension_threadpool configures instead of a second, unconfigured
# copy of its own.
if(TARGET xnnpack_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(
 APPEND
 link_libraries
 xnnpack_backend
 XNNPACK
 pthreadpool
 cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 set(_xnnpack_so_link_libs xnnpack_backend XNNPACK pthreadpool cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 )
 if(TARGET kleidiai)
 list(APPEND link_libraries kleidiai)
 list(APPEND _xnnpack_so_link_libs kleidiai)
 endif()

 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Whole-archive the backend so its register_backend static initializer
 # fires, and take only the XNNPACK third-party libs with it. The kernel
 # registration archives stay in libexecutorch_jni.so, so loading both
 # libraries together does not register a kernel twice
 # (Error::RegistrationAlreadyRegistered, 0x16).
 add_library(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(xnnpack_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend PRIVATE ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs}
 executorch_core log
 )
 # executorch_jni still needs cpuinfo headers / lib for thread count
 # detection.
 list(APPEND link_libraries cpuinfo)
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs})
 endif()
endif()

if(TARGET vulkan_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Same shape as the XNNPACK split above: whole-archive vulkan_backend and
 # take only vulkan_schema with it, leaving the kernel registration archives
 # in libexecutorch_jni.so.
 add_library(
 vulkan_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(vulkan_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 vulkan_executorch_backend PRIVATE vulkan_backend vulkan_schema
 executorch_core log
 )
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 endif()
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_KERNELS_LLM)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -242,9 +300,21 @@ target_include_directories(

target_compile_options(executorch_jni PUBLIC ${_common_compile_options})

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
)
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt"
 )
else()
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 )
endif()

target_link_options(
 executorch_jni PRIVATE
 "LINKER:--version-script,${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 "LINKER:--version-script,${_executorch_jni_version_script}"
)
target_link_options_gc_sections(executorch_jni)

Expand Down

11 changes: 11 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
/*
 * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
 * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 */

// Empty translation unit so SHARED libraries that only need to whole-archive
// other static archives (e.g. libvulkan_executorch_backend.so) have at least
// one source file for CMake to invoke the linker on.

23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt

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Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
{
 global:
 JNI_OnLoad;
 Java_*;
 # A backend built as its own .so (EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
 # EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED) carries its own statically linked
 # copy of executorch_core, and therefore its own backend registry. Its call
 # to register_backend goes through the PLT, so exporting the registry entry
 # points here lets the dynamic linker bind that call to this library's
 # registry - the one the runtime actually reads from.
 extern "C++" {
 executorch::runtime*::register_backend*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_class*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_name*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_num_registered_backends*;
 };
 # Same reason, for the thread pool the split XNNPACK backend runs on: bind
 # its pthreadpool calls to the pool extension_threadpool configures here
 # rather than to a second, unconfigured copy inside the backend .so.
 pthreadpool_*;
 local:
 *;
};

6 changes: 5 additions & 1 deletion
extension/llm/custom_ops/CMakeLists.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ endif()

list(TRANSFORM _custom_ops__srcs PREPEND "${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/")

if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK)
if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # custom_ops doesn't actually call into xnnpack_backend (no XNNPACK refs in
 # its sources). The transitive PUBLIC link is what was previously dragging
 # XNNCompiler/XNNExecutor into libexecutorch_jni.so via the WHOLE_ARCHIVE on
 # custom_ops, which defeats EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED. Drop it.
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool)
else()
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool xnnpack_backend)
Expand Down

17 changes: 16 additions & 1 deletion
scripts/build_android_library.sh

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 fi

 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2:-ON}"

 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_OUT}" \
Expand All@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN}" \
 -DQNN_SDK_ROOT="${QNN_SDK_ROOT}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DXNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2}" \
 -DFLATCC_ALLOW_WERROR=OFF \
 -DSUPPORT_REGEX_LOOKAHEAD=ON \
Expand All@@ -68,7 +72,18 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 # Copy artifacts to ABI specific directory
 local SO_STAGE_DIR="cmake-out-android-so/${ANDROID_ABI}"
 mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libexecutorch_jni.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"

