pg_rocket 🚀

Extract referentially complete data subsets from PostgreSQL by traversing foreign key relationships.

pg_rocket is a CLI tool that intelligently extracts data from PostgreSQL databases while maintaining referential integrity. Given a SQL query, it automatically discovers and fetches all related records across tables, producing a consistent subset you can use for testing, debugging, or data migration.

Why pg_rocket?

• 🔍 Debug production issues locally - Pull a specific tenant's data without copying entire databases
• 🧪 Realistic test data - Extract production subsets with all relationships intact
• 📦 Safe data migration - Move related records across databases with referential integrity guaranteed
• 🚀 Fast and deterministic - Batched queries with consistent, repeatable output

Features

• ✅ Automatic foreign key traversal (upward, downward, or bidirectional)
• ✅ Composite primary key support
• ✅ Self-referential foreign keys
• ✅ Multiple output formats (SQL INSERTs, JSON)
• ✅ Direct database-to-database transfer with --exec
• ✅ Upsert mode for successive runs (--upsert)
• ✅ JSONB null literal preservation
• ✅ Progress indicators and colored output
• ✅ Configurable row limits with safety checks
• ✅ Dry-run mode to preview extraction plan

Installation

Homebrew (macOS/Linux)

brew tap riyasyash/tools
brew install pg_rocket

From Binary

Download the latest release for your platform from GitHub Releases.

From Source

git clone https://github.com/riyasyash/pg_rocket.git
cd pg_rocket
make build
sudo make install # Optional: installs to /usr/local/bin

Using Go Install

go install github.com/riyasyash/pg_rocket@latest

Requirements

• Go 1.21 or later (if building from source)
• PostgreSQL 12+ (source database)

Quick Start

# Set your source databaseexport PGROCKET_SOURCE="postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb"# Inspect the foreign key graph
pg_rocket inspect
# Extract a user and all related data
pg_rocket pull --query "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 42" --out user_42.sql
# Direct database-to-database transferexport PGROCKET_TARGET="postgres://admin:pass@localhost:5432/testdb"
pg_rocket pull --query "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE id = 1001" --exec --upsert

Commands

pg_rocket pull

Extract referentially complete data starting from a root SQL query.

Required

• --query - SQL SELECT statement returning rows from a single table

Connection

• --source - Source database DSN (default: $PGROCKET_SOURCE)
• --target - Target database DSN for --exec mode (default: $PGROCKET_TARGET)

Traversal

• --parents - Only traverse upward to parent records
• --children table1,table2 - Only traverse specified child tables (comma-separated)
• (default: full bidirectional traversal)

Output

• --out filename - Write to file instead of stdout
• --json - Output JSON instead of SQL INSERTs
• --exec - Execute INSERTs directly to target database (requires confirmation)

Control

• --upsert - Use ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE for idempotent successive runs (requires --exec)
• --dry-run - Show extraction plan without executing
• --max-rows N - Maximum rows to extract (default: 10000)
• --force - Override row limit
• --verbose - Print detailed traversal logs

pg_rocket inspect

Display the foreign key graph of your database.

pg_rocket inspect [--source DSN]

Example output:

users
↑ organizations (via org_id)
↓ posts (via author_id)
↓ comments (via user_id)

pg_rocket version

Display version information.

pg_rocket version

Usage Examples

Extract User with All Related Data

pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'alice@example.com'" \
--out alice.sql \
--verbose

Fetches:

• The user record
• Parent records (organization, etc.)
• Child records (posts, comments, orders, etc.)
• All transitively related data

Parents Only (Upward Traversal)

pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE id = 1001" \
--parents \
--out order_1001.sql

Fetches order → user → organization (stops at root, no children).

Selective Children (Downward Traversal)

pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM projects WHERE id = 5" \
--children tasks,comments \
--out project_5.sql

Fetches project + only tasks and comments (skips other child tables).

JSON Output

pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM organizations WHERE id = 10" \
--json \
--out org_10.json

Produces structured JSON:

{
"organizations": [
{"id": 10, "name": "Acme Corp"}
],
"users": [
{"id": 1, "org_id": 10, "name": "Alice"},
{"id": 2, "org_id": 10, "name": "Bob"}
]
}

Direct Database Transfer

# Production → Staging transfer
pg_rocket pull \
--source "postgres://readonly@prod.db:5432/proddb?sslmode=require" \
--target "postgres://admin@staging.db:5432/stagingdb?sslmode=require" \
--query "SELECT * FROM tenants WHERE name = 'acme'" \
--exec \
--verbose

The tool will:

1. Extract data from production
2. Display summary and prompt for confirmation
3. Insert into staging with foreign key integrity validation

Successive Runs with Upsert

# First run - inserts data
pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 42" \
--exec
# Second run - updates existing, inserts new (no duplicate key errors)
pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 42" \
--exec \
--upsert

Configuration

Connection Strings

Format:

postgres://[user[:password]@][host][:port][/database][?param=value]

