Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow - #1118

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VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only
Feb 18, 2026
Merged

Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow#1118
VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
mainfrom
peter/warn-for-409-only

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…lete the workflow
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 5effb22

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/nestPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/vitePatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production534038572
✅ 💻 Local Development556068624
✅ 📦 Local Production556068624
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres556068624
✅ 🪟 Windows490352
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds111459165
✅ 📋 Other135021156
Total2497452752817

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (45 failed)

turso (45 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow
  • promiseRaceWorkflow
  • promiseAnyWorkflow
  • hookWorkflow
  • webhookWorkflow
  • sleepingWorkflow
  • parallelSleepWorkflow
  • nullByteWorkflow
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
  • fetchWorkflow
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling retry behavior workflow completes despite transient 5xx on step_completed
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro4804
✅ example4804
✅ express4804
✅ fastify4804
✅ hono4804
✅ nextjs-turbopack5101
✅ nextjs-webpack5101
✅ nitro4804
✅ nuxt4804
✅ sveltekit4804
✅ vite4804
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack4903
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
✅ mongodb4903
✅ redis-dev300
✅ redis4903
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso4453
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable4507

📋 View full workflow run

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express0.032s (-1.9%)1.005s (~)0.973s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro0.033s (-3.3%)1.006s (~)0.973s101.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.25x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.049s1.005s0.956s101.54x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.101s1.006s0.905s103.19x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.109s (+5.4% 🔺)1.010s (~)0.901s103.43x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.387s (-18.8% 🟢)1.010s (~)0.623s1012.16x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.391s1.010s0.619s1012.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro0.524s (-50.8% 🟢)1.850s (-25.5% 🟢)1.326s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress0.562s (-18.5% 🟢)1.810s (-12.8% 🟢)1.248s101.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.578s (-28.9% 🟢)1.814s (-12.3% 🟢)1.236s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.099s2.005s0.906s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.102s (~)2.006s (~)0.904s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.107s (~)2.005s (~)0.898s101.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.111s2.006s0.896s101.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.284s2.007s0.723s101.17x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.267s3.015s0.748s102.06x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.297s (-2.2%)2.814s (-6.7% 🟢)0.518s102.09x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.444s (-1.4%)3.014s (~)0.570s102.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.269s (-1.0%)2.999s (-4.5%)0.729s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.301s (+5.4% 🔺)2.985s (-5.3% 🟢)0.684s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.776s (+23.5% 🔺)3.612s (+16.3% 🔺)0.836s101.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.710s11.023s0.313s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.714s11.021s0.308s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.816s (~)11.022s (~)0.206s31.01x
💻 LocalNitro10.847s (~)11.023s (~)0.176s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.200s13.015s0.814s31.14x
🐘 PostgresNitro15.268s (-24.4% 🟢)16.047s (-23.8% 🟢)0.780s21.43x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)20.148s21.059s0.910s21.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.349s (~)21.060s (~)0.711s21.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro29.669s (+68.5% 🔺)30.380s (+57.8% 🔺)0.711s11.00x
▲ VercelExpress31.865s (+80.3% 🔺)32.482s (+72.9% 🔺)0.617s11.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)34.677s (+74.1% 🔺)35.814s (+71.6% 🔺)1.137s11.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)26.944s27.053s0.109s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)27.243s28.052s0.808s31.01x
💻 LocalExpress27.471s (~)28.049s (~)0.578s31.02x
💻 LocalNitro27.526s (~)28.053s (~)0.527s31.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)30.294s31.028s0.734s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro37.829s (-25.1% 🟢)38.099s (-25.5% 🟢)0.270s21.40x
🐘 PostgresExpress50.361s (~)51.130s (+1.0%)0.769s21.87x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)50.501s51.133s0.632s21.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express42.987s (~)44.151s (~)1.164s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro43.650s (+0.9%)45.001s (+1.6%)1.352s21.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)44.943s (+4.0%)45.839s (+2.3%)0.896s21.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)54.365s55.101s0.736s21.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)57.093s57.601s0.509s21.05x
💻 LocalExpress57.230s (~)58.100s (~)0.870s21.05x
💻 LocalNitro57.408s (~)58.108s (~)0.699s21.06x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)60.709s61.059s0.351s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro75.441s (-24.7% 🟢)76.192s (-24.0% 🟢)0.751s21.39x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)75.672s76.171s0.499s21.39x
🐘 PostgresExpress100.270s (~)101.236s (~)0.966s11.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express88.971s (+0.7%)90.097s (+1.1%)1.126s11.00x
▲ VercelNitro89.537s (+3.4%)90.446s (+2.9%)0.909s21.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)90.770s (+3.0%)92.149s (+3.1%)1.379s11.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.264s2.006s0.742s151.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.408s (~)2.005s (~)0.597s151.11x
💻 LocalNitro1.414s (-1.5%)2.005s (~)0.591s151.12x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.420s2.006s0.586s151.12x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.180s3.007s0.827s101.72x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.265s (+6.1% 🔺)2.923s (-3.0%)0.658s111.79x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.289s2.741s0.452s111.81x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.354s (-2.2%)3.014s (~)0.660s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.392s (+3.6%)3.206s (-2.7%)0.814s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.651s (+9.2% 🔺)3.378s (~)0.728s101.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s (-18.5% 🟢)3.561s (-17.4% 🟢)0.777s91.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.495s3.008s0.513s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.547s (~)3.007s (~)0.460s101.02x
💻 LocalNitro2.627s (+0.9%)3.008s (~)0.381s101.05x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.680s3.007s0.326s101.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.785s5.176s0.391s61.92x
🐘 PostgresNitro9.238s (+8.9% 🔺)9.787s (+8.3% 🔺)0.549s43.70x
🐘 PostgresExpress9.591s (+18.8% 🔺)10.033s (+21.2% 🔺)0.442s33.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)12.251s13.032s0.781s34.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.594s (-2.4%)3.324s (-3.9%)0.730s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.829s (-9.0% 🟢)3.454s (-18.3% 🟢)0.625s91.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.431s (+7.6% 🔺)4.381s (+11.9% 🔺)0.950s71.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.076s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.327s7.766s0.439s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.544s (+3.6%)8.018s (~)0.473s41.85x
💻 LocalNitro7.686s (+4.6%)8.018s (~)0.332s41.89x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.829s10.346s0.517s32.41x
🐘 PostgresExpress45.131s (+8.4% 🔺)46.123s (+9.5% 🔺)0.992s111.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro47.817s (-1.0%)48.128s (-2.1%)0.311s111.73x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)55.264s56.133s0.869s113.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.085s (-33.5% 🟢)3.663s (-34.8% 🟢)0.577s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.111s (-6.9% 🟢)4.294s (~)1.184s71.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.618s (-28.8% 🟢)4.684s (-23.2% 🟢)1.067s71.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.273s2.006s0.733s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.432s2.005s0.573s151.12x
💻 LocalExpress1.437s (+1.2%)2.005s (~)0.568s151.13x
💻 LocalNitro1.440s (+0.7%)2.006s (~)0.566s151.13x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.017s (+2.7%)2.833s (+12.7% 🔺)0.816s111.58x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.156s3.007s0.851s101.69x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.230s (-1.9%)2.596s (-3.3%)0.366s121.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.592s2.923s0.331s112.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.179s (-1.5%)2.919s (-10.8% 🟢)0.740s111.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.344s (-11.9% 🟢)3.075s (-15.5% 🟢)0.731s101.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.473s (+10.0% 🔺)3.112s (-3.2%)0.639s101.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.501s3.008s0.507s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.336s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.335s101.07x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s3.009s0.225s101.11x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.703s5.176s0.474s61.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.846s (-5.3% 🟢)11.368s (-5.6% 🟢)0.522s34.34x
🐘 PostgresNitro12.576s (-5.6% 🟢)13.375s (-2.4%)0.799s35.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)14.028s14.702s0.674s35.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.424s (-3.4%)3.097s (-10.0% 🟢)0.673s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.797s (+5.7% 🔺)3.593s (+1.0%)0.796s101.15x
▲ VercelNitro3.744s (+62.4% 🔺)4.579s (+43.9% 🔺)0.835s71.54x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.075s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.323s8.020s0.696s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.791s (-3.5%)8.270s (~)0.479s41.91x
💻 LocalNitro7.974s (+1.3%)8.271s (~)0.297s41.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.932s10.348s0.416s32.44x
🐘 PostgresExpress49.790s (-3.4%)50.121s (-3.9%)0.331s112.22x
🐘 PostgresNitro52.341s (+0.7%)53.142s (+1.9%)0.801s112.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)58.156s59.133s0.977s114.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.769s (-28.2% 🟢)3.550s (-23.7% 🟢)0.781s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.800s (-9.6% 🟢)3.704s (-7.1% 🟢)0.903s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.443s (-10.7% 🟢)4.504s (-10.5% 🟢)1.061s71.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.152s1.001s0.012s1.018s0.866s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.156s1.000s0.001s1.007s0.851s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro0.173s (-1.1%)1.003s (~)0.011s (+1.8%)1.017s (~)0.844s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.174s (+3.3%)1.003s (~)0.011s (-1.7%)1.017s (~)0.842s101.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.511s0.932s0.001s1.008s0.496s103.36x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s1.797s0.001s2.014s0.766s108.19x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.256s (-43.6% 🟢)1.786s (-36.6% 🟢)0.001s (-17.6% 🟢)2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)0.758s108.24x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.377s (-3.2%)2.666s (+3.2%)0.001s (+7.7% 🔺)3.015s (~)0.638s1015.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.881s (-24.4% 🟢)2.435s (-20.6% 🟢)0.183s (-21.3% 🟢)3.105s (-19.5% 🟢)1.224s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.942s (-1.3%)2.511s (-4.7%)0.148s (-75.5% 🟢)3.219s (-15.2% 🟢)1.278s101.03x
▲ VercelNitro2.073s (+7.0% 🔺)2.512s (-6.6% 🟢)0.560s (-4.7%)3.636s (-4.8%)1.563s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/12
🐘 PostgresExpress5/12
▲ VercelNitro5/12
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)🌐 Redis6/12
Nitro💻 Local9/12
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

return;
}
throw err;
}

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySeriousFeb 18, 2026

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This solves an issue where completing the workflow fails with 409, followed by another workflow invocations that then tries to mark the workflow as "failed", which then also 409s, etc.

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are you sure this is the right approach? are there valid 409s? what about 410 response? are there valid cases where there IS actually indicative of an error?

worth investigating a bit

separately i also think the error codes are getting a bit out of hand to manage and correlate between server and runtime

either this pr future we might want to have well defined workflow error responses from the server (rather than overloading http codes) and have the world-vercel convert them into client errors from the errors package that all worlds can share

i think the runtime should then handle those errors instead of dealing with less-descript HTTP error codes

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Since I'm specifically wrapping the run_completed event creation, we only care about 409s for that specifically, which currently only happens if the the run is already terminal (had claude confirm this + looked myself). This makes me think it's fine to ignore this specific invocation, since even if something did go wrong, it would have gone wrong in the original invocation, and now that the run is terminal, there are no remedial actions we can take.

This begs the question of what possible future 409s we could add to this specific invocation, which I can't come up with any good ones for run_completed that wouldn't want the same handling.

@pranaygppranaygpFeb 18, 2026

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do we also need to do the same handling for run_failed and run_cancelled then?

we return 409 on any invalid state transition iirc

but for hooks i think we return 410 when the run is completed

but yeah that's also what i mean by its a little hard to track the server vs client error states based on http codes :P

claude's also more likely to miss http codes were used compared to more explicit error returns like "invalid_run_state_transition" or something

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Maybe for run_failed too. It's much less likely to race, but can happen just the same. Updated the code.

I think run_cancelled should error visibly since it's a mostly user-UI or programmatic action and shouldn't race.

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awesome! makes sense. if otel is tidied up and correct - let's also maybe add a test for the changes to prevent regression in the errors
messages and ship :)

},
});
} catch (err) {
if (WorkflowAPIError.is(err) && err.status === 409) {

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When we hit this path, are we potentially missing setting the span attributes (on line 287) cos we would never hit that path? It might end up not reporting in o11y for these traces.

