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HotCertification: A distributed Certificate Authority

A byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication algorithm and threshold signature scheme that in conjunction perform the basic functionalities of a Certificate Authority (CA). It adds these layers of complexity in order to be more resilient against process failures and malicious attacks. The certification process can be abstracted to sign any piece of data (not just a X509 Certificate) like access tokens (macaroons) or JWTs and through that act as a sort of Authentication Server.

Using it

This is really just a proof-of-concept I built as part of my Bachelor's thesis so it still has bugs and needs major refactoring (it doesn't even have a database and stores everything in-memory!!). An example configuration of a cluster of four HotCertification nodes can be found in hotcertification.toml. Compile the binaries by calling make. Create the cryptographic material like private keys and TLS certificates with:

mkdir keys
./cmd/keygen/keygen -n $NUM_NODES -t $THRESHOLD --key-size 512 keys

Run the cluster of four nodes locally by executing run_servers_localhost.sh. Test the cluster with an example client with:

./cmd/client/client client.crt

client.crt is the name of file to write the X509 certificate to that has been requested from the CA.

TODO

  • rename coordinator struct
  • merge/put in same dir coordinator.go and options.go (Because they outline how hotcertification works)
  • add database or interface to database or check out sqlite
  • add a Makefile, see here for help
  • make event-driven architecture? -> more lightweight; look at Flow implementation
  • instead of ClientID and Sequence Number just use Hash of CSR to identify request (replaces CMDID data structure) -> use HashMap
  • slow down consensus rounds?
  • go run with SIGNALS

Testing

Logging and Configuration

  • add a custom level to the log -> APPLICATION/CERTIFICATION; refactor code accordingly
  • find out how to show logs from internal consensus protocol and client facing server; pipe HS log into my logger
  • change hotstuff.toml to hotstuff.yml see here
  • merge internal/cli into main

Crypto/Threshold library

  • define curve parameters somewhere (CURVE, G, N) wiki
  • recycle PartialCert from Hotstuff for Certification Service crypto
  • add error checks to threshold.go

Miscellaneous

  • other cool go library repos

Protocol Buffers (protoc)

  • execute compile command in proto folder
  • protoc -I=/Users/raphael/.go/pkg/mod/github.com/relab/gorums@v0.3.0. --go_out=paths=source_relative:. --gorums_out=paths=source_relative:. certification.proto
  • this command finds the absolute path with versioning for gorums package
  • go list -m -f {{.Dir}} github.com/relab/gorums

About

A distributed Certificate Authority

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cryptographygogolang

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Stars

7 stars

Watchers

1 watching

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0 forks
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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Add copy buttons to all 
 blocks\n(function() {\n function addCopyButtons() {\n document.querySelectorAll('pre code').forEach(function(codeBlock) {\n if (codeBlock.parentElement.hasAttribute('data-copy-added')) return;\n codeBlock.parentElement.setAttribute('data-copy-added', 'true');\n \n var btn = document.createElement('button');\n btn.textContent = 'Copy';\n btn.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;top:4px;right:4px;padding:2px 8px;font-size:11px;background:#4ecdc4;border:none;border-radius:4px;color:#1a1a2e;cursor:pointer;opacity:0.7;transition:opacity 0.2s;';\n btn.onmouseover = function() { this.style.opacity = '1'; };\n btn.onmouseout = function() { this.style.opacity = '0.7'; };\n btn.onclick = function() {\n navigator.clipboard.writeText(codeBlock.textContent).then(function() {\n btn.textContent = 'Copied!';\n setTimeout(function() { btn.textContent = 'Copy'; }, 1500);\n });\n };\n codeBlock.parentElement.style.position = 'relative';\n codeBlock.parentElement.appendChild(btn);\n });\n }\n \n addCopyButtons();\n \n // Re-run on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(addCopyButtons);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Add Copy Buttons to Code Blocks]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "github.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "github\\.com" + '