Examples:

# Local development
postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost:5432/mydb
# Production with SSL (recommended)
postgres://user:pass@prod.com:5432/db?sslmode=require
# AWS RDS
postgres://master:pass@mydb.abc.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com:5432/mydb?sslmode=require
# With certificate verification
postgres://user:pass@host:5432/db?sslmode=verify-full&sslrootcert=/path/to/ca.crt

SSL/TLS Security

Mode	Security	Description
disable	None	No encryption
allow	Low	Tries non-SSL first
prefer	Medium	Tries SSL first (default)
require	Good	Requires SSL (recommended for production)
verify-ca	Better	SSL + certificate verification
verify-full	Best	SSL + cert + hostname verification

Production recommendation: Always use sslmode=require or higher.

Environment Variables

# Source database (for reading)export PGROCKET_SOURCE="postgres://user:pass@host:5432/db?sslmode=require"# Target database (for --exec mode)export PGROCKET_TARGET="postgres://admin:pass@host:5432/targetdb?sslmode=require"

Priority: CLI flags (--source, --target) override environment variables.

Safety Features

Pre-Execution Validation

pg_rocket validates all commands before running:

• ✅ Source database must be specified (flag or env var)
• ✅ Target database required for --exec mode
• ✅ Source and target must be different (prevents accidental self-writes)
• ✅ --exec and --out are mutually exclusive
• ✅ --upsert requires --exec

User Confirmation for Database Writes

When using --exec, you'll see:

⚠️ DATABASE WRITE OPERATION
============================================================
Source:
postgres://***@prod-server:5432/proddb
Target (will be modified):
postgres://***@staging-server:5432/stagingdb
Data to be inserted:
Tables: 7
Total rows: 1,423
============================================================
Are you sure you want to INSERT this data into the target database? (yes/no): 

Type yes or y to proceed. Any other response safely cancels.

Row Limits

Default: 10,000 rows. Override with --max-rows or --force:

# Custom limit
pg_rocket pull --query "SELECT * FROM users" --max-rows 50000
# No limit (use with caution)
pg_rocket pull --query "SELECT * FROM users" --force

Foreign Key Integrity Validation

Before inserting into the target database, pg_rocket validates that all foreign key references exist. If validation fails, no data is inserted.

How It Works

1. Query Analysis: Parses your SQL query using EXPLAIN to identify the base table
2. Schema Discovery: Extracts foreign key and primary key metadata from pg_catalog
3. Graph Traversal: Performs breadth-first search following FK relationships
4. Topological Sorting: Orders tables to respect dependencies (parents before children)
5. Output Generation: Produces SQL INSERTs or JSON with deterministic ordering

Traversal Algorithm

Root Query → [users WHERE id = 42]
↓
Fetch Parents (upward):
organizations ← users.org_id
↓
regions ← organizations.region_id
Fetch Children (downward):
posts ← users.id (author_id)
↓
comments ← posts.id (post_id)
↓
orders ← users.id (user_id)

All discovered rows are:

• Deduplicated by primary key
• Sorted deterministically
• Validated for FK integrity

Schema Requirements

✅ Supported

• Tables with primary keys (single or composite)
• Foreign key relationships in the public schema
• Self-referential foreign keys (e.g., users.manager_id → users.id)
• All standard PostgreSQL data types (including JSONB, arrays, UUIDs, etc.)

❌ Not Supported

• Tables without primary keys
• Multi-table cyclic foreign keys (A → B → C → A)
• Cross-schema relationships (only public schema)

Compatibility Check

Run pg_rocket inspect to verify your schema is compatible.

Troubleshooting

"table does not have a primary key"

Solution: Add a primary key to the table:

ALTERTABLE my_table ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

"cycle detected in table dependencies"

Problem: Multi-table FK cycle exists (e.g., A → B → B → A).

Solution: Use --parents or --children to specify traversal direction and break the cycle:

pg_rocket pull --query "SELECT * FROM table_a WHERE id = 1" --parents

"primary key column not included in SELECT"

Problem: Your query doesn't include the primary key column.

Solution: Include the PK or use SELECT *:

-- BadSELECT name FROM users WHERE id =1-- GoodSELECT*FROM users WHERE id =1

"foreign key integrity violation"

Problem: Extracted data references parent records that weren't extracted.

Solution: Use full traversal (remove --parents or --children flags) or check your FK relationships.

Performance

• Batching: Queries are automatically batched (500 rows per query)
• Memory: All data is held in memory before output
• Indexing: Ensure FK columns are indexed for optimal performance
• Network: Uses connection pooling for efficient database communication

Benchmarks

Typical extraction performance (on a modern workstation):

• Small datasets (<100 rows): <1 second
• Medium datasets (1,000-10,000 rows): 2-10 seconds
• Large datasets (50,000+ rows): 30+ seconds

Development

Building from Source

make build # Compile binary
make install # Install to /usr/local/bin
make clean # Remove build artifacts

Running Tests

make test# Run integration tests (requires Docker)

Tests use Docker Compose to spin up a PostgreSQL container with test schemas.

