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Wireless Emergency Stop Button

by: Le Minh Quan Tran / Pham Duc Binh

Faculty of Technology and Bionics

Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences

Date: 13 January 2025

Abstract

This project presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Emergency Stop Button (WESB) for enhancing safety in IoT applications, specifically the E-Go-Cart. The WESB utilizes an ESP8266-based wireless communication link operating on a Wi-Fi network. A mechanical button on the transmitter triggers an emergency stop signal, which is then transmitted wirelessly to the receiver. The receiver is connected to the E-Go-Cart via a digital input/output interface. Upon receiving the stop signal, the receiver initiates an emergency braking sequence implemented using MATLAB/Simulink, bringing the E-Go-Cart to a safe halt within a defined distance. This system provides a reliable and efficient means for remote emergency control of electric vehicles, improving overall safety and operational reliability.

Table of Contents

[[TOC]]

1 Introduction

The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), including those used in educational and recreational settings, demands robust safety mechanisms. This project addresses the need for a reliable and efficient emergency stop system for EVs, drawing inspiration from a real-world incident at Rhine-Waal University.

During a student festival, students were driving E-Go-Cart around campus under supervision. An accident occurred when a student, experiencing panic, lost control of their vehicle, potentially endangering pedestrians. Although the E-Go-Cart was equipped with an emergency stop button, the student's panicked state hindered their ability to react effectively. This incident underscored the limitations of traditional emergency stop mechanisms in high-stress situations and emphasized the need for a more robust and accessible solution.

Compared to traditional on-board emergency stop buttons, the WESB offers several advantages:

  • Reduced Stress: Remote control eliminates the need for panicked individuals to locate and activate a specific button on the vehicle.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: Integration with mobile applications provides convenient access to the emergency stop function.
  • Centralized Control: The WESB allows for the simultaneous control of multiple vehicles, making it ideal for managing fleets or large-scale events.

This project seeks to address the shortcomings of existing safety measures and provide a more reliable and effective solution for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles in diverse settings.

2 Bill of Materials

No.QualityManufacturerComponentOrdering code (manufacturer)VendorOrdering code (vendor)Price per unit (€)Price (€)
122 AA cell holderHSRW
21PUSH BUTTONHSRW
31BUZZERHSRW
41RED LEDHSRW
51GREEN LEDHSRW
61POWER SWITCHHSRW
71DiptronicsRESET BUTTONDTSMF-32N-V-T/RMouser113-DTSMF32NVTR0.410.41
81Joy-ITESP8266ESP8266-12FConrad1707668 - NA4.194.19
91SemtechRF TransceiverSX1268IMLTRTMouser947-SX1268IMLTRT3.853.85
101MaxlinearVoltage regulatorSPX1117M3-L-3-3/TRMouser701-SPX1117M3-L-33TR0.490.49
111Silicon LaboratoriesUSB ControllerCP2102N-A02-GQFN28Mouser634-CP2102NA02GQFN283.283.28
121GlobalConnector TechnologyMicro-usb headerUSB3140-30-0170-0-CMouser640-USB31403001700C0.750.75
131LPRSRF ConnectorSMA CONNECTORMouser471-SMACONNECTOR2.032.03
141MurataRF Inductors - L1LQG15HS56NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HS56NJ02D0.090.09
151MurataRF Inductors - L2LQG15HS8N2J02DMouser81-LQG15HS8N2J02D0.090.09
161MurataRF Inductors - L3LQG15HN18NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HN18NJ02D0.090.09
171MurataRF Inductors - L4LQW15AN33NH00DMouser81-LQW15AN33NH00D0.140.14
181TDKPower Inductors - L5MLZ2012M150WT000Mouser810-MLZ2012M150WT0000.110.11
191NDKCrystals - Y1NX2016SA-32M-EXS00A-CS06465Mouser344-NX2016SA32S064650.520.52
201Ceramic Capacitor - C1HSRW
211KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C2C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
221KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C3C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
231Ceramic Capacitor - C4HSRW
241KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C5C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
251Ceramic Capacitor - C6HSRW
261MurataCeramic Capacitor - C7GRM155R71A474KE01DMouser81-GRM155R71A474KE1D0.360.36
271MurataCeramic Capacitor - C8GRM155R71C473KA01DMouser81-GRM155R71C473KA010.090.09
281MurataCeramic Capacitor - C9GCM1555C1H820JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H820JA6D0.090.09
291MurataCeramic Capacitor - C10GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
301MurataCeramic Capacitor - C11GJM1555C1H3R6CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R6CB1D0.090.09
311MurataCeramic Capacitor - C12GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
321MurataCeramic Capacitor - C13GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
331MurataCeramic Capacitor - C14GJM1555C1H8R2CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H8R2CB010.090.09
341MurataCeramic Capacitor - C15GJM1555C1H4R7CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H4R7CB1D0.090.09
351MurataCeramic Capacitor - C16GJM1555C1H3R9CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R9CB1D0.090.09
361MurataCeramic Capacitor - C17GJM1555C1H1R0BB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H1R0BB010.090.09
371MurataCeramic Capacitor - C18GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
381MurataCeramic Capacitor - C19GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
391MurataCeramic Capacitor - C20GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
403LittelfuseTVS DiodesSP0503BAHTGMouser576-SP0503BAHTG0.651.95
411Resistor - R1HSRW
421Resistor - R2HSRW
431Resistor - R2HSRW
441Resistor - R4HSRW
451Resistor - R5HSRW
461Resistor - R6HSRW
471Resistor - R7HSRW
481Resistor - R8HSRW
491Resistor - R9HSRW
501Resistor - R10HSRW
511VishayResistor - R11CRCW04020000Z0EDMouser71-CRCW0402-0-E30.090.09
5221x02 PIN HEADERHSRW
5321x08 PIN HEADERHSRW

3 Methodology

3.1 Schematic

Final Schematic:

This image shows the schematic of our device: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 1: Schematic

3.2 PCB Design

Final PCB:

This image shows the PCB design of our project: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 2: PCB design

3.3 Prototyping

Prototyping

3.4 Assembly Process

3.4.1 Soldering SMD components

First step: Use a stencil and apply solder paste to PCB.

Stencil and apply solder paste to PCB Figure 3: Using a stencil

After applying solder paste, pick up all SMD components and make sure they are all in correct place.

Pick up Figure 4: Put on SMD components

Next, put PCB into the oven then bake it. The setup was supported by Mr. Muh.

Bake PCB in the oven Figure 5: Put PCB into the Oven

Baking PCB Figure 6: Baking PCB

Last but not least, test the connectivity of the SMD components with the multimeter.

3.4.2 Soldering THT components

Solder THT components with Solder pen.

THT Soldering Figure 7: Solder THT components

Same as SMD components, make sure all THT components are connected appropriately.

4 Programming and uploading firmware

We programmed the ESP8266 chips using Arduino IDE and PlatformIO.
The files of Transmitter and Receiver are in the code/Official code folder.

5 Troubleshooting

[1] Can power the ESP8266 by USB cable, but not able to program. The device manager from the laptop cannot detect the USB port, although download a correct driver.

[2] Able to prototype LoRa module, but difficult to implement in the project. There have to be hard-work programming and deep understand in RF functions.

[3] Able to program the ESP8266 chips by using FDTI FT232RL Module. However, when the ESP8266 chips were soldered to the PCB, we could not program them by using FDTI module anymore.

6 Results

This is the result: Products Figure 8: Final Products

Running_Gif

7 Power Consumption and Battery Life

Power Consumption
V_supply = 6V (measured)
I_output = 200mA (measured)
⇒ P_consumed = V_supply * I_output = 5.5V * 200mA = 1200 mW.
P_consumed = 1200 mW

Battery Life
Battery capacity of AAA Alkaline: 1200 mAh (datasheet)
Battery Life = 1200mAh / 200mA = 6 hours

8 Further Improvements

  • Integration with Other Devices: Integrate wireless e-stops with other E-Carts or Robots to create a comprehensive safety network.
  • Further Program Development: Sleep mode to optimize the battery life
  • Application of The Lora Module to increase distance and reliable communication.
  • Ergonomic Design: Ensure ergonomic design for comfortable and intuitive operation (Push button, battery level, signal strength,…)

9 References

About

This project is about using ESP8266 transceiver, connected through WiFi to stop the E-Go-Cart wirelessly.