 # Copy standalone Vulkan backend shared library if built. Used by React
 # Native Executorch as an opt-in artifact when the app enables Vulkan.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Same for XNNPACK as a standalone shared library.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Copy QNN related so library
 if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
Expand Down

21 changes: 21 additions & 0 deletions
tools/cmake/preset/default.cmake

View file


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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -171,6 +171,18 @@ define_overridable_option(
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN "Build the Vulkan backend" BOOL OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the XNNPACK backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the Vulkan backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_WEBGPU "Build the WebGPU backend" BOOL OFF
)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -357,6 +369,15 @@ check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_EXTENSION_TENSOR
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_BUNDLE_IO REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_DEVTOOLS
)
Expand Down
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var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries#21849

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries
#21849
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8167cb1

Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared li…


msluszniak Aug 14, 2026
24d05ae

lint: apply cmake-format to extension/android/CMakeLists.txt


msluszniak Aug 18, 2026
69a5f51

Export the backend registry when a backend is built as its own .so


msluszniak Sep 1, 2026

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96 changes: 83 additions & 13 deletions
extension/android/CMakeLists.txt

View file


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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -115,25 +115,83 @@ if(TARGET qnn_executorch_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries qnn_executorch_backend)
endif()

# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED emit a backend as its own .so so a
# consumer can drop the ones it does not use. A split backend still links
# executorch_core statically, so it carries a second copy of the backend
# registry (registered_backends[] in runtime/backend/interface.cpp).
# Registration reaches the runtime's copy only through PLT interposition: the
# register_backend call in the backend .so is a JUMP_SLOT relocation, so the
# dynamic linker binds it to the first definition in the global lookup scope.
# Two things have to hold for that to be this library's copy:
#
# * libexecutorch_jni.so has to export register_backend. The default version
# script hides everything but JNI_OnLoad/Java_*, so jni/version_script.txt is
# swapped for jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt below whenever a backend
# is split out.
# * The consumer has to load libexecutorch_jni.so ahead of the backend .so in
# the same lookup scope. Naming both in the link line of the library that uses
# them, runtime first, does that: the runtime lands earlier in DT_NEEDED and
# wins the lookup. dlopen()ing a backend .so on its own does not, and the
# backend then registers into its own table while the runtime reports
# DelegateNotFound.
#
# The same interposition is what keeps a split XNNPACK on one thread pool: the
# pthreadpool symbols are exported from here too, so the backend .so binds to
# the pool extension_threadpool configures instead of a second, unconfigured
# copy of its own.
if(TARGET xnnpack_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(
 APPEND
 link_libraries
 xnnpack_backend
 XNNPACK
 pthreadpool
 cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 set(_xnnpack_so_link_libs xnnpack_backend XNNPACK pthreadpool cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 )
 if(TARGET kleidiai)
 list(APPEND link_libraries kleidiai)
 list(APPEND _xnnpack_so_link_libs kleidiai)
 endif()

 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Whole-archive the backend so its register_backend static initializer
 # fires, and take only the XNNPACK third-party libs with it. The kernel
 # registration archives stay in libexecutorch_jni.so, so loading both
 # libraries together does not register a kernel twice
 # (Error::RegistrationAlreadyRegistered, 0x16).
 add_library(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(xnnpack_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend PRIVATE ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs}
 executorch_core log
 )
 # executorch_jni still needs cpuinfo headers / lib for thread count
 # detection.
 list(APPEND link_libraries cpuinfo)
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs})
 endif()
endif()

if(TARGET vulkan_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Same shape as the XNNPACK split above: whole-archive vulkan_backend and
 # take only vulkan_schema with it, leaving the kernel registration archives
 # in libexecutorch_jni.so.
 add_library(
 vulkan_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(vulkan_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 vulkan_executorch_backend PRIVATE vulkan_backend vulkan_schema
 executorch_core log
 )
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 endif()
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_KERNELS_LLM)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -242,9 +300,21 @@ target_include_directories(

target_compile_options(executorch_jni PUBLIC ${_common_compile_options})

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
)
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt"
 )
else()
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 )
endif()

target_link_options(
 executorch_jni PRIVATE
 "LINKER:--version-script,${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 "LINKER:--version-script,${_executorch_jni_version_script}"
)
target_link_options_gc_sections(executorch_jni)

Expand Down

11 changes: 11 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
/*
 * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
 * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 */

// Empty translation unit so SHARED libraries that only need to whole-archive
// other static archives (e.g. libvulkan_executorch_backend.so) have at least
// one source file for CMake to invoke the linker on.