Skip to content
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HotCertification: A distributed Certificate Authority
A byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication algorithm and threshold signature scheme that in conjunction perform the basic functionalities of a Certificate Authority (CA).
It adds these layers of complexity in order to be more resilient against process failures and malicious attacks.
The certification process can be abstracted to sign any piece of data (not just a X509 Certificate) like access tokens (macaroons) or JWTs and through that act as a sort of Authentication Server.
Using it
This is really just a proof-of-concept I built as part of my Bachelor's thesis so it still has bugs and needs major refactoring (it doesn't even have a database and stores everything in-memory!!).
An example configuration of a cluster of four HotCertification nodes can be found in hotcertification.toml.
Compile the binaries by calling make.
Create the cryptographic material like private keys and TLS certificates with:
mkdir keys
./cmd/keygen/keygen -n $NUM_NODES -t $THRESHOLD --key-size 512 keys
Run the cluster of four nodes locally by executing run_servers_localhost.sh.
Test the cluster with an example client with:
./cmd/client/client client.crt
client.crt is the name of file to write the X509 certificate to that has been requested from the CA.
TODO
  •  rename coordinator struct
  •  merge/put in same dir coordinator.go and options.go (Because they outline how hotcertification works)
  •  add database or
interface to database or check out
sqlite
  •  add a Makefile, see here for help
  •  make event-driven architecture? -> more lightweight; look at Flow implementation
  •  instead of ClientID and Sequence Number just use Hash of CSR to identify request (replaces CMDID data structure) -> use HashMap
  •  slow down consensus rounds?
  •  go run with SIGNALS
Testing
Logging and Configuration
  •  add a custom level to the log -> APPLICATION/CERTIFICATION; refactor code accordingly
  •  find out how to show logs from internal consensus protocol and client facing
server; pipe HS log into my logger
  •  change hotstuff.toml to hotstuff.yml see here
  •  merge internal/cli into main
Crypto/Threshold library
  •  define curve parameters somewhere (CURVE, G, N) wiki
  •  recycle PartialCert from Hotstuff for Certification Service crypto
  •  add error checks to threshold.go
Miscellaneous
  • other cool go library repos
Protocol Buffers (protoc)
  • execute compile command in proto folder
  • protoc -I=/Users/raphael/.go/pkg/mod/github.com/relab/gorums@v0.3.0. --go_out=paths=source_relative:. --gorums_out=paths=source_relative:. certification.proto
  • this command finds the absolute path with versioning for gorums package
  • go list -m -f {{.Dir}} github.com/relab/gorums
About
A distributed Certificate Authority
Topics
cryptographygogolang
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
7 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode\n(function() {\n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '\n .markdown-body {\n color-scheme: dark light;\n }\n .markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; }\n .markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; }\n .markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; }\n .markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; }\n .markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; }\n .markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; }\n ';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n})();", "GitHub Dark Mode README Fix");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
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HotCertification: A distributed Certificate Authority
A byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication algorithm and threshold signature scheme that in conjunction perform the basic functionalities of a Certificate Authority (CA).
It adds these layers of complexity in order to be more resilient against process failures and malicious attacks.
The certification process can be abstracted to sign any piece of data (not just a X509 Certificate) like access tokens (macaroons) or JWTs and through that act as a sort of Authentication Server.
Using it
This is really just a proof-of-concept I built as part of my Bachelor's thesis so it still has bugs and needs major refactoring (it doesn't even have a database and stores everything in-memory!!).
An example configuration of a cluster of four HotCertification nodes can be found in hotcertification.toml.
Compile the binaries by calling make.
Create the cryptographic material like private keys and TLS certificates with:
mkdir keys
./cmd/keygen/keygen -n $NUM_NODES -t $THRESHOLD --key-size 512 keys
Run the cluster of four nodes locally by executing run_servers_localhost.sh.
Test the cluster with an example client with:
./cmd/client/client client.crt
client.crt is the name of file to write the X509 certificate to that has been requested from the CA.
TODO
  •  rename coordinator struct
  •  merge/put in same dir coordinator.go and options.go (Because they outline how hotcertification works)
  •  add database or
interface to database or check out
sqlite
  •  add a Makefile, see here for help
  •  make event-driven architecture? -> more lightweight; look at Flow implementation
  •  instead of ClientID and Sequence Number just use Hash of CSR to identify request (replaces CMDID data structure) -> use HashMap
  •  slow down consensus rounds?
  •  go run with SIGNALS
Testing
Logging and Configuration
  •  add a custom level to the log -> APPLICATION/CERTIFICATION; refactor code accordingly
  •  find out how to show logs from internal consensus protocol and client facing
server; pipe HS log into my logger
  •  change hotstuff.toml to hotstuff.yml see here
  •  merge internal/cli into main
Crypto/Threshold library
  •  define curve parameters somewhere (CURVE, G, N) wiki
  •  recycle PartialCert from Hotstuff for Certification Service crypto
  •  add error checks to threshold.go
Miscellaneous
  • other cool go library repos
Protocol Buffers (protoc)
  • execute compile command in proto folder
  • protoc -I=/Users/raphael/.go/pkg/mod/github.com/relab/gorums@v0.3.0. --go_out=paths=source_relative:. --gorums_out=paths=source_relative:. certification.proto