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We are, I think intentionally as we don't actually complete the run in this case (and don't know the run state, could be "failed") so we'd rather not add wrong information

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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would love tests on this too :)

@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious merged commit 852e3f1 into mainFeb 18, 2026
104 checks passed
@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious deleted the peter/warn-for-409-only branch February 18, 2026 22:00
VaguelySerious added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 19, 2026
…p_retrying events
When multiple step invocations race to complete/fail/retry a step, the
server returns a 409 Conflict. Previously this would bubble up as an
unhandled error. Now these are caught and logged as warnings, matching
the pattern established for run_completed/run_failed in #1118.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@VaguelySerious@pranaygp@karthikscale3
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow - #1118

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VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only
Feb 18, 2026
Merged

Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow#1118
VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only

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…lete the workflow
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
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changeset-botBot commented Feb 18, 2026

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 5effb22

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/nestPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/vitePatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production534038572
✅ 💻 Local Development556068624
✅ 📦 Local Production556068624
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres556068624
✅ 🪟 Windows490352
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds111459165
✅ 📋 Other135021156
Total2497452752817

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (45 failed)

turso (45 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow
  • promiseRaceWorkflow
  • promiseAnyWorkflow
  • hookWorkflow
  • webhookWorkflow
  • sleepingWorkflow
  • parallelSleepWorkflow
  • nullByteWorkflow
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
  • fetchWorkflow
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling retry behavior workflow completes despite transient 5xx on step_completed
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro4804
✅ example4804
✅ express4804
✅ fastify4804
✅ hono4804
✅ nextjs-turbopack5101
✅ nextjs-webpack5101
✅ nitro4804
✅ nuxt4804
✅ sveltekit4804
✅ vite4804
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack4903
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
✅ mongodb4903
✅ redis-dev300
✅ redis4903
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso4453
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable4507

📋 View full workflow run

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express0.032s (-1.9%)1.005s (~)0.973s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro0.033s (-3.3%)1.006s (~)0.973s101.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.25x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.049s1.005s0.956s101.54x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.101s1.006s0.905s103.19x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.109s (+5.4% 🔺)1.010s (~)0.901s103.43x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.387s (-18.8% 🟢)1.010s (~)0.623s1012.16x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.391s1.010s0.619s1012.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro0.524s (-50.8% 🟢)1.850s (-25.5% 🟢)1.326s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress0.562s (-18.5% 🟢)1.810s (-12.8% 🟢)1.248s101.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.578s (-28.9% 🟢)1.814s (-12.3% 🟢)1.236s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.099s2.005s0.906s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.102s (~)2.006s (~)0.904s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.107s (~)2.005s (~)0.898s101.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.111s2.006s0.896s101.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.284s2.007s0.723s101.17x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.267s3.015s0.748s102.06x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.297s (-2.2%)2.814s (-6.7% 🟢)0.518s102.09x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.444s (-1.4%)3.014s (~)0.570s102.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.269s (-1.0%)2.999s (-4.5%)0.729s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.301s (+5.4% 🔺)2.985s (-5.3% 🟢)0.684s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.776s (+23.5% 🔺)3.612s (+16.3% 🔺)0.836s101.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.710s11.023s0.313s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.714s11.021s0.308s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.816s (~)11.022s (~)0.206s31.01x
💻 LocalNitro10.847s (~)11.023s (~)0.176s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.200s13.015s0.814s31.14x
🐘 PostgresNitro15.268s (-24.4% 🟢)16.047s (-23.8% 🟢)0.780s21.43x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)20.148s21.059s0.910s21.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.349s (~)21.060s (~)0.711s21.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro29.669s (+68.5% 🔺)30.380s (+57.8% 🔺)0.711s11.00x
▲ VercelExpress31.865s (+80.3% 🔺)32.482s (+72.9% 🔺)0.617s11.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)34.677s (+74.1% 🔺)35.814s (+71.6% 🔺)1.137s11.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)26.944s27.053s0.109s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)27.243s28.052s0.808s31.01x
💻 LocalExpress27.471s (~)28.049s (~)0.578s31.02x
💻 LocalNitro27.526s (~)28.053s (~)0.527s31.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)30.294s31.028s0.734s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro37.829s (-25.1% 🟢)38.099s (-25.5% 🟢)0.270s21.40x
🐘 PostgresExpress50.361s (~)51.130s (+1.0%)0.769s21.87x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)50.501s51.133s0.632s21.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express42.987s (~)44.151s (~)1.164s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro43.650s (+0.9%)45.001s (+1.6%)1.352s21.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)44.943s (+4.0%)45.839s (+2.3%)0.896s21.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)54.365s55.101s0.736s21.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)57.093s57.601s0.509s21.05x
💻 LocalExpress57.230s (~)58.100s (~)0.870s21.05x
💻 LocalNitro57.408s (~)58.108s (~)0.699s21.06x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)60.709s61.059s0.351s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro75.441s (-24.7% 🟢)76.192s (-24.0% 🟢)0.751s21.39x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)75.672s76.171s0.499s21.39x
🐘 PostgresExpress100.270s (~)101.236s (~)0.966s11.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express88.971s (+0.7%)90.097s (+1.1%)1.126s11.00x
▲ VercelNitro89.537s (+3.4%)90.446s (+2.9%)0.909s21.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)90.770s (+3.0%)92.149s (+3.1%)1.379s11.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.264s2.006s0.742s151.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.408s (~)2.005s (~)0.597s151.11x
💻 LocalNitro1.414s (-1.5%)2.005s (~)0.591s151.12x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.420s2.006s0.586s151.12x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.180s3.007s0.827s101.72x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.265s (+6.1% 🔺)2.923s (-3.0%)0.658s111.79x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.289s2.741s0.452s111.81x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.354s (-2.2%)3.014s (~)0.660s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.392s (+3.6%)3.206s (-2.7%)0.814s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.651s (+9.2% 🔺)3.378s (~)0.728s101.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s (-18.5% 🟢)3.561s (-17.4% 🟢)0.777s91.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.495s3.008s0.513s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.547s (~)3.007s (~)0.460s101.02x
💻 LocalNitro2.627s (+0.9%)3.008s (~)0.381s101.05x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.680s3.007s0.326s101.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.785s5.176s0.391s61.92x
🐘 PostgresNitro9.238s (+8.9% 🔺)9.787s (+8.3% 🔺)0.549s43.70x
🐘 PostgresExpress9.591s (+18.8% 🔺)10.033s (+21.2% 🔺)0.442s33.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)12.251s13.032s0.781s34.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.594s (-2.4%)3.324s (-3.9%)0.730s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.829s (-9.0% 🟢)3.454s (-18.3% 🟢)0.625s91.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.431s (+7.6% 🔺)4.381s (+11.9% 🔺)0.950s71.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.076s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.327s7.766s0.439s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.544s (+3.6%)8.018s (~)0.473s41.85x
💻 LocalNitro7.686s (+4.6%)8.018s (~)0.332s41.89x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.829s10.346s0.517s32.41x
🐘 PostgresExpress45.131s (+8.4% 🔺)46.123s (+9.5% 🔺)0.992s111.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro47.817s (-1.0%)48.128s (-2.1%)0.311s111.73x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)55.264s56.133s0.869s113.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.085s (-33.5% 🟢)3.663s (-34.8% 🟢)0.577s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.111s (-6.9% 🟢)4.294s (~)1.184s71.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.618s (-28.8% 🟢)4.684s (-23.2% 🟢)1.067s71.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.273s2.006s0.733s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.432s2.005s0.573s151.12x
💻 LocalExpress1.437s (+1.2%)2.005s (~)0.568s151.13x
💻 LocalNitro1.440s (+0.7%)2.006s (~)0.566s151.13x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.017s (+2.7%)2.833s (+12.7% 🔺)0.816s111.58x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.156s3.007s0.851s101.69x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.230s (-1.9%)2.596s (-3.3%)0.366s121.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.592s2.923s0.331s112.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.179s (-1.5%)2.919s (-10.8% 🟢)0.740s111.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.344s (-11.9% 🟢)3.075s (-15.5% 🟢)0.731s101.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.473s (+10.0% 🔺)3.112s (-3.2%)0.639s101.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.501s3.008s0.507s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.336s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.335s101.07x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s3.009s0.225s101.11x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.703s5.176s0.474s61.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.846s (-5.3% 🟢)11.368s (-5.6% 🟢)0.522s34.34x
🐘 PostgresNitro12.576s (-5.6% 🟢)13.375s (-2.4%)0.799s35.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)14.028s14.702s0.674s35.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.424s (-3.4%)3.097s (-10.0% 🟢)0.673s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.797s (+5.7% 🔺)3.593s (+1.0%)0.796s101.15x
▲ VercelNitro3.744s (+62.4% 🔺)4.579s (+43.9% 🔺)0.835s71.54x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.075s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.323s8.020s0.696s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.791s (-3.5%)8.270s (~)0.479s41.91x
💻 LocalNitro7.974s (+1.3%)8.271s (~)0.297s41.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.932s10.348s0.416s32.44x
🐘 PostgresExpress49.790s (-3.4%)50.121s (-3.9%)0.331s112.22x
🐘 PostgresNitro52.341s (+0.7%)53.142s (+1.9%)0.801s112.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)58.156s59.133s0.977s114.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.769s (-28.2% 🟢)3.550s (-23.7% 🟢)0.781s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.800s (-9.6% 🟢)3.704s (-7.1% 🟢)0.903s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.443s (-10.7% 🟢)4.504s (-10.5% 🟢)1.061s71.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.152s1.001s0.012s1.018s0.866s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.156s1.000s0.001s1.007s0.851s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro0.173s (-1.1%)1.003s (~)0.011s (+1.8%)1.017s (~)0.844s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.174s (+3.3%)1.003s (~)0.011s (-1.7%)1.017s (~)0.842s101.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.511s0.932s0.001s1.008s0.496s103.36x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s1.797s0.001s2.014s0.766s108.19x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.256s (-43.6% 🟢)1.786s (-36.6% 🟢)0.001s (-17.6% 🟢)2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)0.758s108.24x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.377s (-3.2%)2.666s (+3.2%)0.001s (+7.7% 🔺)3.015s (~)0.638s1015.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.881s (-24.4% 🟢)2.435s (-20.6% 🟢)0.183s (-21.3% 🟢)3.105s (-19.5% 🟢)1.224s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.942s (-1.3%)2.511s (-4.7%)0.148s (-75.5% 🟢)3.219s (-15.2% 🟢)1.278s101.03x
▲ VercelNitro2.073s (+7.0% 🔺)2.512s (-6.6% 🟢)0.560s (-4.7%)3.636s (-4.8%)1.563s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/12
🐘 PostgresExpress5/12
▲ VercelNitro5/12
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)🌐 Redis6/12
Nitro💻 Local9/12
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

return;
}
throw err;
}

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySeriousFeb 18, 2026

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This solves an issue where completing the workflow fails with 409, followed by another workflow invocations that then tries to mark the workflow as "failed", which then also 409s, etc.

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are you sure this is the right approach? are there valid 409s? what about 410 response? are there valid cases where there IS actually indicative of an error?

worth investigating a bit

separately i also think the error codes are getting a bit out of hand to manage and correlate between server and runtime

either this pr future we might want to have well defined workflow error responses from the server (rather than overloading http codes) and have the world-vercel convert them into client errors from the errors package that all worlds can share

i think the runtime should then handle those errors instead of dealing with less-descript HTTP error codes

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Since I'm specifically wrapping the run_completed event creation, we only care about 409s for that specifically, which currently only happens if the the run is already terminal (had claude confirm this + looked myself). This makes me think it's fine to ignore this specific invocation, since even if something did go wrong, it would have gone wrong in the original invocation, and now that the run is terminal, there are no remedial actions we can take.

This begs the question of what possible future 409s we could add to this specific invocation, which I can't come up with any good ones for run_completed that wouldn't want the same handling.