Project Structure

pg_rocket/
├── cmd/ # CLI command definitions
│ ├── root.go # Root cobra command
│ ├── pull.go # Pull command (main logic)
│ ├── inspect.go # Inspect command
│ └── version.go # Version command
├── internal/
│ ├── db/ # Database layer
│ │ ├── connection.go # Connection pooling
│ │ ├── metadata.go # FK/PK extraction
│ │ └── explain.go # Query analysis
│ ├── graph/ # FK graph structures
│ │ ├── types.go # Graph data structures
│ │ └── topo.go # Topological sorting
│ ├── extractor/ # Core extraction engine
│ │ ├── traversal.go # BFS traversal
│ │ └── progress.go # Progress tracking
│ └── output/ # Output writers
│ ├── sql_writer.go # SQL INSERT generation
│ ├── json_writer.go # JSON output
│ └── executor.go # Direct DB execution
├── test/
│ └── integration/ # Docker-based integration tests
│ ├── docker-compose.yml
│ ├── run_tests.sh
│ └── test_schemas/
└── Makefile

Advanced Usage

Handling Large Datasets

# Extract with higher limit and force flag
pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM events WHERE created_at > '2024-01-01'" \
--max-rows 100000 \
--force \
--out events_2024.sql

Production → Staging Sync

#!/bin/bash# sync_tenant.sh - Sync a tenant from prod to staging
TENANT_ID=$1
pg_rocket pull \
--source "postgres://readonly@prod.db:5432/proddb?sslmode=require" \
--target "postgres://admin@staging.db:5432/stagingdb?sslmode=require" \
--query "SELECT * FROM tenants WHERE id = '$TENANT_ID'" \
--exec \
--upsert \
--verbose

Extracting Tenant Data

# Multi-tenant app: extract everything for tenant-123
pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM tenants WHERE id = 'tenant-123'" \
--out tenant_123.sql \
--max-rows 50000 \
--force

Date-Scoped Extraction

# Extract last week's orders with all related data
pg_rocket pull \
--query "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE created_at > NOW() - INTERVAL '7 days'" \
--json \
--out recent_orders.json

How Foreign Key Traversal Works

pg_rocket uses breadth-first search to discover related records:

Upward Traversal (Parents)

Follows FKs "up" to parent tables:

orders (id=1001) → users (id=42) → organizations (id=5)

Downward Traversal (Children)

Follows FKs "down" to child tables:

users (id=42) → posts (author_id=42) → comments (post_id=...)
→ orders (user_id=42) → line_items (order_id=...)

Full Traversal (Default)

Combines both directions to get the complete relational closure.

Cycle Handling

• Self-referential FKs: Fully supported (e.g., users.manager_id → users.id)
• Multi-table cycles: Not supported - use --parents or --children to break the cycle

Deterministic Output

Given identical inputs and database state, pg_rocket produces byte-for-byte identical output:

• Rows are sorted by primary key within each table
• Tables are sorted topologically (parents before children)
• Timestamps and output are consistent

This makes pg_rocket suitable for:

• Version control of test fixtures
• Regression testing
• Auditable data exports

Limitations

• Single schema: Only traverses the public schema
• PostgreSQL only: No support for MySQL, SQLite, etc.
• In-memory: All data is loaded into memory before output
• No data masking: Use separate tools for anonymization
• No parallel extraction: Single-threaded traversal

Security Considerations

⚠️Important Security Notes:

1. Credential Management: Never commit DSNs with passwords to version control. Use environment variables or secure credential stores.

2. Read-Only Connections: Use read-only database users for --source when possible:

   CREATEUSERpg_rocket_readonly WITH PASSWORD 'secure_password';
   GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE mydb TO pg_rocket_readonly;
   GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO pg_rocket_readonly;
   GRANTSELECTON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO pg_rocket_readonly;

3. SSL/TLS: Always use sslmode=require or higher for production:

   export PGROCKET_SOURCE="postgres://user:pass@prod:5432/db?sslmode=require"

4. Row Limits: Default 10,000-row limit prevents accidental large extractions. Use --max-rows or --force consciously.

5. Confirmation Prompts: --exec mode requires explicit user confirmation before database writes.

6. Separate Environments: The tool validates that source and target are different to prevent accidental overwrites.

Roadmap

Planned for future releases:

• Multi-schema support
• Data masking/anonymization
• Parallel extraction for performance
• MySQL and SQLite support
• Configuration files (.pg_rocket.yml)
• Incremental extraction (delta mode)

Contributing

Contributions are welcome!

1. Fork the repository
2. Create a feature branch
3. Make your changes and add tests
4. Submit a pull request

See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.

License

MIT License - see LICENSE file for details.

Support

• Issues: GitHub Issues
• Discussions: GitHub Discussions

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