  • this command finds the absolute path with versioning for gorums package
  • go list -m -f {{.Dir}} github.com/relab/gorums
About
A distributed Certificate Authority
Topics
cryptographygogolang
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
7 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer\n(function() {\n var ref = document.referrer;\n var terms = [];\n \n if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) {\n var url = new URL(ref);\n var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p');\n if (q) {\n terms = q.split(/\\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; });\n }\n }\n \n if (terms.length === 0) return;\n \n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n \n function highlight(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 3) { // text node\n var text = node.textContent;\n var found = false;\n terms.forEach(function(term) {\n var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\\]\\\\]/g, '\\\\') + ')', 'gi');\n if (regex.test(text)) {\n found = true;\n var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();\n var parts = text.split(regex);\n parts.forEach(function(part, i) {\n if (i % 2 === 0) {\n frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part));\n } else {\n var span = document.createElement('span');\n span.className = 'userscript-highlight';\n span.textContent = part;\n frag.appendChild(span);\n }\n });\n node.parentNode.replaceChild(frag, node);\n }\n });\n } else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element\n var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT'];\n if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) {\n Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight);\n }\n }\n }\n \n highlight(document.body);\n \n // Re-highlight on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node);\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Highlight Search Terms");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
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HotCertification: A distributed Certificate Authority
A byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication algorithm and threshold signature scheme that in conjunction perform the basic functionalities of a Certificate Authority (CA).
It adds these layers of complexity in order to be more resilient against process failures and malicious attacks.
The certification process can be abstracted to sign any piece of data (not just a X509 Certificate) like access tokens (macaroons) or JWTs and through that act as a sort of Authentication Server.
Using it
This is really just a proof-of-concept I built as part of my Bachelor's thesis so it still has bugs and needs major refactoring (it doesn't even have a database and stores everything in-memory!!).
An example configuration of a cluster of four HotCertification nodes can be found in hotcertification.toml.
Compile the binaries by calling make.
Create the cryptographic material like private keys and TLS certificates with:
mkdir keys
./cmd/keygen/keygen -n $NUM_NODES -t $THRESHOLD --key-size 512 keys
Run the cluster of four nodes locally by executing run_servers_localhost.sh.
Test the cluster with an example client with:
./cmd/client/client client.crt
client.crt is the name of file to write the X509 certificate to that has been requested from the CA.
TODO
  •  rename coordinator struct
  •  merge/put in same dir coordinator.go and options.go (Because they outline how hotcertification works)
  •  add database or
interface to database or check out
sqlite
  •  add a Makefile, see here for help
  •  make event-driven architecture? -> more lightweight; look at Flow implementation
  •  instead of ClientID and Sequence Number just use Hash of CSR to identify request (replaces CMDID data structure) -> use HashMap
  •  slow down consensus rounds?
  •  go run with SIGNALS
Testing
Logging and Configuration
  •  add a custom level to the log -> APPLICATION/CERTIFICATION; refactor code accordingly
  •  find out how to show logs from internal consensus protocol and client facing
server; pipe HS log into my logger
  •  change hotstuff.toml to hotstuff.yml see here
  •  merge internal/cli into main
Crypto/Threshold library
  •  define curve parameters somewhere (CURVE, G, N) wiki
  •  recycle PartialCert from Hotstuff for Certification Service crypto
  •  add error checks to threshold.go
Miscellaneous
  • other cool go library repos
Protocol Buffers (protoc)
  • execute compile command in proto folder
  • protoc -I=/Users/raphael/.go/pkg/mod/github.com/relab/gorums@v0.3.0. --go_out=paths=source_relative:. --gorums_out=paths=source_relative:. certification.proto
  • this command finds the absolute path with versioning for gorums package
  • go list -m -f {{.Dir}} github.com/relab/gorums
About
A distributed Certificate Authority
Topics
cryptographygogolang
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
7 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page\n(function() {\n var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',\n 'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',\n 'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];\n \n function cleanUrl(url) {\n try {\n var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);\n var changed = false;\n trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {\n if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {\n u.searchParams.delete(p);\n changed = true;\n }\n });\n return changed ? u.toString() : url;\n } catch (e) {\n return url;\n }\n }\n \n function cleanLinks() {\n document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n \n cleanLinks();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1) {\n if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();\n node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Remove Tracking Parameters from Links");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "youtube.com";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
HotCertification: A distributed Certificate Authority
A byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication algorithm and threshold signature scheme that in conjunction perform the basic functionalities of a Certificate Authority (CA).