Resources

Readme
Activity

Stars

1 star

Watchers

1 watching

Forks

1 fork
Report repository

Releases

Packages

Contributors

Languages

, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Add copy buttons to all 
 blocks\n(function() {\n function addCopyButtons() {\n document.querySelectorAll('pre code').forEach(function(codeBlock) {\n if (codeBlock.parentElement.hasAttribute('data-copy-added')) return;\n codeBlock.parentElement.setAttribute('data-copy-added', 'true');\n \n var btn = document.createElement('button');\n btn.textContent = 'Copy';\n btn.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;top:4px;right:4px;padding:2px 8px;font-size:11px;background:#4ecdc4;border:none;border-radius:4px;color:#1a1a2e;cursor:pointer;opacity:0.7;transition:opacity 0.2s;';\n btn.onmouseover = function() { this.style.opacity = '1'; };\n btn.onmouseout = function() { this.style.opacity = '0.7'; };\n btn.onclick = function() {\n navigator.clipboard.writeText(codeBlock.textContent).then(function() {\n btn.textContent = 'Copied!';\n setTimeout(function() { btn.textContent = 'Copy'; }, 1500);\n });\n };\n codeBlock.parentElement.style.position = 'relative';\n codeBlock.parentElement.appendChild(btn);\n });\n }\n \n addCopyButtons();\n \n // Re-run on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(addCopyButtons);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "github.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "github\\.com" + '

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Repository files navigation
Wireless Emergency Stop Button
by: Le Minh Quan Tran / Pham Duc Binh
Faculty of Technology and Bionics
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
Date: 13 January 2025
Abstract
This project presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Emergency Stop Button (WESB)
for enhancing safety in IoT applications, specifically the E-Go-Cart.
The WESB utilizes an ESP8266-based wireless communication link operating on a Wi-Fi network.
A mechanical button on the transmitter triggers an emergency stop signal, which is then transmitted
wirelessly to the receiver. The receiver is connected to the E-Go-Cart via a digital input/output interface.
Upon receiving the stop signal, the receiver initiates an emergency braking sequence implemented using MATLAB/Simulink,
bringing the E-Go-Cart to a safe halt within a defined distance. This system provides a reliable and efficient means
for remote emergency control of electric vehicles, improving overall safety and operational reliability.
Table of Contents
[[TOC]]
1 Introduction
The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), including those used in educational and recreational settings,
demands robust safety mechanisms. This project addresses the need for a reliable and efficient emergency stop system for EVs,
drawing inspiration from a real-world incident at Rhine-Waal University.
During a student festival, students were driving E-Go-Cart around campus under supervision. An accident occurred when a student,
experiencing panic, lost control of their vehicle, potentially endangering pedestrians. Although the E-Go-Cart was equipped with
an emergency stop button, the student's panicked state hindered their ability to react effectively. This incident underscored
the limitations of traditional emergency stop mechanisms in high-stress situations and emphasized the need for a more robust and accessible solution.
Compared to traditional on-board emergency stop buttons, the WESB offers several advantages:
  • Reduced Stress: Remote control eliminates the need for panicked individuals to locate and activate a specific button on the vehicle.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: Integration with mobile applications provides convenient access to the emergency stop function.
  • Centralized Control: The WESB allows for the simultaneous control of multiple vehicles, making it ideal for managing fleets or large-scale events.
This project seeks to address the shortcomings of existing safety measures and provide a more
reliable and effective solution for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles in diverse settings.
2	Bill of Materials
No.QualityManufacturerComponentOrdering code (manufacturer)VendorOrdering code (vendor)Price per unit (€)Price (€)
122 AA cell holderHSRW
21PUSH BUTTONHSRW
31BUZZERHSRW
41RED LEDHSRW
51GREEN LEDHSRW
61POWER SWITCHHSRW
71DiptronicsRESET BUTTONDTSMF-32N-V-T/RMouser113-DTSMF32NVTR0.410.41
81Joy-ITESP8266ESP8266-12FConrad1707668 - NA4.194.19
91SemtechRF TransceiverSX1268IMLTRTMouser947-SX1268IMLTRT3.853.85
101MaxlinearVoltage regulatorSPX1117M3-L-3-3/TRMouser701-SPX1117M3-L-33TR0.490.49
111Silicon LaboratoriesUSB ControllerCP2102N-A02-GQFN28Mouser634-CP2102NA02GQFN283.283.28
121GlobalConnector TechnologyMicro-usb headerUSB3140-30-0170-0-CMouser640-USB31403001700C0.750.75
131LPRSRF ConnectorSMA CONNECTORMouser471-SMACONNECTOR2.032.03
141MurataRF Inductors - L1LQG15HS56NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HS56NJ02D0.090.09
151MurataRF Inductors - L2LQG15HS8N2J02DMouser81-LQG15HS8N2J02D0.090.09
161MurataRF Inductors - L3LQG15HN18NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HN18NJ02D0.090.09
171MurataRF Inductors - L4LQW15AN33NH00DMouser81-LQW15AN33NH00D0.140.14
181TDKPower Inductors - L5MLZ2012M150WT000Mouser810-MLZ2012M150WT0000.110.11
191NDKCrystals - Y1NX2016SA-32M-EXS00A-CS06465Mouser344-NX2016SA32S064650.520.52
201Ceramic Capacitor - C1HSRW
211KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C2C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
221KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C3C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
231Ceramic Capacitor - C4HSRW
241KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C5C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
251Ceramic Capacitor - C6HSRW
261MurataCeramic Capacitor - C7GRM155R71A474KE01DMouser81-GRM155R71A474KE1D0.360.36
271MurataCeramic Capacitor - C8GRM155R71C473KA01DMouser81-GRM155R71C473KA010.090.09
281MurataCeramic Capacitor - C9GCM1555C1H820JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H820JA6D0.090.09
291MurataCeramic Capacitor - C10GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
301MurataCeramic Capacitor - C11GJM1555C1H3R6CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R6CB1D0.090.09
311MurataCeramic Capacitor - C12GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
321MurataCeramic Capacitor - C13GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
331MurataCeramic Capacitor - C14GJM1555C1H8R2CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H8R2CB010.090.09
341MurataCeramic Capacitor - C15GJM1555C1H4R7CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H4R7CB1D0.090.09
351MurataCeramic Capacitor - C16GJM1555C1H3R9CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R9CB1D0.090.09
361MurataCeramic Capacitor - C17GJM1555C1H1R0BB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H1R0BB010.090.09
371MurataCeramic Capacitor - C18GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
381MurataCeramic Capacitor - C19GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
391MurataCeramic Capacitor - C20GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
403LittelfuseTVS DiodesSP0503BAHTGMouser576-SP0503BAHTG0.651.95
411Resistor - R1HSRW
421Resistor - R2HSRW
431Resistor - R2HSRW
441Resistor - R4HSRW
451Resistor - R5HSRW
461Resistor - R6HSRW
471Resistor - R7HSRW
481Resistor - R8HSRW
491Resistor - R9HSRW
501Resistor - R10HSRW
511VishayResistor - R11CRCW04020000Z0EDMouser71-CRCW0402-0-E30.090.09
5221x02 PIN HEADERHSRW
5321x08 PIN HEADERHSRW
3	Methodology
3.1 Schematic
Final Schematic:
This image shows the schematic of our device: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 1: Schematic
3.2 PCB Design
Final PCB:
This image shows the PCB design of our project: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 2: PCB design
3.3 Prototyping
Prototyping
3.4 Assembly Process
3.4.1 Soldering SMD components
First step: Use a stencil and apply solder paste to PCB.
Stencil and apply solder paste to PCB Figure 3: Using a stencil
After applying solder paste, pick up all SMD components and make sure they are all in correct place.
Pick up Figure 4: Put on SMD components
Next, put PCB into the oven then bake it. The setup was supported by Mr. Muh.
Bake PCB in the oven Figure 5: Put PCB into the Oven
Baking PCB Figure 6: Baking PCB
Last but not least, test the connectivity of the SMD components with the multimeter.
3.4.2 Soldering THT components
Solder THT components with Solder pen.
THT Soldering Figure 7: Solder THT components
Same as SMD components, make sure all THT components are connected appropriately.
4 Programming and uploading firmware
We programmed the ESP8266 chips using Arduino IDE and PlatformIO.

The files of Transmitter and Receiver are in the code/Official code folder.
5 Troubleshooting
[1]
Can power the ESP8266 by USB cable, but not able to program. The device manager from the laptop cannot detect the USB port, although
download a correct driver.
[2]
Able to prototype LoRa module, but difficult to implement in the project. There have to be hard-work programming and deep understand in
RF functions.
[3]
Able to program the ESP8266 chips by using FDTI FT232RL Module. However, when the ESP8266 chips were soldered to the PCB, we could not
program them by using FDTI module anymore.
6	Results
This is the result:
Products Figure 8: Final Products
Running_Gif
7	Power Consumption and Battery Life
Power Consumption

V_supply = 6V (measured)

I_output = 200mA (measured)

⇒ P_consumed = V_supply * I_output = 5.5V * 200mA = 1200 mW.
P_consumed = 1200 mW
Battery Life

Battery capacity of AAA Alkaline: 1200 mAh (datasheet)