@pranaygppranaygpFeb 18, 2026

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do we also need to do the same handling for run_failed and run_cancelled then?

we return 409 on any invalid state transition iirc

but for hooks i think we return 410 when the run is completed

but yeah that's also what i mean by its a little hard to track the server vs client error states based on http codes :P

claude's also more likely to miss http codes were used compared to more explicit error returns like "invalid_run_state_transition" or something

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Maybe for run_failed too. It's much less likely to race, but can happen just the same. Updated the code.

I think run_cancelled should error visibly since it's a mostly user-UI or programmatic action and shouldn't race.

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awesome! makes sense. if otel is tidied up and correct - let's also maybe add a test for the changes to prevent regression in the errors
messages and ship :)

},
});
} catch (err) {
if (WorkflowAPIError.is(err) && err.status === 409) {

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When we hit this path, are we potentially missing setting the span attributes (on line 287) cos we would never hit that path? It might end up not reporting in o11y for these traces.

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We are, I think intentionally as we don't actually complete the run in this case (and don't know the run state, could be "failed") so we'd rather not add wrong information

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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would love tests on this too :)

@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious merged commit 852e3f1 into mainFeb 18, 2026
104 checks passed
@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious deleted the peter/warn-for-409-only branch February 18, 2026 22:00
VaguelySerious added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 19, 2026
…p_retrying events
When multiple step invocations race to complete/fail/retry a step, the
server returns a 409 Conflict. Previously this would bubble up as an
unhandled error. Now these are caught and logged as warnings, matching
the pattern established for run_completed/run_failed in #1118.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@VaguelySerious@pranaygp@karthikscale3
, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Force GitHub README to respect dark mode\n(function() {\n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '\n .markdown-body {\n color-scheme: dark light;\n }\n .markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; }\n .markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; }\n .markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; }\n .markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; }\n .markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; }\n .markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; }\n ';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n})();", "GitHub Dark Mode README Fix"); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "*"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow - #1118

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VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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Feb 18, 2026
Merged

Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow#1118
VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only

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…lete the workflow
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
@vercel

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changeset-botBot commented Feb 18, 2026

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 5effb22

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/nestPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/vitePatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production534038572
✅ 💻 Local Development556068624
✅ 📦 Local Production556068624
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres556068624
✅ 🪟 Windows490352
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds111459165
✅ 📋 Other135021156
Total2497452752817

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (45 failed)

turso (45 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow
  • promiseRaceWorkflow
  • promiseAnyWorkflow
  • hookWorkflow
  • webhookWorkflow
  • sleepingWorkflow
  • parallelSleepWorkflow
  • nullByteWorkflow
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
  • fetchWorkflow
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling retry behavior workflow completes despite transient 5xx on step_completed
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro4804
✅ example4804
✅ express4804
✅ fastify4804
✅ hono4804
✅ nextjs-turbopack5101
✅ nextjs-webpack5101
✅ nitro4804
✅ nuxt4804
✅ sveltekit4804
✅ vite4804
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack4903
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
✅ mongodb4903
✅ redis-dev300
✅ redis4903
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso4453
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable4507

📋 View full workflow run

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express0.032s (-1.9%)1.005s (~)0.973s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro0.033s (-3.3%)1.006s (~)0.973s101.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.25x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.049s1.005s0.956s101.54x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.101s1.006s0.905s103.19x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.109s (+5.4% 🔺)1.010s (~)0.901s103.43x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.387s (-18.8% 🟢)1.010s (~)0.623s1012.16x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.391s1.010s0.619s1012.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro0.524s (-50.8% 🟢)1.850s (-25.5% 🟢)1.326s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress0.562s (-18.5% 🟢)1.810s (-12.8% 🟢)1.248s101.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.578s (-28.9% 🟢)1.814s (-12.3% 🟢)1.236s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.099s2.005s0.906s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.102s (~)2.006s (~)0.904s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.107s (~)2.005s (~)0.898s101.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.111s2.006s0.896s101.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.284s2.007s0.723s101.17x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.267s3.015s0.748s102.06x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.297s (-2.2%)2.814s (-6.7% 🟢)0.518s102.09x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.444s (-1.4%)3.014s (~)0.570s102.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.269s (-1.0%)2.999s (-4.5%)0.729s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.301s (+5.4% 🔺)2.985s (-5.3% 🟢)0.684s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.776s (+23.5% 🔺)3.612s (+16.3% 🔺)0.836s101.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.710s11.023s0.313s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.714s11.021s0.308s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.816s (~)11.022s (~)0.206s31.01x
💻 LocalNitro10.847s (~)11.023s (~)0.176s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.200s13.015s0.814s31.14x
🐘 PostgresNitro15.268s (-24.4% 🟢)16.047s (-23.8% 🟢)0.780s21.43x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)20.148s21.059s0.910s21.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.349s (~)21.060s (~)0.711s21.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro29.669s (+68.5% 🔺)30.380s (+57.8% 🔺)0.711s11.00x
▲ VercelExpress31.865s (+80.3% 🔺)32.482s (+72.9% 🔺)0.617s11.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)34.677s (+74.1% 🔺)35.814s (+71.6% 🔺)1.137s11.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)26.944s27.053s0.109s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)27.243s28.052s0.808s31.01x
💻 LocalExpress27.471s (~)28.049s (~)0.578s31.02x
💻 LocalNitro27.526s (~)28.053s (~)0.527s31.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)30.294s31.028s0.734s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro37.829s (-25.1% 🟢)38.099s (-25.5% 🟢)0.270s21.40x
🐘 PostgresExpress50.361s (~)51.130s (+1.0%)0.769s21.87x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)50.501s51.133s0.632s21.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express42.987s (~)44.151s (~)1.164s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro43.650s (+0.9%)45.001s (+1.6%)1.352s21.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)44.943s (+4.0%)45.839s (+2.3%)0.896s21.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)54.365s55.101s0.736s21.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)57.093s57.601s0.509s21.05x
💻 LocalExpress57.230s (~)58.100s (~)0.870s21.05x
💻 LocalNitro57.408s (~)58.108s (~)0.699s21.06x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)60.709s61.059s0.351s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro75.441s (-24.7% 🟢)76.192s (-24.0% 🟢)0.751s21.39x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)75.672s76.171s0.499s21.39x
🐘 PostgresExpress100.270s (~)101.236s (~)0.966s11.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express88.971s (+0.7%)90.097s (+1.1%)1.126s11.00x
▲ VercelNitro89.537s (+3.4%)90.446s (+2.9%)0.909s21.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)90.770s (+3.0%)92.149s (+3.1%)1.379s11.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.264s2.006s0.742s151.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.408s (~)2.005s (~)0.597s151.11x
💻 LocalNitro1.414s (-1.5%)2.005s (~)0.591s151.12x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.420s2.006s0.586s151.12x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.180s3.007s0.827s101.72x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.265s (+6.1% 🔺)2.923s (-3.0%)0.658s111.79x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.289s2.741s0.452s111.81x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.354s (-2.2%)3.014s (~)0.660s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.392s (+3.6%)3.206s (-2.7%)0.814s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.651s (+9.2% 🔺)3.378s (~)0.728s101.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s (-18.5% 🟢)3.561s (-17.4% 🟢)0.777s91.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.495s3.008s0.513s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.547s (~)3.007s (~)0.460s101.02x
💻 LocalNitro2.627s (+0.9%)3.008s (~)0.381s101.05x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.680s3.007s0.326s101.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.785s5.176s0.391s61.92x
🐘 PostgresNitro9.238s (+8.9% 🔺)9.787s (+8.3% 🔺)0.549s43.70x
🐘 PostgresExpress9.591s (+18.8% 🔺)10.033s (+21.2% 🔺)0.442s33.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)12.251s13.032s0.781s34.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.594s (-2.4%)3.324s (-3.9%)0.730s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.829s (-9.0% 🟢)3.454s (-18.3% 🟢)0.625s91.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.431s (+7.6% 🔺)4.381s (+11.9% 🔺)0.950s71.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.076s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.327s7.766s0.439s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.544s (+3.6%)8.018s (~)0.473s41.85x
💻 LocalNitro7.686s (+4.6%)8.018s (~)0.332s41.89x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.829s10.346s0.517s32.41x
🐘 PostgresExpress45.131s (+8.4% 🔺)46.123s (+9.5% 🔺)0.992s111.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro47.817s (-1.0%)48.128s (-2.1%)0.311s111.73x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)55.264s56.133s0.869s113.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.085s (-33.5% 🟢)3.663s (-34.8% 🟢)0.577s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.111s (-6.9% 🟢)4.294s (~)1.184s71.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.618s (-28.8% 🟢)4.684s (-23.2% 🟢)1.067s71.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.273s2.006s0.733s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.432s2.005s0.573s151.12x
💻 LocalExpress1.437s (+1.2%)2.005s (~)0.568s151.13x
💻 LocalNitro1.440s (+0.7%)2.006s (~)0.566s151.13x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.017s (+2.7%)2.833s (+12.7% 🔺)0.816s111.58x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.156s3.007s0.851s101.69x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.230s (-1.9%)2.596s (-3.3%)0.366s121.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.592s2.923s0.331s112.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.179s (-1.5%)2.919s (-10.8% 🟢)0.740s111.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.344s (-11.9% 🟢)3.075s (-15.5% 🟢)0.731s101.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.473s (+10.0% 🔺)3.112s (-3.2%)0.639s101.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.501s3.008s0.507s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.336s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.335s101.07x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s3.009s0.225s101.11x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.703s5.176s0.474s61.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.846s (-5.3% 🟢)11.368s (-5.6% 🟢)0.522s34.34x
🐘 PostgresNitro12.576s (-5.6% 🟢)13.375s (-2.4%)0.799s35.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)14.028s14.702s0.674s35.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.424s (-3.4%)3.097s (-10.0% 🟢)0.673s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.797s (+5.7% 🔺)3.593s (+1.0%)0.796s101.15x
▲ VercelNitro3.744s (+62.4% 🔺)4.579s (+43.9% 🔺)0.835s71.54x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.075s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.323s8.020s0.696s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.791s (-3.5%)8.270s (~)0.479s41.91x
💻 LocalNitro7.974s (+1.3%)8.271s (~)0.297s41.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.932s10.348s0.416s32.44x
🐘 PostgresExpress49.790s (-3.4%)50.121s (-3.9%)0.331s112.22x
🐘 PostgresNitro52.341s (+0.7%)53.142s (+1.9%)0.801s112.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)58.156s59.133s0.977s114.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.769s (-28.2% 🟢)3.550s (-23.7% 🟢)0.781s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.800s (-9.6% 🟢)3.704s (-7.1% 🟢)0.903s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.443s (-10.7% 🟢)4.504s (-10.5% 🟢)1.061s71.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.152s1.001s0.012s1.018s0.866s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.156s1.000s0.001s1.007s0.851s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro0.173s (-1.1%)1.003s (~)0.011s (+1.8%)1.017s (~)0.844s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.174s (+3.3%)1.003s (~)0.011s (-1.7%)1.017s (~)0.842s101.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.511s0.932s0.001s1.008s0.496s103.36x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s1.797s0.001s2.014s0.766s108.19x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.256s (-43.6% 🟢)1.786s (-36.6% 🟢)0.001s (-17.6% 🟢)2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)0.758s108.24x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.377s (-3.2%)2.666s (+3.2%)0.001s (+7.7% 🔺)3.015s (~)0.638s1015.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.881s (-24.4% 🟢)2.435s (-20.6% 🟢)0.183s (-21.3% 🟢)3.105s (-19.5% 🟢)1.224s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.942s (-1.3%)2.511s (-4.7%)0.148s (-75.5% 🟢)3.219s (-15.2% 🟢)1.278s101.03x
▲ VercelNitro2.073s (+7.0% 🔺)2.512s (-6.6% 🟢)0.560s (-4.7%)3.636s (-4.8%)1.563s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/12
🐘 PostgresExpress5/12
▲ VercelNitro5/12
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)🌐 Redis6/12
Nitro💻 Local9/12
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

return;
}
throw err;
}

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySeriousFeb 18, 2026

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This solves an issue where completing the workflow fails with 409, followed by another workflow invocations that then tries to mark the workflow as "failed", which then also 409s, etc.