23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
{
 global:
 JNI_OnLoad;
 Java_*;
 # A backend built as its own .so (EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
 # EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED) carries its own statically linked
 # copy of executorch_core, and therefore its own backend registry. Its call
 # to register_backend goes through the PLT, so exporting the registry entry
 # points here lets the dynamic linker bind that call to this library's
 # registry - the one the runtime actually reads from.
 extern "C++" {
 executorch::runtime*::register_backend*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_class*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_name*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_num_registered_backends*;
 };
 # Same reason, for the thread pool the split XNNPACK backend runs on: bind
 # its pthreadpool calls to the pool extension_threadpool configures here
 # rather than to a second, unconfigured copy inside the backend .so.
 pthreadpool_*;
 local:
 *;
};

6 changes: 5 additions & 1 deletion
extension/llm/custom_ops/CMakeLists.txt

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ endif()

list(TRANSFORM _custom_ops__srcs PREPEND "${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/")

if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK)
if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # custom_ops doesn't actually call into xnnpack_backend (no XNNPACK refs in
 # its sources). The transitive PUBLIC link is what was previously dragging
 # XNNCompiler/XNNExecutor into libexecutorch_jni.so via the WHOLE_ARCHIVE on
 # custom_ops, which defeats EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED. Drop it.
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool)
else()
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool xnnpack_backend)
Expand Down

17 changes: 16 additions & 1 deletion
scripts/build_android_library.sh

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 fi

 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2:-ON}"

 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_OUT}" \
Expand All@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN}" \
 -DQNN_SDK_ROOT="${QNN_SDK_ROOT}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DXNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2}" \
 -DFLATCC_ALLOW_WERROR=OFF \
 -DSUPPORT_REGEX_LOOKAHEAD=ON \
Expand All@@ -68,7 +72,18 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 # Copy artifacts to ABI specific directory
 local SO_STAGE_DIR="cmake-out-android-so/${ANDROID_ABI}"
 mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libexecutorch_jni.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"

 # Copy standalone Vulkan backend shared library if built. Used by React
 # Native Executorch as an opt-in artifact when the app enables Vulkan.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Same for XNNPACK as a standalone shared library.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Copy QNN related so library
 if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
Expand Down

21 changes: 21 additions & 0 deletions
tools/cmake/preset/default.cmake

View file


Open in desktop

Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -171,6 +171,18 @@ define_overridable_option(
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN "Build the Vulkan backend" BOOL OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the XNNPACK backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the Vulkan backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_WEBGPU "Build the WebGPU backend" BOOL OFF
)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -357,6 +369,15 @@ check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_EXTENSION_TENSOR
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_BUNDLE_IO REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_DEVTOOLS
)
Expand Down
Loading

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site\n(function() {\n var enabled = true;\n \n function applyDarkMode() {\n if (!enabled) return;\n \n // Create style element if it doesn't exist\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (!style) {\n style = document.createElement('style');\n style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n }\n \n // Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video\n style.textContent = '\n /* Invert everything except media */\n html {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #1a1a2e !important;\n }\n \n /* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */\n img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*=\"background-image\"] {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n }\n \n /* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */\n .no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,\n [data-theme=\"light\"], [data-theme=\"light\"],\n .ace_editor, .ace_editor *,\n .CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,\n .monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,\n .markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,\n .highlight, .highlight *,\n pre code, pre code * {\n filter: none !important;\n }\n \n /* Fix common UI elements */\n .modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #2d2d44 !important;\n border-color: #444 !important;\n }\n \n /* Scrollbars */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }\n \n /* Selection */\n ::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ';\n }\n \n function removeDarkMode() {\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (style) style.remove();\n }\n \n // Toggle with Alt+Shift+D\n document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {\n if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {\n e.preventDefault();\n enabled = !enabled;\n if (enabled) {\n applyDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');\n } else {\n removeDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');\n }\n }\n });\n \n // Apply on load\n applyDarkMode();\n \n // Re-apply on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {\n applyDarkMode();\n }\n });\n observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });\n \n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');\n})();", "Universal Dark Mode");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); }
})();
})();