Battery Life = 1200mAh / 200mA = 6 hours
8	Further Improvements
  • Integration with Other Devices: Integrate wireless e-stops with other E-Carts or Robots to create a comprehensive safety network.
  • Further Program Development: Sleep mode to optimize the battery life
  • Application of The Lora Module to increase distance and reliable communication.
  • Ergonomic Design: Ensure ergonomic design for comfortable and intuitive operation (Push button, battery level, signal strength,…)
9	References
About
This project is about using ESP8266 transceiver, connected through WiFi to stop the E-Go-Cart wirelessly.
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
1 fork
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode\n(function() {\n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '\n .markdown-body {\n color-scheme: dark light;\n }\n .markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; }\n .markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; }\n .markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; }\n .markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; }\n .markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; }\n .markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; }\n ';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n})();", "GitHub Dark Mode README Fix");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Repository files navigation
Wireless Emergency Stop Button
by: Le Minh Quan Tran / Pham Duc Binh
Faculty of Technology and Bionics
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
Date: 13 January 2025
Abstract
This project presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Emergency Stop Button (WESB)
for enhancing safety in IoT applications, specifically the E-Go-Cart.
The WESB utilizes an ESP8266-based wireless communication link operating on a Wi-Fi network.
A mechanical button on the transmitter triggers an emergency stop signal, which is then transmitted
wirelessly to the receiver. The receiver is connected to the E-Go-Cart via a digital input/output interface.
Upon receiving the stop signal, the receiver initiates an emergency braking sequence implemented using MATLAB/Simulink,
bringing the E-Go-Cart to a safe halt within a defined distance. This system provides a reliable and efficient means
for remote emergency control of electric vehicles, improving overall safety and operational reliability.
Table of Contents
[[TOC]]
1 Introduction
The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), including those used in educational and recreational settings,
demands robust safety mechanisms. This project addresses the need for a reliable and efficient emergency stop system for EVs,
drawing inspiration from a real-world incident at Rhine-Waal University.
During a student festival, students were driving E-Go-Cart around campus under supervision. An accident occurred when a student,
experiencing panic, lost control of their vehicle, potentially endangering pedestrians. Although the E-Go-Cart was equipped with
an emergency stop button, the student's panicked state hindered their ability to react effectively. This incident underscored
the limitations of traditional emergency stop mechanisms in high-stress situations and emphasized the need for a more robust and accessible solution.
Compared to traditional on-board emergency stop buttons, the WESB offers several advantages:
  • Reduced Stress: Remote control eliminates the need for panicked individuals to locate and activate a specific button on the vehicle.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: Integration with mobile applications provides convenient access to the emergency stop function.
  • Centralized Control: The WESB allows for the simultaneous control of multiple vehicles, making it ideal for managing fleets or large-scale events.
This project seeks to address the shortcomings of existing safety measures and provide a more
reliable and effective solution for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles in diverse settings.
2	Bill of Materials
No.QualityManufacturerComponentOrdering code (manufacturer)VendorOrdering code (vendor)Price per unit (€)Price (€)
122 AA cell holderHSRW
21PUSH BUTTONHSRW
31BUZZERHSRW
41RED LEDHSRW
51GREEN LEDHSRW
61POWER SWITCHHSRW
71DiptronicsRESET BUTTONDTSMF-32N-V-T/RMouser113-DTSMF32NVTR0.410.41
81Joy-ITESP8266ESP8266-12FConrad1707668 - NA4.194.19
91SemtechRF TransceiverSX1268IMLTRTMouser947-SX1268IMLTRT3.853.85
101MaxlinearVoltage regulatorSPX1117M3-L-3-3/TRMouser701-SPX1117M3-L-33TR0.490.49
111Silicon LaboratoriesUSB ControllerCP2102N-A02-GQFN28Mouser634-CP2102NA02GQFN283.283.28
121GlobalConnector TechnologyMicro-usb headerUSB3140-30-0170-0-CMouser640-USB31403001700C0.750.75
131LPRSRF ConnectorSMA CONNECTORMouser471-SMACONNECTOR2.032.03
141MurataRF Inductors - L1LQG15HS56NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HS56NJ02D0.090.09
151MurataRF Inductors - L2LQG15HS8N2J02DMouser81-LQG15HS8N2J02D0.090.09
161MurataRF Inductors - L3LQG15HN18NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HN18NJ02D0.090.09
171MurataRF Inductors - L4LQW15AN33NH00DMouser81-LQW15AN33NH00D0.140.14
181TDKPower Inductors - L5MLZ2012M150WT000Mouser810-MLZ2012M150WT0000.110.11
191NDKCrystals - Y1NX2016SA-32M-EXS00A-CS06465Mouser344-NX2016SA32S064650.520.52
201Ceramic Capacitor - C1HSRW
211KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C2C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
221KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C3C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
231Ceramic Capacitor - C4HSRW
241KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C5C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
251Ceramic Capacitor - C6HSRW
261MurataCeramic Capacitor - C7GRM155R71A474KE01DMouser81-GRM155R71A474KE1D0.360.36
271MurataCeramic Capacitor - C8GRM155R71C473KA01DMouser81-GRM155R71C473KA010.090.09
281MurataCeramic Capacitor - C9GCM1555C1H820JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H820JA6D0.090.09
291MurataCeramic Capacitor - C10GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
301MurataCeramic Capacitor - C11GJM1555C1H3R6CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R6CB1D0.090.09
311MurataCeramic Capacitor - C12GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
321MurataCeramic Capacitor - C13GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
331MurataCeramic Capacitor - C14GJM1555C1H8R2CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H8R2CB010.090.09
341MurataCeramic Capacitor - C15GJM1555C1H4R7CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H4R7CB1D0.090.09
351MurataCeramic Capacitor - C16GJM1555C1H3R9CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R9CB1D0.090.09
361MurataCeramic Capacitor - C17GJM1555C1H1R0BB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H1R0BB010.090.09
371MurataCeramic Capacitor - C18GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
381MurataCeramic Capacitor - C19GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
391MurataCeramic Capacitor - C20GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
403LittelfuseTVS DiodesSP0503BAHTGMouser576-SP0503BAHTG0.651.95
411Resistor - R1HSRW
421Resistor - R2HSRW
431Resistor - R2HSRW
441Resistor - R4HSRW
451Resistor - R5HSRW
461Resistor - R6HSRW
471Resistor - R7HSRW
481Resistor - R8HSRW
491Resistor - R9HSRW
501Resistor - R10HSRW
511VishayResistor - R11CRCW04020000Z0EDMouser71-CRCW0402-0-E30.090.09
5221x02 PIN HEADERHSRW
5321x08 PIN HEADERHSRW
3	Methodology
3.1 Schematic
Final Schematic:
This image shows the schematic of our device: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 1: Schematic
3.2 PCB Design
Final PCB:
This image shows the PCB design of our project: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 2: PCB design
3.3 Prototyping
Prototyping
3.4 Assembly Process
3.4.1 Soldering SMD components
First step: Use a stencil and apply solder paste to PCB.
Stencil and apply solder paste to PCB Figure 3: Using a stencil
After applying solder paste, pick up all SMD components and make sure they are all in correct place.
Pick up Figure 4: Put on SMD components
Next, put PCB into the oven then bake it. The setup was supported by Mr. Muh.
Bake PCB in the oven Figure 5: Put PCB into the Oven
Baking PCB Figure 6: Baking PCB
Last but not least, test the connectivity of the SMD components with the multimeter.
3.4.2 Soldering THT components
Solder THT components with Solder pen.
THT Soldering Figure 7: Solder THT components
Same as SMD components, make sure all THT components are connected appropriately.
4 Programming and uploading firmware
We programmed the ESP8266 chips using Arduino IDE and PlatformIO.

The files of Transmitter and Receiver are in the code/Official code folder.
5 Troubleshooting
[1]
Can power the ESP8266 by USB cable, but not able to program. The device manager from the laptop cannot detect the USB port, although
download a correct driver.
[2]
Able to prototype LoRa module, but difficult to implement in the project. There have to be hard-work programming and deep understand in
RF functions.
[3]
Able to program the ESP8266 chips by using FDTI FT232RL Module. However, when the ESP8266 chips were soldered to the PCB, we could not
program them by using FDTI module anymore.
6	Results
This is the result:
Products Figure 8: Final Products
Running_Gif
7	Power Consumption and Battery Life
Power Consumption

V_supply = 6V (measured)

I_output = 200mA (measured)

⇒ P_consumed = V_supply * I_output = 5.5V * 200mA = 1200 mW.
P_consumed = 1200 mW
Battery Life

Battery capacity of AAA Alkaline: 1200 mAh (datasheet)