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are you sure this is the right approach? are there valid 409s? what about 410 response? are there valid cases where there IS actually indicative of an error?

worth investigating a bit

separately i also think the error codes are getting a bit out of hand to manage and correlate between server and runtime

either this pr future we might want to have well defined workflow error responses from the server (rather than overloading http codes) and have the world-vercel convert them into client errors from the errors package that all worlds can share

i think the runtime should then handle those errors instead of dealing with less-descript HTTP error codes

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Since I'm specifically wrapping the run_completed event creation, we only care about 409s for that specifically, which currently only happens if the the run is already terminal (had claude confirm this + looked myself). This makes me think it's fine to ignore this specific invocation, since even if something did go wrong, it would have gone wrong in the original invocation, and now that the run is terminal, there are no remedial actions we can take.

This begs the question of what possible future 409s we could add to this specific invocation, which I can't come up with any good ones for run_completed that wouldn't want the same handling.

@pranaygppranaygpFeb 18, 2026

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do we also need to do the same handling for run_failed and run_cancelled then?

we return 409 on any invalid state transition iirc

but for hooks i think we return 410 when the run is completed

but yeah that's also what i mean by its a little hard to track the server vs client error states based on http codes :P

claude's also more likely to miss http codes were used compared to more explicit error returns like "invalid_run_state_transition" or something

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Maybe for run_failed too. It's much less likely to race, but can happen just the same. Updated the code.

I think run_cancelled should error visibly since it's a mostly user-UI or programmatic action and shouldn't race.

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awesome! makes sense. if otel is tidied up and correct - let's also maybe add a test for the changes to prevent regression in the errors
messages and ship :)

},
});
} catch (err) {
if (WorkflowAPIError.is(err) && err.status === 409) {

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When we hit this path, are we potentially missing setting the span attributes (on line 287) cos we would never hit that path? It might end up not reporting in o11y for these traces.

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We are, I think intentionally as we don't actually complete the run in this case (and don't know the run state, could be "failed") so we'd rather not add wrong information

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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would love tests on this too :)

@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious merged commit 852e3f1 into mainFeb 18, 2026
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@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious deleted the peter/warn-for-409-only branch February 18, 2026 22:00
VaguelySerious added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 19, 2026
…p_retrying events
When multiple step invocations race to complete/fail/retry a step, the
server returns a 409 Conflict. Previously this would bubble up as an
unhandled error. Now these are caught and logged as warnings, matching
the pattern established for run_completed/run_failed in #1118.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@VaguelySerious@pranaygp@karthikscale3
, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer\n(function() {\n var ref = document.referrer;\n var terms = [];\n \n if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) {\n var url = new URL(ref);\n var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p');\n if (q) {\n terms = q.split(/\\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; });\n }\n }\n \n if (terms.length === 0) return;\n \n var style = document.createElement('style');\n style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n \n function highlight(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 3) { // text node\n var text = node.textContent;\n var found = false;\n terms.forEach(function(term) {\n var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\\]\\\\]/g, '\\\\') + ')', 'gi');\n if (regex.test(text)) {\n found = true;\n var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();\n var parts = text.split(regex);\n parts.forEach(function(part, i) {\n if (i % 2 === 0) {\n frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part));\n } else {\n var span = document.createElement('span');\n span.className = 'userscript-highlight';\n span.textContent = part;\n frag.appendChild(span);\n }\n });\n node.parentNode.replaceChild(frag, node);\n }\n });\n } else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element\n var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT'];\n if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) {\n Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight);\n }\n }\n }\n \n highlight(document.body);\n \n // Re-highlight on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node);\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Highlight Search Terms"); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "*"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow - #1118

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VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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Feb 18, 2026
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow#1118
VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only

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…lete the workflow
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
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changeset-botBot commented Feb 18, 2026

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 5effb22

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/nestPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/vitePatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production534038572
✅ 💻 Local Development556068624
✅ 📦 Local Production556068624
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres556068624
✅ 🪟 Windows490352
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds111459165
✅ 📋 Other135021156
Total2497452752817

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (45 failed)

turso (45 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow
  • promiseRaceWorkflow
  • promiseAnyWorkflow
  • hookWorkflow
  • webhookWorkflow
  • sleepingWorkflow
  • parallelSleepWorkflow
  • nullByteWorkflow
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
  • fetchWorkflow
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling retry behavior workflow completes despite transient 5xx on step_completed
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro4804
✅ example4804
✅ express4804
✅ fastify4804
✅ hono4804
✅ nextjs-turbopack5101
✅ nextjs-webpack5101
✅ nitro4804
✅ nuxt4804
✅ sveltekit4804
✅ vite4804
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack4903
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
✅ mongodb4903
✅ redis-dev300
✅ redis4903
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso4453
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable4507

📋 View full workflow run

@github-actions

github-actionsBot commented Feb 18, 2026

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express0.032s (-1.9%)1.005s (~)0.973s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro0.033s (-3.3%)1.006s (~)0.973s101.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.25x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.049s1.005s0.956s101.54x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.101s1.006s0.905s103.19x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.109s (+5.4% 🔺)1.010s (~)0.901s103.43x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.387s (-18.8% 🟢)1.010s (~)0.623s1012.16x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.391s1.010s0.619s1012.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro0.524s (-50.8% 🟢)1.850s (-25.5% 🟢)1.326s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress0.562s (-18.5% 🟢)1.810s (-12.8% 🟢)1.248s101.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.578s (-28.9% 🟢)1.814s (-12.3% 🟢)1.236s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.099s2.005s0.906s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.102s (~)2.006s (~)0.904s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.107s (~)2.005s (~)0.898s101.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.111s2.006s0.896s101.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.284s2.007s0.723s101.17x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.267s3.015s0.748s102.06x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.297s (-2.2%)2.814s (-6.7% 🟢)0.518s102.09x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.444s (-1.4%)3.014s (~)0.570s102.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.269s (-1.0%)2.999s (-4.5%)0.729s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.301s (+5.4% 🔺)2.985s (-5.3% 🟢)0.684s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.776s (+23.5% 🔺)3.612s (+16.3% 🔺)0.836s101.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.710s11.023s0.313s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.714s11.021s0.308s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.816s (~)11.022s (~)0.206s31.01x
💻 LocalNitro10.847s (~)11.023s (~)0.176s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.200s13.015s0.814s31.14x
🐘 PostgresNitro15.268s (-24.4% 🟢)16.047s (-23.8% 🟢)0.780s21.43x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)20.148s21.059s0.910s21.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.349s (~)21.060s (~)0.711s21.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro29.669s (+68.5% 🔺)30.380s (+57.8% 🔺)0.711s11.00x
▲ VercelExpress31.865s (+80.3% 🔺)32.482s (+72.9% 🔺)0.617s11.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)34.677s (+74.1% 🔺)35.814s (+71.6% 🔺)1.137s11.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)26.944s27.053s0.109s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)27.243s28.052s0.808s31.01x
💻 LocalExpress27.471s (~)28.049s (~)0.578s31.02x
💻 LocalNitro27.526s (~)28.053s (~)0.527s31.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)30.294s31.028s0.734s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro37.829s (-25.1% 🟢)38.099s (-25.5% 🟢)0.270s21.40x
🐘 PostgresExpress50.361s (~)51.130s (+1.0%)0.769s21.87x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)50.501s51.133s0.632s21.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express42.987s (~)44.151s (~)1.164s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro43.650s (+0.9%)45.001s (+1.6%)1.352s21.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)44.943s (+4.0%)45.839s (+2.3%)0.896s21.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)54.365s55.101s0.736s21.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)57.093s57.601s0.509s21.05x
💻 LocalExpress57.230s (~)58.100s (~)0.870s21.05x
💻 LocalNitro57.408s (~)58.108s (~)0.699s21.06x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)60.709s61.059s0.351s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro75.441s (-24.7% 🟢)76.192s (-24.0% 🟢)0.751s21.39x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)75.672s76.171s0.499s21.39x
🐘 PostgresExpress100.270s (~)101.236s (~)0.966s11.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express88.971s (+0.7%)90.097s (+1.1%)1.126s11.00x
▲ VercelNitro89.537s (+3.4%)90.446s (+2.9%)0.909s21.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)90.770s (+3.0%)92.149s (+3.1%)1.379s11.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.264s2.006s0.742s151.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.408s (~)2.005s (~)0.597s151.11x
💻 LocalNitro1.414s (-1.5%)2.005s (~)0.591s151.12x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.420s2.006s0.586s151.12x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.180s3.007s0.827s101.72x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.265s (+6.1% 🔺)2.923s (-3.0%)0.658s111.79x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.289s2.741s0.452s111.81x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.354s (-2.2%)3.014s (~)0.660s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.392s (+3.6%)3.206s (-2.7%)0.814s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.651s (+9.2% 🔺)3.378s (~)0.728s101.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s (-18.5% 🟢)3.561s (-17.4% 🟢)0.777s91.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.495s3.008s0.513s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.547s (~)3.007s (~)0.460s101.02x
💻 LocalNitro2.627s (+0.9%)3.008s (~)0.381s101.05x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.680s3.007s0.326s101.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.785s5.176s0.391s61.92x
🐘 PostgresNitro9.238s (+8.9% 🔺)9.787s (+8.3% 🔺)0.549s43.70x
🐘 PostgresExpress9.591s (+18.8% 🔺)10.033s (+21.2% 🔺)0.442s33.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)12.251s13.032s0.781s34.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.594s (-2.4%)3.324s (-3.9%)0.730s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.829s (-9.0% 🟢)3.454s (-18.3% 🟢)0.625s91.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.431s (+7.6% 🔺)4.381s (+11.9% 🔺)0.950s71.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.076s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.327s7.766s0.439s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.544s (+3.6%)8.018s (~)0.473s41.85x
💻 LocalNitro7.686s (+4.6%)8.018s (~)0.332s41.89x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.829s10.346s0.517s32.41x
🐘 PostgresExpress45.131s (+8.4% 🔺)46.123s (+9.5% 🔺)0.992s111.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro47.817s (-1.0%)48.128s (-2.1%)0.311s111.73x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)55.264s56.133s0.869s113.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.085s (-33.5% 🟢)3.663s (-34.8% 🟢)0.577s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.111s (-6.9% 🟢)4.294s (~)1.184s71.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.618s (-28.8% 🟢)4.684s (-23.2% 🟢)1.067s71.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.273s2.006s0.733s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.432s2.005s0.573s151.12x
💻 LocalExpress1.437s (+1.2%)2.005s (~)0.568s151.13x
💻 LocalNitro1.440s (+0.7%)2.006s (~)0.566s151.13x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.017s (+2.7%)2.833s (+12.7% 🔺)0.816s111.58x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.156s3.007s0.851s101.69x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.230s (-1.9%)2.596s (-3.3%)0.366s121.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.592s2.923s0.331s112.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.179s (-1.5%)2.919s (-10.8% 🟢)0.740s111.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.344s (-11.9% 🟢)3.075s (-15.5% 🟢)0.731s101.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.473s (+10.0% 🔺)3.112s (-3.2%)0.639s101.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.501s3.008s0.507s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.336s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.335s101.07x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s3.009s0.225s101.11x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.703s5.176s0.474s61.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.846s (-5.3% 🟢)11.368s (-5.6% 🟢)0.522s34.34x
🐘 PostgresNitro12.576s (-5.6% 🟢)13.375s (-2.4%)0.799s35.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)14.028s14.702s0.674s35.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.424s (-3.4%)3.097s (-10.0% 🟢)0.673s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.797s (+5.7% 🔺)3.593s (+1.0%)0.796s101.15x
▲ VercelNitro3.744s (+62.4% 🔺)4.579s (+43.9% 🔺)0.835s71.54x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.075s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.323s8.020s0.696s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.791s (-3.5%)8.270s (~)0.479s41.91x
💻 LocalNitro7.974s (+1.3%)8.271s (~)0.297s41.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.932s10.348s0.416s32.44x
🐘 PostgresExpress49.790s (-3.4%)50.121s (-3.9%)0.331s112.22x
🐘 PostgresNitro52.341s (+0.7%)53.142s (+1.9%)0.801s112.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)58.156s59.133s0.977s114.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.769s (-28.2% 🟢)3.550s (-23.7% 🟢)0.781s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.800s (-9.6% 🟢)3.704s (-7.1% 🟢)0.903s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.443s (-10.7% 🟢)4.504s (-10.5% 🟢)1.061s71.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.152s1.001s0.012s1.018s0.866s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.156s1.000s0.001s1.007s0.851s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro0.173s (-1.1%)1.003s (~)0.011s (+1.8%)1.017s (~)0.844s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.174s (+3.3%)1.003s (~)0.011s (-1.7%)1.017s (~)0.842s101.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.511s0.932s0.001s1.008s0.496s103.36x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s1.797s0.001s2.014s0.766s108.19x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.256s (-43.6% 🟢)1.786s (-36.6% 🟢)0.001s (-17.6% 🟢)2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)0.758s108.24x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.377s (-3.2%)2.666s (+3.2%)0.001s (+7.7% 🔺)3.015s (~)0.638s1015.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.881s (-24.4% 🟢)2.435s (-20.6% 🟢)0.183s (-21.3% 🟢)3.105s (-19.5% 🟢)1.224s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.942s (-1.3%)2.511s (-4.7%)0.148s (-75.5% 🟢)3.219s (-15.2% 🟢)1.278s101.03x
▲ VercelNitro2.073s (+7.0% 🔺)2.512s (-6.6% 🟢)0.560s (-4.7%)3.636s (-4.8%)1.563s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/12
🐘 PostgresExpress5/12
▲ VercelNitro5/12
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)🌐 Redis6/12
Nitro💻 Local9/12
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