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries#21849

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Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared libraries
#21849
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8167cb1

Android: allow building Vulkan/XNNPACK backends as separate shared li…


msluszniak Aug 14, 2026
24d05ae

lint: apply cmake-format to extension/android/CMakeLists.txt


msluszniak Aug 18, 2026
69a5f51

Export the backend registry when a backend is built as its own .so


msluszniak Sep 1, 2026

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96 changes: 83 additions & 13 deletions
extension/android/CMakeLists.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -115,25 +115,83 @@ if(TARGET qnn_executorch_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries qnn_executorch_backend)
endif()

# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
# EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED emit a backend as its own .so so a
# consumer can drop the ones it does not use. A split backend still links
# executorch_core statically, so it carries a second copy of the backend
# registry (registered_backends[] in runtime/backend/interface.cpp).
# Registration reaches the runtime's copy only through PLT interposition: the
# register_backend call in the backend .so is a JUMP_SLOT relocation, so the
# dynamic linker binds it to the first definition in the global lookup scope.
# Two things have to hold for that to be this library's copy:
#
# * libexecutorch_jni.so has to export register_backend. The default version
# script hides everything but JNI_OnLoad/Java_*, so jni/version_script.txt is
# swapped for jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt below whenever a backend
# is split out.
# * The consumer has to load libexecutorch_jni.so ahead of the backend .so in
# the same lookup scope. Naming both in the link line of the library that uses
# them, runtime first, does that: the runtime lands earlier in DT_NEEDED and
# wins the lookup. dlopen()ing a backend .so on its own does not, and the
# backend then registers into its own table while the runtime reports
# DelegateNotFound.
#
# The same interposition is what keeps a split XNNPACK on one thread pool: the
# pthreadpool symbols are exported from here too, so the backend .so binds to
# the pool extension_threadpool configures instead of a second, unconfigured
# copy of its own.
if(TARGET xnnpack_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(
 APPEND
 link_libraries
 xnnpack_backend
 XNNPACK
 pthreadpool
 cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 set(_xnnpack_so_link_libs xnnpack_backend XNNPACK pthreadpool cpuinfo
 xnnpack-microkernels-prod
 )
 if(TARGET kleidiai)
 list(APPEND link_libraries kleidiai)
 list(APPEND _xnnpack_so_link_libs kleidiai)
 endif()

 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Whole-archive the backend so its register_backend static initializer
 # fires, and take only the XNNPACK third-party libs with it. The kernel
 # registration archives stay in libexecutorch_jni.so, so loading both
 # libraries together does not register a kernel twice
 # (Error::RegistrationAlreadyRegistered, 0x16).
 add_library(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(xnnpack_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 xnnpack_executorch_backend PRIVATE ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs}
 executorch_core log
 )
 # executorch_jni still needs cpuinfo headers / lib for thread count
 # detection.
 list(APPEND link_libraries cpuinfo)
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(xnnpack_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries ${_xnnpack_so_link_libs})
 endif()
endif()

if(TARGET vulkan_backend)
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # Same shape as the XNNPACK split above: whole-archive vulkan_backend and
 # take only vulkan_schema with it, leaving the kernel registration archives
 # in libexecutorch_jni.so.
 add_library(
 vulkan_executorch_backend SHARED
 ${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp
 )
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 target_link_options_gc_sections(vulkan_executorch_backend)
 target_link_libraries(
 vulkan_executorch_backend PRIVATE vulkan_backend vulkan_schema
 executorch_core log
 )
 else()
 executorch_target_link_options_shared_lib(vulkan_backend)
 list(APPEND link_libraries vulkan_backend)
 endif()
endif()

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_KERNELS_LLM)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -242,9 +300,21 @@ target_include_directories(

target_compile_options(executorch_jni PUBLIC ${_common_compile_options})

if(EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
)
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt"
 )
else()
 set(_executorch_jni_version_script
 "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 )
endif()

target_link_options(
 executorch_jni PRIVATE
 "LINKER:--version-script,${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jni/version_script.txt"
 "LINKER:--version-script,${_executorch_jni_version_script}"
)
target_link_options_gc_sections(executorch_jni)

Expand Down

11 changes: 11 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/jni_noop.cpp

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
/*
 * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
 * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 */

// Empty translation unit so SHARED libraries that only need to whole-archive
// other static archives (e.g. libvulkan_executorch_backend.so) have at least
// one source file for CMake to invoke the linker on.