Battery Life = 1200mAh / 200mA = 6 hours
8	Further Improvements
  • Integration with Other Devices: Integrate wireless e-stops with other E-Carts or Robots to create a comprehensive safety network.
  • Further Program Development: Sleep mode to optimize the battery life
  • Application of The Lora Module to increase distance and reliable communication.
  • Ergonomic Design: Ensure ergonomic design for comfortable and intuitive operation (Push button, battery level, signal strength,…)
9	References
About
This project is about using ESP8266 transceiver, connected through WiFi to stop the E-Go-Cart wirelessly.
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
1 fork
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer\n(function() {\n var ref = document.referrer;\n var terms = [];\n \n if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) {\n var url = new URL(ref);\n var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p');\n if (q) {\n terms = q.split(/\\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; });\n }\n }\n \n if (terms.length === 0) return;\n \n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n \n function highlight(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 3) { // text node\n var text = node.textContent;\n var found = false;\n terms.forEach(function(term) {\n var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\\]\\\\]/g, '\\\\') + ')', 'gi');\n if (regex.test(text)) {\n found = true;\n var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();\n var parts = text.split(regex);\n parts.forEach(function(part, i) {\n if (i % 2 === 0) {\n frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part));\n } else {\n var span = document.createElement('span');\n span.className = 'userscript-highlight';\n span.textContent = part;\n frag.appendChild(span);\n }\n });\n node.parentNode.replaceChild(frag, node);\n }\n });\n } else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element\n var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT'];\n if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) {\n Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight);\n }\n }\n }\n \n highlight(document.body);\n \n // Re-highlight on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node);\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Highlight Search Terms");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Repository files navigation
Wireless Emergency Stop Button
by: Le Minh Quan Tran / Pham Duc Binh
Faculty of Technology and Bionics
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
Date: 13 January 2025
Abstract
This project presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Emergency Stop Button (WESB)
for enhancing safety in IoT applications, specifically the E-Go-Cart.
The WESB utilizes an ESP8266-based wireless communication link operating on a Wi-Fi network.
A mechanical button on the transmitter triggers an emergency stop signal, which is then transmitted
wirelessly to the receiver. The receiver is connected to the E-Go-Cart via a digital input/output interface.
Upon receiving the stop signal, the receiver initiates an emergency braking sequence implemented using MATLAB/Simulink,
bringing the E-Go-Cart to a safe halt within a defined distance. This system provides a reliable and efficient means
for remote emergency control of electric vehicles, improving overall safety and operational reliability.
Table of Contents
[[TOC]]
1 Introduction
The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), including those used in educational and recreational settings,
demands robust safety mechanisms. This project addresses the need for a reliable and efficient emergency stop system for EVs,
drawing inspiration from a real-world incident at Rhine-Waal University.
During a student festival, students were driving E-Go-Cart around campus under supervision. An accident occurred when a student,
experiencing panic, lost control of their vehicle, potentially endangering pedestrians. Although the E-Go-Cart was equipped with
an emergency stop button, the student's panicked state hindered their ability to react effectively. This incident underscored
the limitations of traditional emergency stop mechanisms in high-stress situations and emphasized the need for a more robust and accessible solution.
Compared to traditional on-board emergency stop buttons, the WESB offers several advantages:
  • Reduced Stress: Remote control eliminates the need for panicked individuals to locate and activate a specific button on the vehicle.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: Integration with mobile applications provides convenient access to the emergency stop function.
  • Centralized Control: The WESB allows for the simultaneous control of multiple vehicles, making it ideal for managing fleets or large-scale events.
This project seeks to address the shortcomings of existing safety measures and provide a more
reliable and effective solution for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles in diverse settings.
2	Bill of Materials
No.QualityManufacturerComponentOrdering code (manufacturer)VendorOrdering code (vendor)Price per unit (€)Price (€)
122 AA cell holderHSRW
21PUSH BUTTONHSRW
31BUZZERHSRW
41RED LEDHSRW
51GREEN LEDHSRW
61POWER SWITCHHSRW
71DiptronicsRESET BUTTONDTSMF-32N-V-T/RMouser113-DTSMF32NVTR0.410.41
81Joy-ITESP8266ESP8266-12FConrad1707668 - NA4.194.19
91SemtechRF TransceiverSX1268IMLTRTMouser947-SX1268IMLTRT3.853.85
101MaxlinearVoltage regulatorSPX1117M3-L-3-3/TRMouser701-SPX1117M3-L-33TR0.490.49
111Silicon LaboratoriesUSB ControllerCP2102N-A02-GQFN28Mouser634-CP2102NA02GQFN283.283.28
121GlobalConnector TechnologyMicro-usb headerUSB3140-30-0170-0-CMouser640-USB31403001700C0.750.75
131LPRSRF ConnectorSMA CONNECTORMouser471-SMACONNECTOR2.032.03
141MurataRF Inductors - L1LQG15HS56NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HS56NJ02D0.090.09
151MurataRF Inductors - L2LQG15HS8N2J02DMouser81-LQG15HS8N2J02D0.090.09
161MurataRF Inductors - L3LQG15HN18NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HN18NJ02D0.090.09
171MurataRF Inductors - L4LQW15AN33NH00DMouser81-LQW15AN33NH00D0.140.14
181TDKPower Inductors - L5MLZ2012M150WT000Mouser810-MLZ2012M150WT0000.110.11
191NDKCrystals - Y1NX2016SA-32M-EXS00A-CS06465Mouser344-NX2016SA32S064650.520.52
201Ceramic Capacitor - C1HSRW
211KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C2C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
221KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C3C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
231Ceramic Capacitor - C4HSRW
241KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C5C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
251Ceramic Capacitor - C6HSRW
261MurataCeramic Capacitor - C7GRM155R71A474KE01DMouser81-GRM155R71A474KE1D0.360.36
271MurataCeramic Capacitor - C8GRM155R71C473KA01DMouser81-GRM155R71C473KA010.090.09
281MurataCeramic Capacitor - C9GCM1555C1H820JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H820JA6D0.090.09
291MurataCeramic Capacitor - C10GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
301MurataCeramic Capacitor - C11GJM1555C1H3R6CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R6CB1D0.090.09
311MurataCeramic Capacitor - C12GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
321MurataCeramic Capacitor - C13GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
331MurataCeramic Capacitor - C14GJM1555C1H8R2CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H8R2CB010.090.09
341MurataCeramic Capacitor - C15GJM1555C1H4R7CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H4R7CB1D0.090.09
351MurataCeramic Capacitor - C16GJM1555C1H3R9CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R9CB1D0.090.09
361MurataCeramic Capacitor - C17GJM1555C1H1R0BB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H1R0BB010.090.09
371MurataCeramic Capacitor - C18GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
381MurataCeramic Capacitor - C19GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
391MurataCeramic Capacitor - C20GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
403LittelfuseTVS DiodesSP0503BAHTGMouser576-SP0503BAHTG0.651.95
411Resistor - R1HSRW
421Resistor - R2HSRW
431Resistor - R2HSRW
441Resistor - R4HSRW
451Resistor - R5HSRW
461Resistor - R6HSRW
471Resistor - R7HSRW
481Resistor - R8HSRW
491Resistor - R9HSRW
501Resistor - R10HSRW
511VishayResistor - R11CRCW04020000Z0EDMouser71-CRCW0402-0-E30.090.09
5221x02 PIN HEADERHSRW
5321x08 PIN HEADERHSRW
3	Methodology
3.1 Schematic
Final Schematic:
This image shows the schematic of our device: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 1: Schematic
3.2 PCB Design
Final PCB:
This image shows the PCB design of our project: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 2: PCB design
3.3 Prototyping
Prototyping
3.4 Assembly Process
3.4.1 Soldering SMD components
First step: Use a stencil and apply solder paste to PCB.
Stencil and apply solder paste to PCB Figure 3: Using a stencil
After applying solder paste, pick up all SMD components and make sure they are all in correct place.
Pick up Figure 4: Put on SMD components
Next, put PCB into the oven then bake it. The setup was supported by Mr. Muh.
Bake PCB in the oven Figure 5: Put PCB into the Oven
Baking PCB Figure 6: Baking PCB
Last but not least, test the connectivity of the SMD components with the multimeter.
3.4.2 Soldering THT components
Solder THT components with Solder pen.
THT Soldering Figure 7: Solder THT components
Same as SMD components, make sure all THT components are connected appropriately.
4 Programming and uploading firmware
We programmed the ESP8266 chips using Arduino IDE and PlatformIO.

The files of Transmitter and Receiver are in the code/Official code folder.
5 Troubleshooting
[1]
Can power the ESP8266 by USB cable, but not able to program. The device manager from the laptop cannot detect the USB port, although
download a correct driver.
[2]
Able to prototype LoRa module, but difficult to implement in the project. There have to be hard-work programming and deep understand in
RF functions.
[3]
Able to program the ESP8266 chips by using FDTI FT232RL Module. However, when the ESP8266 chips were soldered to the PCB, we could not
program them by using FDTI module anymore.
6	Results
This is the result:
Products Figure 8: Final Products
Running_Gif
7	Power Consumption and Battery Life
Power Consumption

V_supply = 6V (measured)

I_output = 200mA (measured)

⇒ P_consumed = V_supply * I_output = 5.5V * 200mA = 1200 mW.
P_consumed = 1200 mW
Battery Life

Battery capacity of AAA Alkaline: 1200 mAh (datasheet)

Battery Life = 1200mAh / 200mA = 6 hours
8	Further Improvements
  • Integration with Other Devices: Integrate wireless e-stops with other E-Carts or Robots to create a comprehensive safety network.
  • Further Program Development: Sleep mode to optimize the battery life
  • Application of The Lora Module to increase distance and reliable communication.
  • Ergonomic Design: Ensure ergonomic design for comfortable and intuitive operation (Push button, battery level, signal strength,…)
9	References
About
This project is about using ESP8266 transceiver, connected through WiFi to stop the E-Go-Cart wirelessly.
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
1 fork
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page\n(function() {\n var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',\n 'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',\n 'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];\n \n function cleanUrl(url) {\n try {\n var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);\n var changed = false;\n trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {\n if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {\n u.searchParams.delete(p);\n changed = true;\n }\n });\n return changed ? u.toString() : url;\n } catch (e) {\n return url;\n }\n }\n \n function cleanLinks() {\n document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n \n cleanLinks();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1) {\n if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();\n node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Remove Tracking Parameters from Links");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "youtube.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '

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Repository files navigation
Wireless Emergency Stop Button
by: Le Minh Quan Tran / Pham Duc Binh
Faculty of Technology and Bionics
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
Date: 13 January 2025
Abstract
This project presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Emergency Stop Button (WESB)
for enhancing safety in IoT applications, specifically the E-Go-Cart.
The WESB utilizes an ESP8266-based wireless communication link operating on a Wi-Fi network.
A mechanical button on the transmitter triggers an emergency stop signal, which is then transmitted
wirelessly to the receiver. The receiver is connected to the E-Go-Cart via a digital input/output interface.
Upon receiving the stop signal, the receiver initiates an emergency braking sequence implemented using MATLAB/Simulink,
bringing the E-Go-Cart to a safe halt within a defined distance. This system provides a reliable and efficient means
for remote emergency control of electric vehicles, improving overall safety and operational reliability.
Table of Contents
[[TOC]]
1 Introduction
The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), including those used in educational and recreational settings,
demands robust safety mechanisms. This project addresses the need for a reliable and efficient emergency stop system for EVs,
drawing inspiration from a real-world incident at Rhine-Waal University.
During a student festival, students were driving E-Go-Cart around campus under supervision. An accident occurred when a student,
experiencing panic, lost control of their vehicle, potentially endangering pedestrians. Although the E-Go-Cart was equipped with
an emergency stop button, the student's panicked state hindered their ability to react effectively. This incident underscored
the limitations of traditional emergency stop mechanisms in high-stress situations and emphasized the need for a more robust and accessible solution.
Compared to traditional on-board emergency stop buttons, the WESB offers several advantages:
  • Reduced Stress: Remote control eliminates the need for panicked individuals to locate and activate a specific button on the vehicle.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: Integration with mobile applications provides convenient access to the emergency stop function.
  • Centralized Control: The WESB allows for the simultaneous control of multiple vehicles, making it ideal for managing fleets or large-scale events.
This project seeks to address the shortcomings of existing safety measures and provide a more
reliable and effective solution for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles in diverse settings.
2	Bill of Materials
No.QualityManufacturerComponentOrdering code (manufacturer)VendorOrdering code (vendor)Price per unit (€)Price (€)
122 AA cell holderHSRW
21PUSH BUTTONHSRW
31BUZZERHSRW
41RED LEDHSRW
51GREEN LEDHSRW
61POWER SWITCHHSRW
71DiptronicsRESET BUTTONDTSMF-32N-V-T/RMouser113-DTSMF32NVTR0.410.41
81Joy-ITESP8266ESP8266-12FConrad1707668 - NA4.194.19
91SemtechRF TransceiverSX1268IMLTRTMouser947-SX1268IMLTRT3.853.85
101MaxlinearVoltage regulatorSPX1117M3-L-3-3/TRMouser701-SPX1117M3-L-33TR0.490.49
111Silicon LaboratoriesUSB ControllerCP2102N-A02-GQFN28Mouser634-CP2102NA02GQFN283.283.28
121GlobalConnector TechnologyMicro-usb headerUSB3140-30-0170-0-CMouser640-USB31403001700C0.750.75
131LPRSRF ConnectorSMA CONNECTORMouser471-SMACONNECTOR2.032.03
141MurataRF Inductors - L1LQG15HS56NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HS56NJ02D0.090.09
151MurataRF Inductors - L2LQG15HS8N2J02DMouser81-LQG15HS8N2J02D0.090.09
161MurataRF Inductors - L3LQG15HN18NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HN18NJ02D0.090.09
171MurataRF Inductors - L4LQW15AN33NH00DMouser81-LQW15AN33NH00D0.140.14
181TDKPower Inductors - L5MLZ2012M150WT000Mouser810-MLZ2012M150WT0000.110.11
191NDKCrystals - Y1NX2016SA-32M-EXS00A-CS06465Mouser344-NX2016SA32S064650.520.52
201Ceramic Capacitor - C1HSRW
211KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C2C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
221KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C3C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
231Ceramic Capacitor - C4HSRW
241KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C5C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
251Ceramic Capacitor - C6HSRW
261MurataCeramic Capacitor - C7GRM155R71A474KE01DMouser81-GRM155R71A474KE1D0.360.36
271MurataCeramic Capacitor - C8GRM155R71C473KA01DMouser81-GRM155R71C473KA010.090.09
281MurataCeramic Capacitor - C9GCM1555C1H820JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H820JA6D0.090.09
291MurataCeramic Capacitor - C10GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
301MurataCeramic Capacitor - C11GJM1555C1H3R6CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R6CB1D0.090.09
311MurataCeramic Capacitor - C12GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
321MurataCeramic Capacitor - C13GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
331MurataCeramic Capacitor - C14GJM1555C1H8R2CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H8R2CB010.090.09
341MurataCeramic Capacitor - C15GJM1555C1H4R7CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H4R7CB1D0.090.09
351MurataCeramic Capacitor - C16GJM1555C1H3R9CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R9CB1D0.090.09
361MurataCeramic Capacitor - C17GJM1555C1H1R0BB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H1R0BB010.090.09
371MurataCeramic Capacitor - C18GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
381MurataCeramic Capacitor - C19GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
391MurataCeramic Capacitor - C20GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
403LittelfuseTVS DiodesSP0503BAHTGMouser576-SP0503BAHTG0.651.95
411Resistor - R1HSRW
421Resistor - R2HSRW
431Resistor - R2HSRW
441Resistor - R4HSRW
451Resistor - R5HSRW
461Resistor - R6HSRW
471Resistor - R7HSRW
481Resistor - R8HSRW
491Resistor - R9HSRW
501Resistor - R10HSRW
511VishayResistor - R11CRCW04020000Z0EDMouser71-CRCW0402-0-E30.090.09
5221x02 PIN HEADERHSRW
5321x08 PIN HEADERHSRW
3	Methodology
3.1 Schematic
Final Schematic:
This image shows the schematic of our device: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 1: Schematic
3.2 PCB Design
Final PCB:
This image shows the PCB design of our project: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 2: PCB design
3.3 Prototyping
Prototyping
3.4 Assembly Process
3.4.1 Soldering SMD components
First step: Use a stencil and apply solder paste to PCB.
Stencil and apply solder paste to PCB Figure 3: Using a stencil
After applying solder paste, pick up all SMD components and make sure they are all in correct place.
Pick up Figure 4: Put on SMD components
Next, put PCB into the oven then bake it. The setup was supported by Mr. Muh.
Bake PCB in the oven Figure 5: Put PCB into the Oven
Baking PCB Figure 6: Baking PCB
Last but not least, test the connectivity of the SMD components with the multimeter.
3.4.2 Soldering THT components
Solder THT components with Solder pen.
THT Soldering Figure 7: Solder THT components
Same as SMD components, make sure all THT components are connected appropriately.
4 Programming and uploading firmware
We programmed the ESP8266 chips using Arduino IDE and PlatformIO.

The files of Transmitter and Receiver are in the code/Official code folder.
5 Troubleshooting
[1]
Can power the ESP8266 by USB cable, but not able to program. The device manager from the laptop cannot detect the USB port, although
download a correct driver.
[2]
Able to prototype LoRa module, but difficult to implement in the project. There have to be hard-work programming and deep understand in
RF functions.
[3]
Able to program the ESP8266 chips by using FDTI FT232RL Module. However, when the ESP8266 chips were soldered to the PCB, we could not
program them by using FDTI module anymore.
6	Results
This is the result:
Products Figure 8: Final Products
Running_Gif
7	Power Consumption and Battery Life
Power Consumption

V_supply = 6V (measured)

I_output = 200mA (measured)

⇒ P_consumed = V_supply * I_output = 5.5V * 200mA = 1200 mW.
P_consumed = 1200 mW
Battery Life

Battery capacity of AAA Alkaline: 1200 mAh (datasheet)