It adds these layers of complexity in order to be more resilient against process failures and malicious attacks.
The certification process can be abstracted to sign any piece of data (not just a X509 Certificate) like access tokens (macaroons) or JWTs and through that act as a sort of Authentication Server.
Using it
This is really just a proof-of-concept I built as part of my Bachelor's thesis so it still has bugs and needs major refactoring (it doesn't even have a database and stores everything in-memory!!).
An example configuration of a cluster of four HotCertification nodes can be found in hotcertification.toml.
Compile the binaries by calling make.
Create the cryptographic material like private keys and TLS certificates with:
mkdir keys
./cmd/keygen/keygen -n $NUM_NODES -t $THRESHOLD --key-size 512 keys
Run the cluster of four nodes locally by executing run_servers_localhost.sh.
Test the cluster with an example client with:
./cmd/client/client client.crt
client.crt is the name of file to write the X509 certificate to that has been requested from the CA.
TODO
  •  rename coordinator struct
  •  merge/put in same dir coordinator.go and options.go (Because they outline how hotcertification works)
  •  add database or
interface to database or check out
sqlite
  •  add a Makefile, see here for help
  •  make event-driven architecture? -> more lightweight; look at Flow implementation
  •  instead of ClientID and Sequence Number just use Hash of CSR to identify request (replaces CMDID data structure) -> use HashMap
  •  slow down consensus rounds?
  •  go run with SIGNALS
Testing
Logging and Configuration
  •  add a custom level to the log -> APPLICATION/CERTIFICATION; refactor code accordingly
  •  find out how to show logs from internal consensus protocol and client facing
server; pipe HS log into my logger
  •  change hotstuff.toml to hotstuff.yml see here
  •  merge internal/cli into main
Crypto/Threshold library
  •  define curve parameters somewhere (CURVE, G, N) wiki
  •  recycle PartialCert from Hotstuff for Certification Service crypto
  •  add error checks to threshold.go
Miscellaneous
  • other cool go library repos
Protocol Buffers (protoc)
  • execute compile command in proto folder
  • protoc -I=/Users/raphael/.go/pkg/mod/github.com/relab/gorums@v0.3.0. --go_out=paths=source_relative:. --gorums_out=paths=source_relative:. certification.proto
  • this command finds the absolute path with versioning for gorums package
  • go list -m -f {{.Dir}} github.com/relab/gorums
About
A distributed Certificate Authority
Topics
cryptographygogolang
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
7 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube\n(function() {\n function tryTheater() {\n var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label=\"Theater mode\"], ytd-player #player button[title=\"Theater mode\"]');\n if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {\n btn.click();\n }\n }\n \n // Try immediately\n tryTheater();\n \n // Try after navigation (SPA)\n var lastUrl = location.href;\n setInterval(function() {\n if (location.href !== lastUrl) {\n lastUrl = location.href;\n setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);\n }\n }, 1000);\n \n // Also try on player load\n var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "YouTube Theater Mode Default");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
HotCertification: A distributed Certificate Authority
A byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication algorithm and threshold signature scheme that in conjunction perform the basic functionalities of a Certificate Authority (CA).
It adds these layers of complexity in order to be more resilient against process failures and malicious attacks.
The certification process can be abstracted to sign any piece of data (not just a X509 Certificate) like access tokens (macaroons) or JWTs and through that act as a sort of Authentication Server.
Using it
This is really just a proof-of-concept I built as part of my Bachelor's thesis so it still has bugs and needs major refactoring (it doesn't even have a database and stores everything in-memory!!).
An example configuration of a cluster of four HotCertification nodes can be found in hotcertification.toml.
Compile the binaries by calling make.
Create the cryptographic material like private keys and TLS certificates with:
mkdir keys
./cmd/keygen/keygen -n $NUM_NODES -t $THRESHOLD --key-size 512 keys
Run the cluster of four nodes locally by executing run_servers_localhost.sh.
Test the cluster with an example client with:
./cmd/client/client client.crt
client.crt is the name of file to write the X509 certificate to that has been requested from the CA.
TODO
  •  rename coordinator struct
  •  merge/put in same dir coordinator.go and options.go (Because they outline how hotcertification works)
  •  add database or
interface to database or check out
sqlite
  •  add a Makefile, see here for help
  •  make event-driven architecture? -> more lightweight; look at Flow implementation
  •  instead of ClientID and Sequence Number just use Hash of CSR to identify request (replaces CMDID data structure) -> use HashMap
  •  slow down consensus rounds?
  •  go run with SIGNALS
Testing
Logging and Configuration
  •  add a custom level to the log -> APPLICATION/CERTIFICATION; refactor code accordingly
  •  find out how to show logs from internal consensus protocol and client facing
server; pipe HS log into my logger
  •  change hotstuff.toml to hotstuff.yml see here
  •  merge internal/cli into main
Crypto/Threshold library
  •  define curve parameters somewhere (CURVE, G, N) wiki
  •  recycle PartialCert from Hotstuff for Certification Service crypto
  •  add error checks to threshold.go
Miscellaneous
  • other cool go library repos
Protocol Buffers (protoc)
  • execute compile command in proto folder
  • protoc -I=/Users/raphael/.go/pkg/mod/github.com/relab/gorums@v0.3.0. --go_out=paths=source_relative:. --gorums_out=paths=source_relative:. certification.proto
  • this command finds the absolute path with versioning for gorums package
  • go list -m -f {{.Dir}} github.com/relab/gorums
About
A distributed Certificate Authority
Topics
cryptographygogolang
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
7 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages

, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Remove or un-stick sticky/fixed headers that block content\n(function() {\n function unstick() {\n document.querySelectorAll('header, nav, [role=\"banner\"], .header, .navbar, .sticky, .fixed-top, [style*=\"position: fixed\"], [style*=\"position:sticky\"]').forEach(function(el) {\n if (el.style.position === 'fixed' || el.style.position === 'sticky' || \n getComputedStyle(el).position === 'fixed' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'sticky') {\n el.style.position = 'static';\n el.style.top = 'auto';\n el.style.zIndex = 'auto';\n }\n });\n }\n \n unstick();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(unstick);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style', 'class'] });\n})();", "Kill Sticky Headers");
}
} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Kill Sticky Headers]', __e); }
})();
(function(){
try {
var __m = "*";
var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '

Skip to content
BranchesTags
Repository files navigation
HotCertification: A distributed Certificate Authority
A byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication algorithm and threshold signature scheme that in conjunction perform the basic functionalities of a Certificate Authority (CA).
It adds these layers of complexity in order to be more resilient against process failures and malicious attacks.
The certification process can be abstracted to sign any piece of data (not just a X509 Certificate) like access tokens (macaroons) or JWTs and through that act as a sort of Authentication Server.
Using it
This is really just a proof-of-concept I built as part of my Bachelor's thesis so it still has bugs and needs major refactoring (it doesn't even have a database and stores everything in-memory!!).
An example configuration of a cluster of four HotCertification nodes can be found in hotcertification.toml.
Compile the binaries by calling make.
Create the cryptographic material like private keys and TLS certificates with:
mkdir keys
./cmd/keygen/keygen -n $NUM_NODES -t $THRESHOLD --key-size 512 keys
Run the cluster of four nodes locally by executing run_servers_localhost.sh.
Test the cluster with an example client with:
./cmd/client/client client.crt
client.crt is the name of file to write the X509 certificate to that has been requested from the CA.
TODO
  •  rename coordinator struct
  •  merge/put in same dir coordinator.go and options.go (Because they outline how hotcertification works)
  •  add database or
interface to database or check out
sqlite
  •  add a Makefile, see here for help
  •  make event-driven architecture? -> more lightweight; look at Flow implementation
  •  instead of ClientID and Sequence Number just use Hash of CSR to identify request (replaces CMDID data structure) -> use HashMap
  •  slow down consensus rounds?
  •  go run with SIGNALS
Testing
Logging and Configuration
  •  add a custom level to the log -> APPLICATION/CERTIFICATION; refactor code accordingly
  •  find out how to show logs from internal consensus protocol and client facing
server; pipe HS log into my logger
  •  change hotstuff.toml to hotstuff.yml see here
  •  merge internal/cli into main
Crypto/Threshold library
  •  define curve parameters somewhere (CURVE, G, N) wiki
  •  recycle PartialCert from Hotstuff for Certification Service crypto
  •  add error checks to threshold.go
Miscellaneous
  • other cool go library repos
Protocol Buffers (protoc)
  • execute compile command in proto folder
  • protoc -I=/Users/raphael/.go/pkg/mod/github.com/relab/gorums@v0.3.0. --go_out=paths=source_relative:. --gorums_out=paths=source_relative:. certification.proto
  • this command finds the absolute path with versioning for gorums package
  • go list -m -f {{.Dir}} github.com/relab/gorums
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, 'i');
if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) {
injectUserscript("// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site\n(function() {\n var enabled = true;\n \n function applyDarkMode() {\n if (!enabled) return;\n \n // Create style element if it doesn't exist\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (!style) {\n style = document.createElement('style');\n style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n }\n \n // Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video\n style.textContent = '\n /* Invert everything except media */\n html {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #1a1a2e !important;\n }\n \n /* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */\n img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*=\"background-image\"] {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n }\n \n /* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */\n .no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,\n [data-theme=\"light\"], [data-theme=\"light\"],\n .ace_editor, .ace_editor *,\n .CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,\n .monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,\n .markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,\n .highlight, .highlight *,\n pre code, pre code * {\n filter: none !important;\n }\n \n /* Fix common UI elements */\n .modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #2d2d44 !important;\n border-color: #444 !important;\n }\n \n /* Scrollbars */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }\n \n /* Selection */\n ::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ';\n }\n \n function removeDarkMode() {\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (style) style.remove();\n }\n \n // Toggle with Alt+Shift+D\n document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {\n if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {\n e.preventDefault();\n enabled = !enabled;\n if (enabled) {\n applyDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');\n } else {\n removeDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');\n }\n }\n });\n \n // Apply on load\n applyDarkMode();\n \n // Re-apply on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {\n applyDarkMode();\n }\n });\n observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });\n \n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');\n})();", "Universal Dark Mode");
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} catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); }
})();
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HotCertification: A distributed Certificate Authority
A byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication algorithm and threshold signature scheme that in conjunction perform the basic functionalities of a Certificate Authority (CA).
It adds these layers of complexity in order to be more resilient against process failures and malicious attacks.
The certification process can be abstracted to sign any piece of data (not just a X509 Certificate) like access tokens (macaroons) or JWTs and through that act as a sort of Authentication Server.
Using it
This is really just a proof-of-concept I built as part of my Bachelor's thesis so it still has bugs and needs major refactoring (it doesn't even have a database and stores everything in-memory!!).
An example configuration of a cluster of four HotCertification nodes can be found in hotcertification.toml.
Compile the binaries by calling make.
Create the cryptographic material like private keys and TLS certificates with:
mkdir keys
./cmd/keygen/keygen -n $NUM_NODES -t $THRESHOLD --key-size 512 keys
Run the cluster of four nodes locally by executing run_servers_localhost.sh.
Test the cluster with an example client with:
./cmd/client/client client.crt
client.crt is the name of file to write the X509 certificate to that has been requested from the CA.
TODO
  •  rename coordinator struct
  •  merge/put in same dir coordinator.go and options.go (Because they outline how hotcertification works)
  •  add database or
interface to database or check out
sqlite
  •  add a Makefile, see here for help
  •  make event-driven architecture? -> more lightweight; look at Flow implementation
  •  instead of ClientID and Sequence Number just use Hash of CSR to identify request (replaces CMDID data structure) -> use HashMap
  •  slow down consensus rounds?
  •  go run with SIGNALS
Testing
Logging and Configuration
  •  add a custom level to the log -> APPLICATION/CERTIFICATION; refactor code accordingly
  •  find out how to show logs from internal consensus protocol and client facing
server; pipe HS log into my logger
  •  change hotstuff.toml to hotstuff.yml see here
  •  merge internal/cli into main
Crypto/Threshold library
  •  define curve parameters somewhere (CURVE, G, N) wiki
  •  recycle PartialCert from Hotstuff for Certification Service crypto
  •  add error checks to threshold.go
Miscellaneous
  • other cool go library repos
Protocol Buffers (protoc)
  • execute compile command in proto folder
  • protoc -I=/Users/raphael/.go/pkg/mod/github.com/relab/gorums@v0.3.0. --go_out=paths=source_relative:. --gorums_out=paths=source_relative:. certification.proto
  • this command finds the absolute path with versioning for gorums package
  • go list -m -f {{.Dir}} github.com/relab/gorums
About
A distributed Certificate Authority
Topics
cryptographygogolang
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
7 stars
Watchers
1 watching
Forks
0 forks
Report repository
Releases
Packages
Used by
Contributors
Languages