23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions
extension/android/jni/version_script_shared_backends.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
{
 global:
 JNI_OnLoad;
 Java_*;
 # A backend built as its own .so (EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED /
 # EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED) carries its own statically linked
 # copy of executorch_core, and therefore its own backend registry. Its call
 # to register_backend goes through the PLT, so exporting the registry entry
 # points here lets the dynamic linker bind that call to this library's
 # registry - the one the runtime actually reads from.
 extern "C++" {
 executorch::runtime*::register_backend*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_class*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_backend_name*;
 executorch::runtime*::get_num_registered_backends*;
 };
 # Same reason, for the thread pool the split XNNPACK backend runs on: bind
 # its pthreadpool calls to the pool extension_threadpool configures here
 # rather than to a second, unconfigured copy inside the backend .so.
 pthreadpool_*;
 local:
 *;
};

6 changes: 5 additions & 1 deletion
extension/llm/custom_ops/CMakeLists.txt

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ endif()

list(TRANSFORM _custom_ops__srcs PREPEND "${EXECUTORCH_ROOT}/")

if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK)
if(NOT EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK OR EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED)
 # custom_ops doesn't actually call into xnnpack_backend (no XNNPACK refs in
 # its sources). The transitive PUBLIC link is what was previously dragging
 # XNNCompiler/XNNExecutor into libexecutorch_jni.so via the WHOLE_ARCHIVE on
 # custom_ops, which defeats EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED. Drop it.
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool)
else()
 list(APPEND custom_ops_libs extension_threadpool xnnpack_backend)
Expand Down

17 changes: 16 additions & 1 deletion
scripts/build_android_library.sh

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 fi

 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED:-OFF}"
 XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2:-ON}"

 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_OUT}" \
Expand All@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN}" \
 -DQNN_SDK_ROOT="${QNN_SDK_ROOT}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DEXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED="${EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED}" \
 -DXNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2="${XNNPACK_ENABLE_ARM_SME2}" \
 -DFLATCC_ALLOW_WERROR=OFF \
 -DSUPPORT_REGEX_LOOKAHEAD=ON \
Expand All@@ -68,7 +72,18 @@ build_android_native_library() {
 # Copy artifacts to ABI specific directory
 local SO_STAGE_DIR="cmake-out-android-so/${ANDROID_ABI}"
 mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libexecutorch_jni.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"

 # Copy standalone Vulkan backend shared library if built. Used by React
 # Native Executorch as an opt-in artifact when the app enables Vulkan.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libvulkan_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Same for XNNPACK as a standalone shared library.
 if [ -f "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so ]; then
 cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/libxnnpack_executorch_backend.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/"
 fi

 # Copy QNN related so library
 if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
Expand Down

21 changes: 21 additions & 0 deletions
tools/cmake/preset/default.cmake

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
Expand Up@@ -171,6 +171,18 @@ define_overridable_option(
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN "Build the Vulkan backend" BOOL OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the XNNPACK backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED
 "Build the Vulkan backend as its own shared library instead of linking it into the Android JNI library"
 BOOL
 OFF
)
define_overridable_option(
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_WEBGPU "Build the WebGPU backend" BOOL OFF
)
Expand DownExpand Up@@ -357,6 +369,15 @@ check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_QNN REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_EXTENSION_TENSOR
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES
 EXECUTORCH_BUILD_XNNPACK
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN_BACKEND_SHARED REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_VULKAN
)

check_required_options_on(
 IF_ON EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_BUNDLE_IO REQUIRES EXECUTORCH_BUILD_DEVTOOLS
)
Expand Down
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