Battery Life = 1200mAh / 200mA = 6 hours
8	Further Improvements
  • Integration with Other Devices: Integrate wireless e-stops with other E-Carts or Robots to create a comprehensive safety network.
  • Further Program Development: Sleep mode to optimize the battery life
  • Application of The Lora Module to increase distance and reliable communication.
  • Ergonomic Design: Ensure ergonomic design for comfortable and intuitive operation (Push button, battery level, signal strength,…)
9	References
About
This project is about using ESP8266 transceiver, connected through WiFi to stop the E-Go-Cart wirelessly.
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
1 fork
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube\n(function() {\n function tryTheater() {\n var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label=\"Theater mode\"], ytd-player #player button[title=\"Theater mode\"]');\n if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {\n btn.click();\n }\n }\n \n // Try immediately\n tryTheater();\n \n // Try after navigation (SPA)\n var lastUrl = location.href;\n setInterval(function() {\n if (location.href !== lastUrl) {\n lastUrl = location.href;\n setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);\n }\n }, 1000);\n \n // Also try on player load\n var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "YouTube Theater Mode Default");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Repository files navigation
Wireless Emergency Stop Button
by: Le Minh Quan Tran / Pham Duc Binh
Faculty of Technology and Bionics
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
Date: 13 January 2025
Abstract
This project presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Emergency Stop Button (WESB)
for enhancing safety in IoT applications, specifically the E-Go-Cart.
The WESB utilizes an ESP8266-based wireless communication link operating on a Wi-Fi network.
A mechanical button on the transmitter triggers an emergency stop signal, which is then transmitted
wirelessly to the receiver. The receiver is connected to the E-Go-Cart via a digital input/output interface.
Upon receiving the stop signal, the receiver initiates an emergency braking sequence implemented using MATLAB/Simulink,
bringing the E-Go-Cart to a safe halt within a defined distance. This system provides a reliable and efficient means
for remote emergency control of electric vehicles, improving overall safety and operational reliability.
Table of Contents
[[TOC]]
1 Introduction
The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), including those used in educational and recreational settings,
demands robust safety mechanisms. This project addresses the need for a reliable and efficient emergency stop system for EVs,
drawing inspiration from a real-world incident at Rhine-Waal University.
During a student festival, students were driving E-Go-Cart around campus under supervision. An accident occurred when a student,
experiencing panic, lost control of their vehicle, potentially endangering pedestrians. Although the E-Go-Cart was equipped with
an emergency stop button, the student's panicked state hindered their ability to react effectively. This incident underscored
the limitations of traditional emergency stop mechanisms in high-stress situations and emphasized the need for a more robust and accessible solution.
Compared to traditional on-board emergency stop buttons, the WESB offers several advantages:
  • Reduced Stress: Remote control eliminates the need for panicked individuals to locate and activate a specific button on the vehicle.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: Integration with mobile applications provides convenient access to the emergency stop function.
  • Centralized Control: The WESB allows for the simultaneous control of multiple vehicles, making it ideal for managing fleets or large-scale events.
This project seeks to address the shortcomings of existing safety measures and provide a more
reliable and effective solution for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles in diverse settings.
2	Bill of Materials
No.QualityManufacturerComponentOrdering code (manufacturer)VendorOrdering code (vendor)Price per unit (€)Price (€)
122 AA cell holderHSRW
21PUSH BUTTONHSRW
31BUZZERHSRW
41RED LEDHSRW
51GREEN LEDHSRW
61POWER SWITCHHSRW
71DiptronicsRESET BUTTONDTSMF-32N-V-T/RMouser113-DTSMF32NVTR0.410.41
81Joy-ITESP8266ESP8266-12FConrad1707668 - NA4.194.19
91SemtechRF TransceiverSX1268IMLTRTMouser947-SX1268IMLTRT3.853.85
101MaxlinearVoltage regulatorSPX1117M3-L-3-3/TRMouser701-SPX1117M3-L-33TR0.490.49
111Silicon LaboratoriesUSB ControllerCP2102N-A02-GQFN28Mouser634-CP2102NA02GQFN283.283.28
121GlobalConnector TechnologyMicro-usb headerUSB3140-30-0170-0-CMouser640-USB31403001700C0.750.75
131LPRSRF ConnectorSMA CONNECTORMouser471-SMACONNECTOR2.032.03
141MurataRF Inductors - L1LQG15HS56NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HS56NJ02D0.090.09
151MurataRF Inductors - L2LQG15HS8N2J02DMouser81-LQG15HS8N2J02D0.090.09
161MurataRF Inductors - L3LQG15HN18NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HN18NJ02D0.090.09
171MurataRF Inductors - L4LQW15AN33NH00DMouser81-LQW15AN33NH00D0.140.14
181TDKPower Inductors - L5MLZ2012M150WT000Mouser810-MLZ2012M150WT0000.110.11
191NDKCrystals - Y1NX2016SA-32M-EXS00A-CS06465Mouser344-NX2016SA32S064650.520.52
201Ceramic Capacitor - C1HSRW
211KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C2C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
221KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C3C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
231Ceramic Capacitor - C4HSRW
241KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C5C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
251Ceramic Capacitor - C6HSRW
261MurataCeramic Capacitor - C7GRM155R71A474KE01DMouser81-GRM155R71A474KE1D0.360.36
271MurataCeramic Capacitor - C8GRM155R71C473KA01DMouser81-GRM155R71C473KA010.090.09
281MurataCeramic Capacitor - C9GCM1555C1H820JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H820JA6D0.090.09
291MurataCeramic Capacitor - C10GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
301MurataCeramic Capacitor - C11GJM1555C1H3R6CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R6CB1D0.090.09
311MurataCeramic Capacitor - C12GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
321MurataCeramic Capacitor - C13GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
331MurataCeramic Capacitor - C14GJM1555C1H8R2CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H8R2CB010.090.09
341MurataCeramic Capacitor - C15GJM1555C1H4R7CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H4R7CB1D0.090.09
351MurataCeramic Capacitor - C16GJM1555C1H3R9CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R9CB1D0.090.09
361MurataCeramic Capacitor - C17GJM1555C1H1R0BB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H1R0BB010.090.09
371MurataCeramic Capacitor - C18GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
381MurataCeramic Capacitor - C19GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
391MurataCeramic Capacitor - C20GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
403LittelfuseTVS DiodesSP0503BAHTGMouser576-SP0503BAHTG0.651.95
411Resistor - R1HSRW
421Resistor - R2HSRW
431Resistor - R2HSRW
441Resistor - R4HSRW
451Resistor - R5HSRW
461Resistor - R6HSRW
471Resistor - R7HSRW
481Resistor - R8HSRW
491Resistor - R9HSRW
501Resistor - R10HSRW
511VishayResistor - R11CRCW04020000Z0EDMouser71-CRCW0402-0-E30.090.09
5221x02 PIN HEADERHSRW
5321x08 PIN HEADERHSRW
3	Methodology
3.1 Schematic
Final Schematic:
This image shows the schematic of our device: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 1: Schematic
3.2 PCB Design
Final PCB:
This image shows the PCB design of our project: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 2: PCB design
3.3 Prototyping
Prototyping
3.4 Assembly Process
3.4.1 Soldering SMD components
First step: Use a stencil and apply solder paste to PCB.
Stencil and apply solder paste to PCB Figure 3: Using a stencil
After applying solder paste, pick up all SMD components and make sure they are all in correct place.
Pick up Figure 4: Put on SMD components
Next, put PCB into the oven then bake it. The setup was supported by Mr. Muh.
Bake PCB in the oven Figure 5: Put PCB into the Oven
Baking PCB Figure 6: Baking PCB
Last but not least, test the connectivity of the SMD components with the multimeter.
3.4.2 Soldering THT components
Solder THT components with Solder pen.
THT Soldering Figure 7: Solder THT components
Same as SMD components, make sure all THT components are connected appropriately.
4 Programming and uploading firmware
We programmed the ESP8266 chips using Arduino IDE and PlatformIO.

The files of Transmitter and Receiver are in the code/Official code folder.
5 Troubleshooting
[1]
Can power the ESP8266 by USB cable, but not able to program. The device manager from the laptop cannot detect the USB port, although
download a correct driver.
[2]
Able to prototype LoRa module, but difficult to implement in the project. There have to be hard-work programming and deep understand in
RF functions.
[3]
Able to program the ESP8266 chips by using FDTI FT232RL Module. However, when the ESP8266 chips were soldered to the PCB, we could not
program them by using FDTI module anymore.
6	Results
This is the result:
Products Figure 8: Final Products
Running_Gif
7	Power Consumption and Battery Life
Power Consumption

V_supply = 6V (measured)

I_output = 200mA (measured)

⇒ P_consumed = V_supply * I_output = 5.5V * 200mA = 1200 mW.
P_consumed = 1200 mW
Battery Life

Battery capacity of AAA Alkaline: 1200 mAh (datasheet)

Battery Life = 1200mAh / 200mA = 6 hours
8	Further Improvements
  • Integration with Other Devices: Integrate wireless e-stops with other E-Carts or Robots to create a comprehensive safety network.
  • Further Program Development: Sleep mode to optimize the battery life
  • Application of The Lora Module to increase distance and reliable communication.
  • Ergonomic Design: Ensure ergonomic design for comfortable and intuitive operation (Push button, battery level, signal strength,…)
9	References
About
This project is about using ESP8266 transceiver, connected through WiFi to stop the E-Go-Cart wirelessly.
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
1 fork
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Remove or un-stick sticky/fixed headers that block content\n(function() {\n function unstick() {\n document.querySelectorAll('header, nav, [role=\"banner\"], .header, .navbar, .sticky, .fixed-top, [style*=\"position: fixed\"], [style*=\"position:sticky\"]').forEach(function(el) {\n if (el.style.position === 'fixed' || el.style.position === 'sticky' || \n getComputedStyle(el).position === 'fixed' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'sticky') {\n el.style.position = 'static';\n el.style.top = 'auto';\n el.style.zIndex = 'auto';\n }\n });\n }\n \n unstick();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(unstick);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style', 'class'] });\n})();", "Kill Sticky Headers");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Kill Sticky Headers]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

