ntask

A Python-native task runner with content-hash caching and DAG execution.

pip install ntask

Why

Your Makefile runs everything every time. Your Justfile has no dependency graph. Your tasks.py for Invoke is five years old, has no types, and you still have to write ctx.run. This is what a task runner looks like when you start over with caching, types, and a DAG.

Quickstart

A complete release pipeline in 20 lines. Drop this into tasks.py at your project root:

fromntaskimporttask, cached, shell@task@cached(inputs=["src/**/*.py"])deflint():
shell("ruff check src/")
@task@cached(inputs=["src/**/*.py"])deftypecheck():
shell("mypy src/")
@task@cached(inputs=["src/**/*.py", "tests/**/*.py"])deftest(pattern: str=""):
shell(f"pytest -q {'-k '+patternifpatternelse''}")
@task@cached(inputs=["src/**/*.py", "pyproject.toml"], outputs=["dist/"])defbuild():
shell("python -m build")
@task(deps=[lint, typecheck, test, build])defrelease(version: str):
"""Run checks, build, tag, and publish to PyPI."""shell(f"git tag v{version} && git push --tags && twine upload dist/*")

The first time you cut a release, every step runs:

$ ntask release --version=1.0.0 -j
running lint
running typecheck
running test
+ lint (1.4s)
+ typecheck (3.2s)
+ test (4.9s)
running build
+ build (2.3s)
running release
+ release (0.9s)

The second time, ntask hashes the inputs, sees nothing changed, and skips every cached task. The whole dist/ directory is restored from the content-addressed store without re-running build:

$ ntask release --version=1.0.1 -j
o lint cached (3a8f9c2d)
o typecheck cached (b7c5f1e9)
o test cached (9f2e8b14)
o build cached (4dab8273) <- dist/ restored, build did not run
running release
+ release (0.9s)

Edit one file in src/ and only the tasks whose inputs match that file rerun. release isn't cached so it always runs, but everything downstream of an unchanged input stays a hit. That's transitive content-hash caching in five decorators.

Other things you'll reach for:

ntask --list # show every registered task with docstring
ntask test --pattern=auth # type hints become CLI flags automatically
ntask --why test# explain the last cache decision item-by-item
ntask --graph release # ASCII DAG (mermaid / dot also available)
ntask watch test# rerun on every src/ or tests/ change

Mermaid graph for docs

--graph-format mermaid emits a Mermaid block you can paste directly into a README or design doc. The example below is ntask's own DAG, captured straight from ntask --graph --graph-format mermaid:

graph TD
install
lint
typecheck
test
check
build
release
lint --> check
typecheck --> check
test --> check
check --> release
build --> release

Loading

--graph-format dot produces Graphviz output for the same data.

Team cache

Share cache hits across machines via S3 (or GCS, HTTP, NFS):

# pyproject.toml
[tool.ntask.remote_cache]
type = "s3"bucket = "my-team-cache"

pip install ntask[s3]
ntask check # first person populates, the rest hit instantly
ntask check --offline # skip the remote for fast dev loops

S3-compatibles (MinIO, R2, B2) take an endpoint_url. GCS and HTTP backends work the same way; the HTTP backend is plain GET/PUT/HEAD over stdlib urllib, so any object store with PUT enabled is fair game.

When NOT to use @cached

@cached shines on deterministic, input-driven work — lint, typecheck, test, build. It's the wrong fit when the task is the world reacting. Skip it (or be very deliberate about inputs= and env=) when the task:

• has external side effects — DB writes, HTTP requests, sending email, queue pushes. A cache hit means none of that happened on this run.
• mutates shared state your other tasks read — caches, file ownership, the contents of .env, dotted-out feature flags, the kernel's TCP backlog.
• depends on the clock or on randomness — anything where the same inputs produce different output tomorrow.
• exists to test the world — smoke tasks, integration probes, "does prod still look healthy" scenarios. The whole point is to re-execute.

For these, plain @task is the right call. Reach for parallel=False if the task must run alone (releases, migrations); reach for @group(...) to namespace them; don't reach for @cached.

Live DAG display

Run ntask check from an interactive terminal and a Textual TUI shows a live tree of the DAG with per-task state icons and durations. Pipe the output, set tui = false in [tool.ntask], or pass --no-tui to fall back to the line-based renderer.

Other things you'll reach for

• Exclusive tasks.@task(parallel=False) makes a task a DAG-wide barrier: it waits for everything in flight to drain, then runs alone. Use it for releases, migrations, anything that mutates shared state.
• Monorepos.@group("api") over a class namespaces every task method as api.<name>. Cross-group dependencies via @task(deps=[Other.task, ...]) or string fqns.
• Capture output.shell("git rev-parse HEAD", capture=True) returns a ShellResult with .stdout, .stderr, .returncode, .duration, .ok.
• Force a rerun.ntask --force <task> bypasses the cache for that one task. ntask --no-cache ignores the cache entirely. ntask clean wipes entry manifests; ntask clean --all wipes the whole .ntask/ directory.

Examples

Six runnable, self-contained examples under examples/:

File	Demonstrates
01-hello	Smallest possible cached task
02-python-lib	install / lint / typecheck / test / build
03-parallel	-j N fan-out and parallel=False barrier
04-watch	ntask watch rerun-on-change loop
05-remote-cache	local-fs remote backend shared between clones
06-monorepo	@group(...) namespacing and cross-group deps

cd into any directory and run ntask --list.

Features

feature	ntask	make	just	invoke	doit	poe
Typed Python tasks	yes	no	no	partial	no	partial
Content-hash input caching	yes	partial	no	no	partial	no
Transitive cache-key propagation	yes	no	no	no	partial	no
Remote cache (S3/GCS/HTTP)	yes	no	no	no	no	no
DAG dependency resolution	yes	yes	no	partial	yes	no
Type-hint to CLI args	yes	no	partial	partial	no	yes
Parallel DAG execution (-j)	yes	yes	no	no	yes	no
Live DAG TUI	yes	no	no	no	no	no
Windows first-class	yes	partial	yes	yes	yes	yes

Cache miss messages name the specific file or env change that caused the invalidation. ntask --why <task> prints the full breakdown.

Docs

• Technical handbook - the comprehensive reference, every flag and config key
• Tutorial: replace your Makefile in 10 minutes
• Caching: the full contract
• Migrating from Make / just / Invoke / Poe
• Short API reference

Requirements: Python 3.11 or newer. BSD-3-Clause.

License

BSD-3-Clause. Copyright © 2026 Sean Nieuwoudt.