return;
}
throw err;
}

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySeriousFeb 18, 2026

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This solves an issue where completing the workflow fails with 409, followed by another workflow invocations that then tries to mark the workflow as "failed", which then also 409s, etc.

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are you sure this is the right approach? are there valid 409s? what about 410 response? are there valid cases where there IS actually indicative of an error?

worth investigating a bit

separately i also think the error codes are getting a bit out of hand to manage and correlate between server and runtime

either this pr future we might want to have well defined workflow error responses from the server (rather than overloading http codes) and have the world-vercel convert them into client errors from the errors package that all worlds can share

i think the runtime should then handle those errors instead of dealing with less-descript HTTP error codes

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Since I'm specifically wrapping the run_completed event creation, we only care about 409s for that specifically, which currently only happens if the the run is already terminal (had claude confirm this + looked myself). This makes me think it's fine to ignore this specific invocation, since even if something did go wrong, it would have gone wrong in the original invocation, and now that the run is terminal, there are no remedial actions we can take.

This begs the question of what possible future 409s we could add to this specific invocation, which I can't come up with any good ones for run_completed that wouldn't want the same handling.

@pranaygppranaygpFeb 18, 2026

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do we also need to do the same handling for run_failed and run_cancelled then?

we return 409 on any invalid state transition iirc

but for hooks i think we return 410 when the run is completed

but yeah that's also what i mean by its a little hard to track the server vs client error states based on http codes :P

claude's also more likely to miss http codes were used compared to more explicit error returns like "invalid_run_state_transition" or something

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Maybe for run_failed too. It's much less likely to race, but can happen just the same. Updated the code.

I think run_cancelled should error visibly since it's a mostly user-UI or programmatic action and shouldn't race.

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awesome! makes sense. if otel is tidied up and correct - let's also maybe add a test for the changes to prevent regression in the errors
messages and ship :)

},
});
} catch (err) {
if (WorkflowAPIError.is(err) && err.status === 409) {

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When we hit this path, are we potentially missing setting the span attributes (on line 287) cos we would never hit that path? It might end up not reporting in o11y for these traces.

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We are, I think intentionally as we don't actually complete the run in this case (and don't know the run state, could be "failed") so we'd rather not add wrong information

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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would love tests on this too :)

@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious merged commit 852e3f1 into mainFeb 18, 2026
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@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious deleted the peter/warn-for-409-only branch February 18, 2026 22:00
VaguelySerious added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 19, 2026
…p_retrying events
When multiple step invocations race to complete/fail/retry a step, the
server returns a 409 Conflict. Previously this would bubble up as an
unhandled error. Now these are caught and logged as warnings, matching
the pattern established for run_completed/run_failed in #1118.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@VaguelySerious@pranaygp@karthikscale3
, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page\n(function() {\n var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',\n 'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',\n 'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];\n \n function cleanUrl(url) {\n try {\n var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);\n var changed = false;\n trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {\n if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {\n u.searchParams.delete(p);\n changed = true;\n }\n });\n return changed ? u.toString() : url;\n } catch (e) {\n return url;\n }\n }\n \n function cleanLinks() {\n document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n \n cleanLinks();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1) {\n if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();\n node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Remove Tracking Parameters from Links"); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "youtube.com"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow - #1118

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VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only
Feb 18, 2026
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow#1118
VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only

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…lete the workflow
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 5effb22

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/nestPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/vitePatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production534038572
✅ 💻 Local Development556068624
✅ 📦 Local Production556068624
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres556068624
✅ 🪟 Windows490352
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds111459165
✅ 📋 Other135021156
Total2497452752817

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (45 failed)

turso (45 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow
  • promiseRaceWorkflow
  • promiseAnyWorkflow
  • hookWorkflow
  • webhookWorkflow
  • sleepingWorkflow
  • parallelSleepWorkflow
  • nullByteWorkflow
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
  • fetchWorkflow
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling retry behavior workflow completes despite transient 5xx on step_completed
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro4804
✅ example4804
✅ express4804
✅ fastify4804
✅ hono4804
✅ nextjs-turbopack5101
✅ nextjs-webpack5101
✅ nitro4804
✅ nuxt4804
✅ sveltekit4804
✅ vite4804
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack4903
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
✅ mongodb4903
✅ redis-dev300
✅ redis4903
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso4453
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable4507

📋 View full workflow run

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express0.032s (-1.9%)1.005s (~)0.973s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro0.033s (-3.3%)1.006s (~)0.973s101.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.25x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.049s1.005s0.956s101.54x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.101s1.006s0.905s103.19x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.109s (+5.4% 🔺)1.010s (~)0.901s103.43x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.387s (-18.8% 🟢)1.010s (~)0.623s1012.16x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.391s1.010s0.619s1012.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro0.524s (-50.8% 🟢)1.850s (-25.5% 🟢)1.326s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress0.562s (-18.5% 🟢)1.810s (-12.8% 🟢)1.248s101.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.578s (-28.9% 🟢)1.814s (-12.3% 🟢)1.236s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.099s2.005s0.906s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.102s (~)2.006s (~)0.904s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.107s (~)2.005s (~)0.898s101.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.111s2.006s0.896s101.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.284s2.007s0.723s101.17x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.267s3.015s0.748s102.06x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.297s (-2.2%)2.814s (-6.7% 🟢)0.518s102.09x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.444s (-1.4%)3.014s (~)0.570s102.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.269s (-1.0%)2.999s (-4.5%)0.729s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.301s (+5.4% 🔺)2.985s (-5.3% 🟢)0.684s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.776s (+23.5% 🔺)3.612s (+16.3% 🔺)0.836s101.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.710s11.023s0.313s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.714s11.021s0.308s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.816s (~)11.022s (~)0.206s31.01x
💻 LocalNitro10.847s (~)11.023s (~)0.176s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.200s13.015s0.814s31.14x
🐘 PostgresNitro15.268s (-24.4% 🟢)16.047s (-23.8% 🟢)0.780s21.43x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)20.148s21.059s0.910s21.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.349s (~)21.060s (~)0.711s21.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro29.669s (+68.5% 🔺)30.380s (+57.8% 🔺)0.711s11.00x
▲ VercelExpress31.865s (+80.3% 🔺)32.482s (+72.9% 🔺)0.617s11.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)34.677s (+74.1% 🔺)35.814s (+71.6% 🔺)1.137s11.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)26.944s27.053s0.109s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)27.243s28.052s0.808s31.01x
💻 LocalExpress27.471s (~)28.049s (~)0.578s31.02x
💻 LocalNitro27.526s (~)28.053s (~)0.527s31.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)30.294s31.028s0.734s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro37.829s (-25.1% 🟢)38.099s (-25.5% 🟢)0.270s21.40x
🐘 PostgresExpress50.361s (~)51.130s (+1.0%)0.769s21.87x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)50.501s51.133s0.632s21.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express42.987s (~)44.151s (~)1.164s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro43.650s (+0.9%)45.001s (+1.6%)1.352s21.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)44.943s (+4.0%)45.839s (+2.3%)0.896s21.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)54.365s55.101s0.736s21.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)57.093s57.601s0.509s21.05x
💻 LocalExpress57.230s (~)58.100s (~)0.870s21.05x
💻 LocalNitro57.408s (~)58.108s (~)0.699s21.06x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)60.709s61.059s0.351s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro75.441s (-24.7% 🟢)76.192s (-24.0% 🟢)0.751s21.39x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)75.672s76.171s0.499s21.39x
🐘 PostgresExpress100.270s (~)101.236s (~)0.966s11.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express88.971s (+0.7%)90.097s (+1.1%)1.126s11.00x
▲ VercelNitro89.537s (+3.4%)90.446s (+2.9%)0.909s21.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)90.770s (+3.0%)92.149s (+3.1%)1.379s11.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.264s2.006s0.742s151.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.408s (~)2.005s (~)0.597s151.11x
💻 LocalNitro1.414s (-1.5%)2.005s (~)0.591s151.12x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.420s2.006s0.586s151.12x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.180s3.007s0.827s101.72x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.265s (+6.1% 🔺)2.923s (-3.0%)0.658s111.79x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.289s2.741s0.452s111.81x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.354s (-2.2%)3.014s (~)0.660s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.392s (+3.6%)3.206s (-2.7%)0.814s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.651s (+9.2% 🔺)3.378s (~)0.728s101.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s (-18.5% 🟢)3.561s (-17.4% 🟢)0.777s91.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.495s3.008s0.513s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.547s (~)3.007s (~)0.460s101.02x
💻 LocalNitro2.627s (+0.9%)3.008s (~)0.381s101.05x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.680s3.007s0.326s101.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.785s5.176s0.391s61.92x
🐘 PostgresNitro9.238s (+8.9% 🔺)9.787s (+8.3% 🔺)0.549s43.70x
🐘 PostgresExpress9.591s (+18.8% 🔺)10.033s (+21.2% 🔺)0.442s33.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)12.251s13.032s0.781s34.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.594s (-2.4%)3.324s (-3.9%)0.730s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.829s (-9.0% 🟢)3.454s (-18.3% 🟢)0.625s91.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.431s (+7.6% 🔺)4.381s (+11.9% 🔺)0.950s71.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.076s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.327s7.766s0.439s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.544s (+3.6%)8.018s (~)0.473s41.85x
💻 LocalNitro7.686s (+4.6%)8.018s (~)0.332s41.89x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.829s10.346s0.517s32.41x
🐘 PostgresExpress45.131s (+8.4% 🔺)46.123s (+9.5% 🔺)0.992s111.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro47.817s (-1.0%)48.128s (-2.1%)0.311s111.73x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)55.264s56.133s0.869s113.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.085s (-33.5% 🟢)3.663s (-34.8% 🟢)0.577s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.111s (-6.9% 🟢)4.294s (~)1.184s71.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.618s (-28.8% 🟢)4.684s (-23.2% 🟢)1.067s71.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.273s2.006s0.733s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.432s2.005s0.573s151.12x
💻 LocalExpress1.437s (+1.2%)2.005s (~)0.568s151.13x
💻 LocalNitro1.440s (+0.7%)2.006s (~)0.566s151.13x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.017s (+2.7%)2.833s (+12.7% 🔺)0.816s111.58x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.156s3.007s0.851s101.69x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.230s (-1.9%)2.596s (-3.3%)0.366s121.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.592s2.923s0.331s112.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.179s (-1.5%)2.919s (-10.8% 🟢)0.740s111.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.344s (-11.9% 🟢)3.075s (-15.5% 🟢)0.731s101.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.473s (+10.0% 🔺)3.112s (-3.2%)0.639s101.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.501s3.008s0.507s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.336s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.335s101.07x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s3.009s0.225s101.11x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.703s5.176s0.474s61.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.846s (-5.3% 🟢)11.368s (-5.6% 🟢)0.522s34.34x
🐘 PostgresNitro12.576s (-5.6% 🟢)13.375s (-2.4%)0.799s35.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)14.028s14.702s0.674s35.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.424s (-3.4%)3.097s (-10.0% 🟢)0.673s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.797s (+5.7% 🔺)3.593s (+1.0%)0.796s101.15x
▲ VercelNitro3.744s (+62.4% 🔺)4.579s (+43.9% 🔺)0.835s71.54x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.075s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.323s8.020s0.696s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.791s (-3.5%)8.270s (~)0.479s41.91x
💻 LocalNitro7.974s (+1.3%)8.271s (~)0.297s41.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.932s10.348s0.416s32.44x
🐘 PostgresExpress49.790s (-3.4%)50.121s (-3.9%)0.331s112.22x
🐘 PostgresNitro52.341s (+0.7%)53.142s (+1.9%)0.801s112.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)58.156s59.133s0.977s114.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.769s (-28.2% 🟢)3.550s (-23.7% 🟢)0.781s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.800s (-9.6% 🟢)3.704s (-7.1% 🟢)0.903s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.443s (-10.7% 🟢)4.504s (-10.5% 🟢)1.061s71.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.152s1.001s0.012s1.018s0.866s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.156s1.000s0.001s1.007s0.851s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro0.173s (-1.1%)1.003s (~)0.011s (+1.8%)1.017s (~)0.844s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.174s (+3.3%)1.003s (~)0.011s (-1.7%)1.017s (~)0.842s101.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.511s0.932s0.001s1.008s0.496s103.36x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s1.797s0.001s2.014s0.766s108.19x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.256s (-43.6% 🟢)1.786s (-36.6% 🟢)0.001s (-17.6% 🟢)2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)0.758s108.24x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.377s (-3.2%)2.666s (+3.2%)0.001s (+7.7% 🔺)3.015s (~)0.638s1015.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.881s (-24.4% 🟢)2.435s (-20.6% 🟢)0.183s (-21.3% 🟢)3.105s (-19.5% 🟢)1.224s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.942s (-1.3%)2.511s (-4.7%)0.148s (-75.5% 🟢)3.219s (-15.2% 🟢)1.278s101.03x
▲ VercelNitro2.073s (+7.0% 🔺)2.512s (-6.6% 🟢)0.560s (-4.7%)3.636s (-4.8%)1.563s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/12
🐘 PostgresExpress5/12
▲ VercelNitro5/12
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)🌐 Redis6/12
Nitro💻 Local9/12
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