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Repository files navigation
Wireless Emergency Stop Button
by: Le Minh Quan Tran / Pham Duc Binh
Faculty of Technology and Bionics
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
Date: 13 January 2025
Abstract
This project presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Emergency Stop Button (WESB)
for enhancing safety in IoT applications, specifically the E-Go-Cart.
The WESB utilizes an ESP8266-based wireless communication link operating on a Wi-Fi network.
A mechanical button on the transmitter triggers an emergency stop signal, which is then transmitted
wirelessly to the receiver. The receiver is connected to the E-Go-Cart via a digital input/output interface.
Upon receiving the stop signal, the receiver initiates an emergency braking sequence implemented using MATLAB/Simulink,
bringing the E-Go-Cart to a safe halt within a defined distance. This system provides a reliable and efficient means
for remote emergency control of electric vehicles, improving overall safety and operational reliability.
Table of Contents
[[TOC]]
1 Introduction
The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), including those used in educational and recreational settings,
demands robust safety mechanisms. This project addresses the need for a reliable and efficient emergency stop system for EVs,
drawing inspiration from a real-world incident at Rhine-Waal University.
During a student festival, students were driving E-Go-Cart around campus under supervision. An accident occurred when a student,
experiencing panic, lost control of their vehicle, potentially endangering pedestrians. Although the E-Go-Cart was equipped with
an emergency stop button, the student's panicked state hindered their ability to react effectively. This incident underscored
the limitations of traditional emergency stop mechanisms in high-stress situations and emphasized the need for a more robust and accessible solution.
Compared to traditional on-board emergency stop buttons, the WESB offers several advantages:
  • Reduced Stress: Remote control eliminates the need for panicked individuals to locate and activate a specific button on the vehicle.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: Integration with mobile applications provides convenient access to the emergency stop function.
  • Centralized Control: The WESB allows for the simultaneous control of multiple vehicles, making it ideal for managing fleets or large-scale events.
This project seeks to address the shortcomings of existing safety measures and provide a more
reliable and effective solution for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles in diverse settings.
2	Bill of Materials
No.QualityManufacturerComponentOrdering code (manufacturer)VendorOrdering code (vendor)Price per unit (€)Price (€)
122 AA cell holderHSRW
21PUSH BUTTONHSRW
31BUZZERHSRW
41RED LEDHSRW
51GREEN LEDHSRW
61POWER SWITCHHSRW
71DiptronicsRESET BUTTONDTSMF-32N-V-T/RMouser113-DTSMF32NVTR0.410.41
81Joy-ITESP8266ESP8266-12FConrad1707668 - NA4.194.19
91SemtechRF TransceiverSX1268IMLTRTMouser947-SX1268IMLTRT3.853.85
101MaxlinearVoltage regulatorSPX1117M3-L-3-3/TRMouser701-SPX1117M3-L-33TR0.490.49
111Silicon LaboratoriesUSB ControllerCP2102N-A02-GQFN28Mouser634-CP2102NA02GQFN283.283.28
121GlobalConnector TechnologyMicro-usb headerUSB3140-30-0170-0-CMouser640-USB31403001700C0.750.75
131LPRSRF ConnectorSMA CONNECTORMouser471-SMACONNECTOR2.032.03
141MurataRF Inductors - L1LQG15HS56NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HS56NJ02D0.090.09
151MurataRF Inductors - L2LQG15HS8N2J02DMouser81-LQG15HS8N2J02D0.090.09
161MurataRF Inductors - L3LQG15HN18NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HN18NJ02D0.090.09
171MurataRF Inductors - L4LQW15AN33NH00DMouser81-LQW15AN33NH00D0.140.14
181TDKPower Inductors - L5MLZ2012M150WT000Mouser810-MLZ2012M150WT0000.110.11
191NDKCrystals - Y1NX2016SA-32M-EXS00A-CS06465Mouser344-NX2016SA32S064650.520.52
201Ceramic Capacitor - C1HSRW
211KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C2C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
221KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C3C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
231Ceramic Capacitor - C4HSRW
241KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C5C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
251Ceramic Capacitor - C6HSRW
261MurataCeramic Capacitor - C7GRM155R71A474KE01DMouser81-GRM155R71A474KE1D0.360.36
271MurataCeramic Capacitor - C8GRM155R71C473KA01DMouser81-GRM155R71C473KA010.090.09
281MurataCeramic Capacitor - C9GCM1555C1H820JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H820JA6D0.090.09
291MurataCeramic Capacitor - C10GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
301MurataCeramic Capacitor - C11GJM1555C1H3R6CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R6CB1D0.090.09
311MurataCeramic Capacitor - C12GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
321MurataCeramic Capacitor - C13GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
331MurataCeramic Capacitor - C14GJM1555C1H8R2CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H8R2CB010.090.09
341MurataCeramic Capacitor - C15GJM1555C1H4R7CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H4R7CB1D0.090.09
351MurataCeramic Capacitor - C16GJM1555C1H3R9CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R9CB1D0.090.09
361MurataCeramic Capacitor - C17GJM1555C1H1R0BB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H1R0BB010.090.09
371MurataCeramic Capacitor - C18GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
381MurataCeramic Capacitor - C19GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
391MurataCeramic Capacitor - C20GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
403LittelfuseTVS DiodesSP0503BAHTGMouser576-SP0503BAHTG0.651.95
411Resistor - R1HSRW
421Resistor - R2HSRW
431Resistor - R2HSRW
441Resistor - R4HSRW
451Resistor - R5HSRW
461Resistor - R6HSRW
471Resistor - R7HSRW
481Resistor - R8HSRW
491Resistor - R9HSRW
501Resistor - R10HSRW
511VishayResistor - R11CRCW04020000Z0EDMouser71-CRCW0402-0-E30.090.09
5221x02 PIN HEADERHSRW
5321x08 PIN HEADERHSRW
3	Methodology
3.1 Schematic
Final Schematic:
This image shows the schematic of our device: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 1: Schematic
3.2 PCB Design
Final PCB:
This image shows the PCB design of our project: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 2: PCB design
3.3 Prototyping
Prototyping
3.4 Assembly Process
3.4.1 Soldering SMD components
First step: Use a stencil and apply solder paste to PCB.
Stencil and apply solder paste to PCB Figure 3: Using a stencil
After applying solder paste, pick up all SMD components and make sure they are all in correct place.
Pick up Figure 4: Put on SMD components
Next, put PCB into the oven then bake it. The setup was supported by Mr. Muh.
Bake PCB in the oven Figure 5: Put PCB into the Oven
Baking PCB Figure 6: Baking PCB
Last but not least, test the connectivity of the SMD components with the multimeter.
3.4.2 Soldering THT components
Solder THT components with Solder pen.
THT Soldering Figure 7: Solder THT components
Same as SMD components, make sure all THT components are connected appropriately.
4 Programming and uploading firmware
We programmed the ESP8266 chips using Arduino IDE and PlatformIO.

The files of Transmitter and Receiver are in the code/Official code folder.
5 Troubleshooting
[1]
Can power the ESP8266 by USB cable, but not able to program. The device manager from the laptop cannot detect the USB port, although
download a correct driver.
[2]
Able to prototype LoRa module, but difficult to implement in the project. There have to be hard-work programming and deep understand in
RF functions.
[3]
Able to program the ESP8266 chips by using FDTI FT232RL Module. However, when the ESP8266 chips were soldered to the PCB, we could not
program them by using FDTI module anymore.
6	Results
This is the result:
Products Figure 8: Final Products
Running_Gif
7	Power Consumption and Battery Life
Power Consumption

V_supply = 6V (measured)

I_output = 200mA (measured)

⇒ P_consumed = V_supply * I_output = 5.5V * 200mA = 1200 mW.
P_consumed = 1200 mW
Battery Life

Battery capacity of AAA Alkaline: 1200 mAh (datasheet)

Battery Life = 1200mAh / 200mA = 6 hours
8	Further Improvements
  • Integration with Other Devices: Integrate wireless e-stops with other E-Carts or Robots to create a comprehensive safety network.
  • Further Program Development: Sleep mode to optimize the battery life
  • Application of The Lora Module to increase distance and reliable communication.
  • Ergonomic Design: Ensure ergonomic design for comfortable and intuitive operation (Push button, battery level, signal strength,…)
9	References
About
This project is about using ESP8266 transceiver, connected through WiFi to stop the E-Go-Cart wirelessly.
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
1 star
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
1 fork
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site\n(function() {\n var enabled = true;\n \n function applyDarkMode() {\n if (!enabled) return;\n \n // Create style element if it doesn't exist\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (!style) {\n style = document.createElement('style');\n style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n }\n \n // Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video\n style.textContent = '\n /* Invert everything except media */\n html {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #1a1a2e !important;\n }\n \n /* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */\n img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*=\"background-image\"] {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n }\n \n /* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */\n .no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,\n [data-theme=\"light\"], [data-theme=\"light\"],\n .ace_editor, .ace_editor *,\n .CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,\n .monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,\n .markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,\n .highlight, .highlight *,\n pre code, pre code * {\n filter: none !important;\n }\n \n /* Fix common UI elements */\n .modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #2d2d44 !important;\n border-color: #444 !important;\n }\n \n /* Scrollbars */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }\n \n /* Selection */\n ::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ';\n }\n \n function removeDarkMode() {\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (style) style.remove();\n }\n \n // Toggle with Alt+Shift+D\n document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {\n if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {\n e.preventDefault();\n enabled = !enabled;\n if (enabled) {\n applyDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');\n } else {\n removeDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');\n }\n }\n });\n \n // Apply on load\n applyDarkMode();\n \n // Re-apply on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {\n applyDarkMode();\n }\n });\n observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });\n \n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');\n})();", "Universal Dark Mode");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); }
})();
})();

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Wireless Emergency Stop Button
by: Le Minh Quan Tran / Pham Duc Binh
Faculty of Technology and Bionics
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
Date: 13 January 2025
Abstract
This project presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Emergency Stop Button (WESB)
for enhancing safety in IoT applications, specifically the E-Go-Cart.
The WESB utilizes an ESP8266-based wireless communication link operating on a Wi-Fi network.
A mechanical button on the transmitter triggers an emergency stop signal, which is then transmitted
wirelessly to the receiver. The receiver is connected to the E-Go-Cart via a digital input/output interface.
Upon receiving the stop signal, the receiver initiates an emergency braking sequence implemented using MATLAB/Simulink,
bringing the E-Go-Cart to a safe halt within a defined distance. This system provides a reliable and efficient means
for remote emergency control of electric vehicles, improving overall safety and operational reliability.
Table of Contents
[[TOC]]
1 Introduction
The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), including those used in educational and recreational settings,
demands robust safety mechanisms. This project addresses the need for a reliable and efficient emergency stop system for EVs,
drawing inspiration from a real-world incident at Rhine-Waal University.
During a student festival, students were driving E-Go-Cart around campus under supervision. An accident occurred when a student,
experiencing panic, lost control of their vehicle, potentially endangering pedestrians. Although the E-Go-Cart was equipped with
an emergency stop button, the student's panicked state hindered their ability to react effectively. This incident underscored
the limitations of traditional emergency stop mechanisms in high-stress situations and emphasized the need for a more robust and accessible solution.
Compared to traditional on-board emergency stop buttons, the WESB offers several advantages:
  • Reduced Stress: Remote control eliminates the need for panicked individuals to locate and activate a specific button on the vehicle.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: Integration with mobile applications provides convenient access to the emergency stop function.
  • Centralized Control: The WESB allows for the simultaneous control of multiple vehicles, making it ideal for managing fleets or large-scale events.
This project seeks to address the shortcomings of existing safety measures and provide a more
reliable and effective solution for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles in diverse settings.
2	Bill of Materials
No.QualityManufacturerComponentOrdering code (manufacturer)VendorOrdering code (vendor)Price per unit (€)Price (€)
122 AA cell holderHSRW
21PUSH BUTTONHSRW
31BUZZERHSRW
41RED LEDHSRW
51GREEN LEDHSRW
61POWER SWITCHHSRW
71DiptronicsRESET BUTTONDTSMF-32N-V-T/RMouser113-DTSMF32NVTR0.410.41
81Joy-ITESP8266ESP8266-12FConrad1707668 - NA4.194.19
91SemtechRF TransceiverSX1268IMLTRTMouser947-SX1268IMLTRT3.853.85
101MaxlinearVoltage regulatorSPX1117M3-L-3-3/TRMouser701-SPX1117M3-L-33TR0.490.49
111Silicon LaboratoriesUSB ControllerCP2102N-A02-GQFN28Mouser634-CP2102NA02GQFN283.283.28
121GlobalConnector TechnologyMicro-usb headerUSB3140-30-0170-0-CMouser640-USB31403001700C0.750.75
131LPRSRF ConnectorSMA CONNECTORMouser471-SMACONNECTOR2.032.03
141MurataRF Inductors - L1LQG15HS56NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HS56NJ02D0.090.09
151MurataRF Inductors - L2LQG15HS8N2J02DMouser81-LQG15HS8N2J02D0.090.09
161MurataRF Inductors - L3LQG15HN18NJ02DMouser81-LQG15HN18NJ02D0.090.09
171MurataRF Inductors - L4LQW15AN33NH00DMouser81-LQW15AN33NH00D0.140.14
181TDKPower Inductors - L5MLZ2012M150WT000Mouser810-MLZ2012M150WT0000.110.11
191NDKCrystals - Y1NX2016SA-32M-EXS00A-CS06465Mouser344-NX2016SA32S064650.520.52
201Ceramic Capacitor - C1HSRW
211KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C2C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
221KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C3C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
231Ceramic Capacitor - C4HSRW
241KEMETCeramic Capacitor - C5C1206C475M4RACTUMouser80-C1206C475M4R0.880.88
251Ceramic Capacitor - C6HSRW
261MurataCeramic Capacitor - C7GRM155R71A474KE01DMouser81-GRM155R71A474KE1D0.360.36
271MurataCeramic Capacitor - C8GRM155R71C473KA01DMouser81-GRM155R71C473KA010.090.09
281MurataCeramic Capacitor - C9GCM1555C1H820JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H820JA6D0.090.09
291MurataCeramic Capacitor - C10GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
301MurataCeramic Capacitor - C11GJM1555C1H3R6CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R6CB1D0.090.09
311MurataCeramic Capacitor - C12GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
321MurataCeramic Capacitor - C13GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
331MurataCeramic Capacitor - C14GJM1555C1H8R2CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H8R2CB010.090.09
341MurataCeramic Capacitor - C15GJM1555C1H4R7CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H4R7CB1D0.090.09
351MurataCeramic Capacitor - C16GJM1555C1H3R9CB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H3R9CB1D0.090.09
361MurataCeramic Capacitor - C17GJM1555C1H1R0BB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H1R0BB010.090.09
371MurataCeramic Capacitor - C18GCM1555C1H101JA16DMouser81-GCM1555C1H101JA6D0.090.09
381MurataCeramic Capacitor - C19GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
391MurataCeramic Capacitor - C20GJM1555C1H120JB01DMouser81-GJM1555C1H120JB1D0.120.12
403LittelfuseTVS DiodesSP0503BAHTGMouser576-SP0503BAHTG0.651.95
411Resistor - R1HSRW
421Resistor - R2HSRW
431Resistor - R2HSRW
441Resistor - R4HSRW
451Resistor - R5HSRW
461Resistor - R6HSRW
471Resistor - R7HSRW
481Resistor - R8HSRW
491Resistor - R9HSRW
501Resistor - R10HSRW
511VishayResistor - R11CRCW04020000Z0EDMouser71-CRCW0402-0-E30.090.09
5221x02 PIN HEADERHSRW
5321x08 PIN HEADERHSRW
3	Methodology
3.1 Schematic
Final Schematic:
This image shows the schematic of our device: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 1: Schematic
3.2 PCB Design
Final PCB:
This image shows the PCB design of our project: Wireless Emergency Stop Button Figure 2: PCB design
3.3 Prototyping
Prototyping
3.4 Assembly Process
3.4.1 Soldering SMD components
First step: Use a stencil and apply solder paste to PCB.
Stencil and apply solder paste to PCB Figure 3: Using a stencil
After applying solder paste, pick up all SMD components and make sure they are all in correct place.
Pick up Figure 4: Put on SMD components
Next, put PCB into the oven then bake it. The setup was supported by Mr. Muh.
Bake PCB in the oven Figure 5: Put PCB into the Oven
Baking PCB Figure 6: Baking PCB
Last but not least, test the connectivity of the SMD components with the multimeter.
3.4.2 Soldering THT components
Solder THT components with Solder pen.
THT Soldering Figure 7: Solder THT components
Same as SMD components, make sure all THT components are connected appropriately.
4 Programming and uploading firmware
We programmed the ESP8266 chips using Arduino IDE and PlatformIO.

The files of Transmitter and Receiver are in the code/Official code folder.
5 Troubleshooting
[1]
Can power the ESP8266 by USB cable, but not able to program. The device manager from the laptop cannot detect the USB port, although
download a correct driver.
[2]
Able to prototype LoRa module, but difficult to implement in the project. There have to be hard-work programming and deep understand in
RF functions.
[3]
Able to program the ESP8266 chips by using FDTI FT232RL Module. However, when the ESP8266 chips were soldered to the PCB, we could not
program them by using FDTI module anymore.
6	Results
This is the result:
Products Figure 8: Final Products
Running_Gif
7	Power Consumption and Battery Life
Power Consumption

V_supply = 6V (measured)

I_output = 200mA (measured)

⇒ P_consumed = V_supply * I_output = 5.5V * 200mA = 1200 mW.
P_consumed = 1200 mW
Battery Life

Battery capacity of AAA Alkaline: 1200 mAh (datasheet)

Battery Life = 1200mAh / 200mA = 6 hours
8	Further Improvements
  • Integration with Other Devices: Integrate wireless e-stops with other E-Carts or Robots to create a comprehensive safety network.
  • Further Program Development: Sleep mode to optimize the battery life
  • Application of The Lora Module to increase distance and reliable communication.
  • Ergonomic Design: Ensure ergonomic design for comfortable and intuitive operation (Push button, battery level, signal strength,…)
9	References
About
This project is about using ESP8266 transceiver, connected through WiFi to stop the E-Go-Cart wirelessly.
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