return;
}
throw err;
}

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySeriousFeb 18, 2026

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This solves an issue where completing the workflow fails with 409, followed by another workflow invocations that then tries to mark the workflow as "failed", which then also 409s, etc.

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are you sure this is the right approach? are there valid 409s? what about 410 response? are there valid cases where there IS actually indicative of an error?

worth investigating a bit

separately i also think the error codes are getting a bit out of hand to manage and correlate between server and runtime

either this pr future we might want to have well defined workflow error responses from the server (rather than overloading http codes) and have the world-vercel convert them into client errors from the errors package that all worlds can share

i think the runtime should then handle those errors instead of dealing with less-descript HTTP error codes

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Since I'm specifically wrapping the run_completed event creation, we only care about 409s for that specifically, which currently only happens if the the run is already terminal (had claude confirm this + looked myself). This makes me think it's fine to ignore this specific invocation, since even if something did go wrong, it would have gone wrong in the original invocation, and now that the run is terminal, there are no remedial actions we can take.

This begs the question of what possible future 409s we could add to this specific invocation, which I can't come up with any good ones for run_completed that wouldn't want the same handling.

@pranaygppranaygpFeb 18, 2026

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do we also need to do the same handling for run_failed and run_cancelled then?

we return 409 on any invalid state transition iirc

but for hooks i think we return 410 when the run is completed

but yeah that's also what i mean by its a little hard to track the server vs client error states based on http codes :P

claude's also more likely to miss http codes were used compared to more explicit error returns like "invalid_run_state_transition" or something

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Maybe for run_failed too. It's much less likely to race, but can happen just the same. Updated the code.

I think run_cancelled should error visibly since it's a mostly user-UI or programmatic action and shouldn't race.

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awesome! makes sense. if otel is tidied up and correct - let's also maybe add a test for the changes to prevent regression in the errors
messages and ship :)

},
});
} catch (err) {
if (WorkflowAPIError.is(err) && err.status === 409) {

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When we hit this path, are we potentially missing setting the span attributes (on line 287) cos we would never hit that path? It might end up not reporting in o11y for these traces.

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We are, I think intentionally as we don't actually complete the run in this case (and don't know the run state, could be "failed") so we'd rather not add wrong information

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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would love tests on this too :)

@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious merged commit 852e3f1 into mainFeb 18, 2026
104 checks passed
@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious deleted the peter/warn-for-409-only branch February 18, 2026 22:00
VaguelySerious added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 19, 2026
…p_retrying events
When multiple step invocations race to complete/fail/retry a step, the
server returns a 409 Conflict. Previously this would bubble up as an
unhandled error. Now these are caught and logged as warnings, matching
the pattern established for run_completed/run_failed in #1118.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@VaguelySerious@pranaygp@karthikscale3
, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube\n(function() {\n function tryTheater() {\n var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label=\"Theater mode\"], ytd-player #player button[title=\"Theater mode\"]');\n if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) {\n btn.click();\n }\n }\n \n // Try immediately\n tryTheater();\n \n // Try after navigation (SPA)\n var lastUrl = location.href;\n setInterval(function() {\n if (location.href !== lastUrl) {\n lastUrl = location.href;\n setTimeout(tryTheater, 500);\n }\n }, 1000);\n \n // Also try on player load\n var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "YouTube Theater Mode Default"); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "*"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow - #1118

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VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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Feb 18, 2026
Merged

Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow#1118
VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only

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…lete the workflow
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
@vercel

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changeset-botBot commented Feb 18, 2026

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 5effb22

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/nestPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/vitePatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production534038572
✅ 💻 Local Development556068624
✅ 📦 Local Production556068624
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres556068624
✅ 🪟 Windows490352
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds111459165
✅ 📋 Other135021156
Total2497452752817

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (45 failed)

turso (45 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow
  • promiseRaceWorkflow
  • promiseAnyWorkflow
  • hookWorkflow
  • webhookWorkflow
  • sleepingWorkflow
  • parallelSleepWorkflow
  • nullByteWorkflow
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
  • fetchWorkflow
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling retry behavior workflow completes despite transient 5xx on step_completed
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro4804
✅ example4804
✅ express4804
✅ fastify4804
✅ hono4804
✅ nextjs-turbopack5101
✅ nextjs-webpack5101
✅ nitro4804
✅ nuxt4804
✅ sveltekit4804
✅ vite4804
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack4903
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
✅ mongodb4903
✅ redis-dev300
✅ redis4903
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso4453
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable4507

📋 View full workflow run

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express0.032s (-1.9%)1.005s (~)0.973s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro0.033s (-3.3%)1.006s (~)0.973s101.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.25x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.049s1.005s0.956s101.54x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.101s1.006s0.905s103.19x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.109s (+5.4% 🔺)1.010s (~)0.901s103.43x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.387s (-18.8% 🟢)1.010s (~)0.623s1012.16x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.391s1.010s0.619s1012.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro0.524s (-50.8% 🟢)1.850s (-25.5% 🟢)1.326s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress0.562s (-18.5% 🟢)1.810s (-12.8% 🟢)1.248s101.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.578s (-28.9% 🟢)1.814s (-12.3% 🟢)1.236s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.099s2.005s0.906s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.102s (~)2.006s (~)0.904s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.107s (~)2.005s (~)0.898s101.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.111s2.006s0.896s101.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.284s2.007s0.723s101.17x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.267s3.015s0.748s102.06x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.297s (-2.2%)2.814s (-6.7% 🟢)0.518s102.09x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.444s (-1.4%)3.014s (~)0.570s102.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.269s (-1.0%)2.999s (-4.5%)0.729s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.301s (+5.4% 🔺)2.985s (-5.3% 🟢)0.684s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.776s (+23.5% 🔺)3.612s (+16.3% 🔺)0.836s101.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.710s11.023s0.313s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.714s11.021s0.308s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.816s (~)11.022s (~)0.206s31.01x
💻 LocalNitro10.847s (~)11.023s (~)0.176s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.200s13.015s0.814s31.14x
🐘 PostgresNitro15.268s (-24.4% 🟢)16.047s (-23.8% 🟢)0.780s21.43x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)20.148s21.059s0.910s21.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.349s (~)21.060s (~)0.711s21.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro29.669s (+68.5% 🔺)30.380s (+57.8% 🔺)0.711s11.00x
▲ VercelExpress31.865s (+80.3% 🔺)32.482s (+72.9% 🔺)0.617s11.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)34.677s (+74.1% 🔺)35.814s (+71.6% 🔺)1.137s11.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)26.944s27.053s0.109s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)27.243s28.052s0.808s31.01x
💻 LocalExpress27.471s (~)28.049s (~)0.578s31.02x
💻 LocalNitro27.526s (~)28.053s (~)0.527s31.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)30.294s31.028s0.734s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro37.829s (-25.1% 🟢)38.099s (-25.5% 🟢)0.270s21.40x
🐘 PostgresExpress50.361s (~)51.130s (+1.0%)0.769s21.87x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)50.501s51.133s0.632s21.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express42.987s (~)44.151s (~)1.164s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro43.650s (+0.9%)45.001s (+1.6%)1.352s21.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)44.943s (+4.0%)45.839s (+2.3%)0.896s21.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)54.365s55.101s0.736s21.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)57.093s57.601s0.509s21.05x
💻 LocalExpress57.230s (~)58.100s (~)0.870s21.05x
💻 LocalNitro57.408s (~)58.108s (~)0.699s21.06x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)60.709s61.059s0.351s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro75.441s (-24.7% 🟢)76.192s (-24.0% 🟢)0.751s21.39x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)75.672s76.171s0.499s21.39x
🐘 PostgresExpress100.270s (~)101.236s (~)0.966s11.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express88.971s (+0.7%)90.097s (+1.1%)1.126s11.00x
▲ VercelNitro89.537s (+3.4%)90.446s (+2.9%)0.909s21.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)90.770s (+3.0%)92.149s (+3.1%)1.379s11.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.264s2.006s0.742s151.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.408s (~)2.005s (~)0.597s151.11x
💻 LocalNitro1.414s (-1.5%)2.005s (~)0.591s151.12x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.420s2.006s0.586s151.12x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.180s3.007s0.827s101.72x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.265s (+6.1% 🔺)2.923s (-3.0%)0.658s111.79x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.289s2.741s0.452s111.81x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.354s (-2.2%)3.014s (~)0.660s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.392s (+3.6%)3.206s (-2.7%)0.814s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.651s (+9.2% 🔺)3.378s (~)0.728s101.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s (-18.5% 🟢)3.561s (-17.4% 🟢)0.777s91.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.495s3.008s0.513s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.547s (~)3.007s (~)0.460s101.02x
💻 LocalNitro2.627s (+0.9%)3.008s (~)0.381s101.05x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.680s3.007s0.326s101.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.785s5.176s0.391s61.92x
🐘 PostgresNitro9.238s (+8.9% 🔺)9.787s (+8.3% 🔺)0.549s43.70x
🐘 PostgresExpress9.591s (+18.8% 🔺)10.033s (+21.2% 🔺)0.442s33.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)12.251s13.032s0.781s34.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.594s (-2.4%)3.324s (-3.9%)0.730s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.829s (-9.0% 🟢)3.454s (-18.3% 🟢)0.625s91.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.431s (+7.6% 🔺)4.381s (+11.9% 🔺)0.950s71.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.076s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.327s7.766s0.439s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.544s (+3.6%)8.018s (~)0.473s41.85x
💻 LocalNitro7.686s (+4.6%)8.018s (~)0.332s41.89x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.829s10.346s0.517s32.41x
🐘 PostgresExpress45.131s (+8.4% 🔺)46.123s (+9.5% 🔺)0.992s111.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro47.817s (-1.0%)48.128s (-2.1%)0.311s111.73x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)55.264s56.133s0.869s113.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.085s (-33.5% 🟢)3.663s (-34.8% 🟢)0.577s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.111s (-6.9% 🟢)4.294s (~)1.184s71.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.618s (-28.8% 🟢)4.684s (-23.2% 🟢)1.067s71.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.273s2.006s0.733s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.432s2.005s0.573s151.12x
💻 LocalExpress1.437s (+1.2%)2.005s (~)0.568s151.13x
💻 LocalNitro1.440s (+0.7%)2.006s (~)0.566s151.13x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.017s (+2.7%)2.833s (+12.7% 🔺)0.816s111.58x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.156s3.007s0.851s101.69x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.230s (-1.9%)2.596s (-3.3%)0.366s121.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.592s2.923s0.331s112.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.179s (-1.5%)2.919s (-10.8% 🟢)0.740s111.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.344s (-11.9% 🟢)3.075s (-15.5% 🟢)0.731s101.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.473s (+10.0% 🔺)3.112s (-3.2%)0.639s101.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.501s3.008s0.507s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.336s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.335s101.07x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s3.009s0.225s101.11x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.703s5.176s0.474s61.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.846s (-5.3% 🟢)11.368s (-5.6% 🟢)0.522s34.34x
🐘 PostgresNitro12.576s (-5.6% 🟢)13.375s (-2.4%)0.799s35.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)14.028s14.702s0.674s35.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.424s (-3.4%)3.097s (-10.0% 🟢)0.673s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.797s (+5.7% 🔺)3.593s (+1.0%)0.796s101.15x
▲ VercelNitro3.744s (+62.4% 🔺)4.579s (+43.9% 🔺)0.835s71.54x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.075s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.323s8.020s0.696s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.791s (-3.5%)8.270s (~)0.479s41.91x
💻 LocalNitro7.974s (+1.3%)8.271s (~)0.297s41.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.932s10.348s0.416s32.44x
🐘 PostgresExpress49.790s (-3.4%)50.121s (-3.9%)0.331s112.22x
🐘 PostgresNitro52.341s (+0.7%)53.142s (+1.9%)0.801s112.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)58.156s59.133s0.977s114.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.769s (-28.2% 🟢)3.550s (-23.7% 🟢)0.781s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.800s (-9.6% 🟢)3.704s (-7.1% 🟢)0.903s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.443s (-10.7% 🟢)4.504s (-10.5% 🟢)1.061s71.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.152s1.001s0.012s1.018s0.866s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.156s1.000s0.001s1.007s0.851s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro0.173s (-1.1%)1.003s (~)0.011s (+1.8%)1.017s (~)0.844s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.174s (+3.3%)1.003s (~)0.011s (-1.7%)1.017s (~)0.842s101.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.511s0.932s0.001s1.008s0.496s103.36x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s1.797s0.001s2.014s0.766s108.19x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.256s (-43.6% 🟢)1.786s (-36.6% 🟢)0.001s (-17.6% 🟢)2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)0.758s108.24x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.377s (-3.2%)2.666s (+3.2%)0.001s (+7.7% 🔺)3.015s (~)0.638s1015.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.881s (-24.4% 🟢)2.435s (-20.6% 🟢)0.183s (-21.3% 🟢)3.105s (-19.5% 🟢)1.224s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.942s (-1.3%)2.511s (-4.7%)0.148s (-75.5% 🟢)3.219s (-15.2% 🟢)1.278s101.03x
▲ VercelNitro2.073s (+7.0% 🔺)2.512s (-6.6% 🟢)0.560s (-4.7%)3.636s (-4.8%)1.563s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/12
🐘 PostgresExpress5/12
▲ VercelNitro5/12
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)🌐 Redis6/12
Nitro💻 Local9/12
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

return;
}
throw err;
}

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySeriousFeb 18, 2026

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This solves an issue where completing the workflow fails with 409, followed by another workflow invocations that then tries to mark the workflow as "failed", which then also 409s, etc.

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are you sure this is the right approach? are there valid 409s? what about 410 response? are there valid cases where there IS actually indicative of an error?

worth investigating a bit

separately i also think the error codes are getting a bit out of hand to manage and correlate between server and runtime

either this pr future we might want to have well defined workflow error responses from the server (rather than overloading http codes) and have the world-vercel convert them into client errors from the errors package that all worlds can share

i think the runtime should then handle those errors instead of dealing with less-descript HTTP error codes

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Since I'm specifically wrapping the run_completed event creation, we only care about 409s for that specifically, which currently only happens if the the run is already terminal (had claude confirm this + looked myself). This makes me think it's fine to ignore this specific invocation, since even if something did go wrong, it would have gone wrong in the original invocation, and now that the run is terminal, there are no remedial actions we can take.

This begs the question of what possible future 409s we could add to this specific invocation, which I can't come up with any good ones for run_completed that wouldn't want the same handling.

@pranaygppranaygpFeb 18, 2026

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do we also need to do the same handling for run_failed and run_cancelled then?

we return 409 on any invalid state transition iirc

but for hooks i think we return 410 when the run is completed

but yeah that's also what i mean by its a little hard to track the server vs client error states based on http codes :P

claude's also more likely to miss http codes were used compared to more explicit error returns like "invalid_run_state_transition" or something

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Maybe for run_failed too. It's much less likely to race, but can happen just the same. Updated the code.

I think run_cancelled should error visibly since it's a mostly user-UI or programmatic action and shouldn't race.

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awesome! makes sense. if otel is tidied up and correct - let's also maybe add a test for the changes to prevent regression in the errors
messages and ship :)

},
});
} catch (err) {
if (WorkflowAPIError.is(err) && err.status === 409) {

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When we hit this path, are we potentially missing setting the span attributes (on line 287) cos we would never hit that path? It might end up not reporting in o11y for these traces.

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We are, I think intentionally as we don't actually complete the run in this case (and don't know the run state, could be "failed") so we'd rather not add wrong information

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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would love tests on this too :)

@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious merged commit 852e3f1 into mainFeb 18, 2026
104 checks passed
@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious deleted the peter/warn-for-409-only branch February 18, 2026 22:00
VaguelySerious added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 19, 2026
…p_retrying events
When multiple step invocations race to complete/fail/retry a step, the
server returns a 409 Conflict. Previously this would bubble up as an
unhandled error. Now these are caught and logged as warnings, matching
the pattern established for run_completed/run_failed in #1118.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@VaguelySerious@pranaygp@karthikscale3
, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Remove or un-stick sticky/fixed headers that block content\n(function() {\n function unstick() {\n document.querySelectorAll('header, nav, [role=\"banner\"], .header, .navbar, .sticky, .fixed-top, [style*=\"position: fixed\"], [style*=\"position:sticky\"]').forEach(function(el) {\n if (el.style.position === 'fixed' || el.style.position === 'sticky' || \n getComputedStyle(el).position === 'fixed' || getComputedStyle(el).position === 'sticky') {\n el.style.position = 'static';\n el.style.top = 'auto';\n el.style.zIndex = 'auto';\n }\n });\n }\n \n unstick();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(unstick);\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['style', 'class'] });\n})();", "Kill Sticky Headers"); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Kill Sticky Headers]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "*"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + '
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow - #1118

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Feb 18, 2026
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow#1118
VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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…lete the workflow
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
@vercel

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changeset-botBot commented Feb 18, 2026

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 5effb22

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/nestPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/vitePatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production534038572
✅ 💻 Local Development556068624
✅ 📦 Local Production556068624
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres556068624
✅ 🪟 Windows490352
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds111459165
✅ 📋 Other135021156
Total2497452752817

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (45 failed)

turso (45 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow
  • promiseRaceWorkflow
  • promiseAnyWorkflow
  • hookWorkflow
  • webhookWorkflow
  • sleepingWorkflow
  • parallelSleepWorkflow
  • nullByteWorkflow
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
  • fetchWorkflow
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling retry behavior workflow completes despite transient 5xx on step_completed
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro4804
✅ example4804
✅ express4804
✅ fastify4804
✅ hono4804
✅ nextjs-turbopack5101
✅ nextjs-webpack5101
✅ nitro4804
✅ nuxt4804
✅ sveltekit4804
✅ vite4804
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack4903
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
✅ mongodb4903
✅ redis-dev300
✅ redis4903
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso4453
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable4507

📋 View full workflow run

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express0.032s (-1.9%)1.005s (~)0.973s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro0.033s (-3.3%)1.006s (~)0.973s101.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.25x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.049s1.005s0.956s101.54x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.101s1.006s0.905s103.19x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.109s (+5.4% 🔺)1.010s (~)0.901s103.43x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.387s (-18.8% 🟢)1.010s (~)0.623s1012.16x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.391s1.010s0.619s1012.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro0.524s (-50.8% 🟢)1.850s (-25.5% 🟢)1.326s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress0.562s (-18.5% 🟢)1.810s (-12.8% 🟢)1.248s101.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.578s (-28.9% 🟢)1.814s (-12.3% 🟢)1.236s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.099s2.005s0.906s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.102s (~)2.006s (~)0.904s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.107s (~)2.005s (~)0.898s101.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.111s2.006s0.896s101.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.284s2.007s0.723s101.17x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.267s3.015s0.748s102.06x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.297s (-2.2%)2.814s (-6.7% 🟢)0.518s102.09x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.444s (-1.4%)3.014s (~)0.570s102.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.269s (-1.0%)2.999s (-4.5%)0.729s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.301s (+5.4% 🔺)2.985s (-5.3% 🟢)0.684s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.776s (+23.5% 🔺)3.612s (+16.3% 🔺)0.836s101.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.710s11.023s0.313s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.714s11.021s0.308s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.816s (~)11.022s (~)0.206s31.01x
💻 LocalNitro10.847s (~)11.023s (~)0.176s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.200s13.015s0.814s31.14x
🐘 PostgresNitro15.268s (-24.4% 🟢)16.047s (-23.8% 🟢)0.780s21.43x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)20.148s21.059s0.910s21.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.349s (~)21.060s (~)0.711s21.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro29.669s (+68.5% 🔺)30.380s (+57.8% 🔺)0.711s11.00x
▲ VercelExpress31.865s (+80.3% 🔺)32.482s (+72.9% 🔺)0.617s11.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)34.677s (+74.1% 🔺)35.814s (+71.6% 🔺)1.137s11.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)26.944s27.053s0.109s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)27.243s28.052s0.808s31.01x
💻 LocalExpress27.471s (~)28.049s (~)0.578s31.02x
💻 LocalNitro27.526s (~)28.053s (~)0.527s31.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)30.294s31.028s0.734s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro37.829s (-25.1% 🟢)38.099s (-25.5% 🟢)0.270s21.40x
🐘 PostgresExpress50.361s (~)51.130s (+1.0%)0.769s21.87x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)50.501s51.133s0.632s21.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express42.987s (~)44.151s (~)1.164s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro43.650s (+0.9%)45.001s (+1.6%)1.352s21.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)44.943s (+4.0%)45.839s (+2.3%)0.896s21.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)54.365s55.101s0.736s21.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)57.093s57.601s0.509s21.05x
💻 LocalExpress57.230s (~)58.100s (~)0.870s21.05x
💻 LocalNitro57.408s (~)58.108s (~)0.699s21.06x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)60.709s61.059s0.351s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro75.441s (-24.7% 🟢)76.192s (-24.0% 🟢)0.751s21.39x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)75.672s76.171s0.499s21.39x
🐘 PostgresExpress100.270s (~)101.236s (~)0.966s11.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express88.971s (+0.7%)90.097s (+1.1%)1.126s11.00x
▲ VercelNitro89.537s (+3.4%)90.446s (+2.9%)0.909s21.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)90.770s (+3.0%)92.149s (+3.1%)1.379s11.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.264s2.006s0.742s151.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.408s (~)2.005s (~)0.597s151.11x
💻 LocalNitro1.414s (-1.5%)2.005s (~)0.591s151.12x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.420s2.006s0.586s151.12x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.180s3.007s0.827s101.72x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.265s (+6.1% 🔺)2.923s (-3.0%)0.658s111.79x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.289s2.741s0.452s111.81x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.354s (-2.2%)3.014s (~)0.660s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.392s (+3.6%)3.206s (-2.7%)0.814s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.651s (+9.2% 🔺)3.378s (~)0.728s101.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s (-18.5% 🟢)3.561s (-17.4% 🟢)0.777s91.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.495s3.008s0.513s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.547s (~)3.007s (~)0.460s101.02x
💻 LocalNitro2.627s (+0.9%)3.008s (~)0.381s101.05x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.680s3.007s0.326s101.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.785s5.176s0.391s61.92x
🐘 PostgresNitro9.238s (+8.9% 🔺)9.787s (+8.3% 🔺)0.549s43.70x
🐘 PostgresExpress9.591s (+18.8% 🔺)10.033s (+21.2% 🔺)0.442s33.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)12.251s13.032s0.781s34.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.594s (-2.4%)3.324s (-3.9%)0.730s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.829s (-9.0% 🟢)3.454s (-18.3% 🟢)0.625s91.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.431s (+7.6% 🔺)4.381s (+11.9% 🔺)0.950s71.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.076s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.327s7.766s0.439s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.544s (+3.6%)8.018s (~)0.473s41.85x
💻 LocalNitro7.686s (+4.6%)8.018s (~)0.332s41.89x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.829s10.346s0.517s32.41x
🐘 PostgresExpress45.131s (+8.4% 🔺)46.123s (+9.5% 🔺)0.992s111.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro47.817s (-1.0%)48.128s (-2.1%)0.311s111.73x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)55.264s56.133s0.869s113.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.085s (-33.5% 🟢)3.663s (-34.8% 🟢)0.577s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.111s (-6.9% 🟢)4.294s (~)1.184s71.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.618s (-28.8% 🟢)4.684s (-23.2% 🟢)1.067s71.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.273s2.006s0.733s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.432s2.005s0.573s151.12x
💻 LocalExpress1.437s (+1.2%)2.005s (~)0.568s151.13x
💻 LocalNitro1.440s (+0.7%)2.006s (~)0.566s151.13x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.017s (+2.7%)2.833s (+12.7% 🔺)0.816s111.58x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.156s3.007s0.851s101.69x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.230s (-1.9%)2.596s (-3.3%)0.366s121.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.592s2.923s0.331s112.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.179s (-1.5%)2.919s (-10.8% 🟢)0.740s111.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.344s (-11.9% 🟢)3.075s (-15.5% 🟢)0.731s101.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.473s (+10.0% 🔺)3.112s (-3.2%)0.639s101.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.501s3.008s0.507s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.336s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.335s101.07x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s3.009s0.225s101.11x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.703s5.176s0.474s61.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.846s (-5.3% 🟢)11.368s (-5.6% 🟢)0.522s34.34x
🐘 PostgresNitro12.576s (-5.6% 🟢)13.375s (-2.4%)0.799s35.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)14.028s14.702s0.674s35.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.424s (-3.4%)3.097s (-10.0% 🟢)0.673s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.797s (+5.7% 🔺)3.593s (+1.0%)0.796s101.15x
▲ VercelNitro3.744s (+62.4% 🔺)4.579s (+43.9% 🔺)0.835s71.54x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.075s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.323s8.020s0.696s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.791s (-3.5%)8.270s (~)0.479s41.91x
💻 LocalNitro7.974s (+1.3%)8.271s (~)0.297s41.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.932s10.348s0.416s32.44x
🐘 PostgresExpress49.790s (-3.4%)50.121s (-3.9%)0.331s112.22x
🐘 PostgresNitro52.341s (+0.7%)53.142s (+1.9%)0.801s112.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)58.156s59.133s0.977s114.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.769s (-28.2% 🟢)3.550s (-23.7% 🟢)0.781s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.800s (-9.6% 🟢)3.704s (-7.1% 🟢)0.903s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.443s (-10.7% 🟢)4.504s (-10.5% 🟢)1.061s71.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.152s1.001s0.012s1.018s0.866s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.156s1.000s0.001s1.007s0.851s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro0.173s (-1.1%)1.003s (~)0.011s (+1.8%)1.017s (~)0.844s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.174s (+3.3%)1.003s (~)0.011s (-1.7%)1.017s (~)0.842s101.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.511s0.932s0.001s1.008s0.496s103.36x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s1.797s0.001s2.014s0.766s108.19x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.256s (-43.6% 🟢)1.786s (-36.6% 🟢)0.001s (-17.6% 🟢)2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)0.758s108.24x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.377s (-3.2%)2.666s (+3.2%)0.001s (+7.7% 🔺)3.015s (~)0.638s1015.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.881s (-24.4% 🟢)2.435s (-20.6% 🟢)0.183s (-21.3% 🟢)3.105s (-19.5% 🟢)1.224s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.942s (-1.3%)2.511s (-4.7%)0.148s (-75.5% 🟢)3.219s (-15.2% 🟢)1.278s101.03x
▲ VercelNitro2.073s (+7.0% 🔺)2.512s (-6.6% 🟢)0.560s (-4.7%)3.636s (-4.8%)1.563s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/12
🐘 PostgresExpress5/12
▲ VercelNitro5/12
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)🌐 Redis6/12
Nitro💻 Local9/12
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

return;
}
throw err;
}

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySeriousFeb 18, 2026

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This solves an issue where completing the workflow fails with 409, followed by another workflow invocations that then tries to mark the workflow as "failed", which then also 409s, etc.

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are you sure this is the right approach? are there valid 409s? what about 410 response? are there valid cases where there IS actually indicative of an error?

worth investigating a bit

separately i also think the error codes are getting a bit out of hand to manage and correlate between server and runtime

either this pr future we might want to have well defined workflow error responses from the server (rather than overloading http codes) and have the world-vercel convert them into client errors from the errors package that all worlds can share

i think the runtime should then handle those errors instead of dealing with less-descript HTTP error codes

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Since I'm specifically wrapping the run_completed event creation, we only care about 409s for that specifically, which currently only happens if the the run is already terminal (had claude confirm this + looked myself). This makes me think it's fine to ignore this specific invocation, since even if something did go wrong, it would have gone wrong in the original invocation, and now that the run is terminal, there are no remedial actions we can take.

This begs the question of what possible future 409s we could add to this specific invocation, which I can't come up with any good ones for run_completed that wouldn't want the same handling.

@pranaygppranaygpFeb 18, 2026

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do we also need to do the same handling for run_failed and run_cancelled then?

we return 409 on any invalid state transition iirc

but for hooks i think we return 410 when the run is completed

but yeah that's also what i mean by its a little hard to track the server vs client error states based on http codes :P

claude's also more likely to miss http codes were used compared to more explicit error returns like "invalid_run_state_transition" or something

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Maybe for run_failed too. It's much less likely to race, but can happen just the same. Updated the code.

I think run_cancelled should error visibly since it's a mostly user-UI or programmatic action and shouldn't race.

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awesome! makes sense. if otel is tidied up and correct - let's also maybe add a test for the changes to prevent regression in the errors
messages and ship :)

},
});
} catch (err) {
if (WorkflowAPIError.is(err) && err.status === 409) {

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When we hit this path, are we potentially missing setting the span attributes (on line 287) cos we would never hit that path? It might end up not reporting in o11y for these traces.

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We are, I think intentionally as we don't actually complete the run in this case (and don't know the run state, could be "failed") so we'd rather not add wrong information

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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would love tests on this too :)

@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious merged commit 852e3f1 into mainFeb 18, 2026
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@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious deleted the peter/warn-for-409-only branch February 18, 2026 22:00
VaguelySerious added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 19, 2026
…p_retrying events
When multiple step invocations race to complete/fail/retry a step, the
server returns a 409 Conflict. Previously this would bubble up as an
unhandled error. Now these are caught and logged as warnings, matching
the pattern established for run_completed/run_failed in #1118.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@VaguelySerious@pranaygp@karthikscale3
, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site\n(function() {\n var enabled = true;\n \n function applyDarkMode() {\n if (!enabled) return;\n \n // Create style element if it doesn't exist\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (!style) {\n style = document.createElement('style');\n style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n }\n \n // Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video\n style.textContent = '\n /* Invert everything except media */\n html {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #1a1a2e !important;\n }\n \n /* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */\n img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*=\"background-image\"] {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n }\n \n /* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */\n .no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,\n [data-theme=\"light\"], [data-theme=\"light\"],\n .ace_editor, .ace_editor *,\n .CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,\n .monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,\n .markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,\n .highlight, .highlight *,\n pre code, pre code * {\n filter: none !important;\n }\n \n /* Fix common UI elements */\n .modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #2d2d44 !important;\n border-color: #444 !important;\n }\n \n /* Scrollbars */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }\n \n /* Selection */\n ::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ';\n }\n \n function removeDarkMode() {\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (style) style.remove();\n }\n \n // Toggle with Alt+Shift+D\n document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {\n if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {\n e.preventDefault();\n enabled = !enabled;\n if (enabled) {\n applyDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');\n } else {\n removeDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');\n }\n }\n });\n \n // Apply on load\n applyDarkMode();\n \n // Re-apply on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {\n applyDarkMode();\n }\n });\n observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });\n \n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');\n})();", "Universal Dark Mode"); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); } })(); })();
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow - #1118

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VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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Feb 18, 2026
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Do not re-throw error when multiple workflow invocations race to complete the workflow#1118
VaguelySerious merged 3 commits into
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peter/warn-for-409-only

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…lete the workflow
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
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changeset-botBot commented Feb 18, 2026

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 5effb22

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/nestPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/vitePatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production534038572
✅ 💻 Local Development556068624
✅ 📦 Local Production556068624
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres556068624
✅ 🪟 Windows490352
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds111459165
✅ 📋 Other135021156
Total2497452752817

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (45 failed)

turso (45 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow
  • promiseRaceWorkflow
  • promiseAnyWorkflow
  • hookWorkflow
  • webhookWorkflow
  • sleepingWorkflow
  • parallelSleepWorkflow
  • nullByteWorkflow
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
  • fetchWorkflow
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling retry behavior workflow completes despite transient 5xx on step_completed
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro4804
✅ example4804
✅ express4804
✅ fastify4804
✅ hono4804
✅ nextjs-turbopack5101
✅ nextjs-webpack5101
✅ nitro4804
✅ nuxt4804
✅ sveltekit4804
✅ vite4804
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable4507
✅ express-stable4507
✅ fastify-stable4507
✅ hono-stable4507
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary4903
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable4903
✅ nitro-stable4507
✅ nuxt-stable4507
✅ sveltekit-stable4507
✅ vite-stable4507
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack4903
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
✅ mongodb4903
✅ redis-dev300
✅ redis4903
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso4453
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable4507
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable4507

📋 View full workflow run

@github-actions

github-actionsBot commented Feb 18, 2026

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express0.032s (-1.9%)1.005s (~)0.973s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro0.033s (-3.3%)1.006s (~)0.973s101.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.25x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.049s1.005s0.956s101.54x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.101s1.006s0.905s103.19x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.109s (+5.4% 🔺)1.010s (~)0.901s103.43x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.387s (-18.8% 🟢)1.010s (~)0.623s1012.16x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.391s1.010s0.619s1012.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro0.524s (-50.8% 🟢)1.850s (-25.5% 🟢)1.326s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress0.562s (-18.5% 🟢)1.810s (-12.8% 🟢)1.248s101.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.578s (-28.9% 🟢)1.814s (-12.3% 🟢)1.236s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.099s2.005s0.906s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.102s (~)2.006s (~)0.904s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.107s (~)2.005s (~)0.898s101.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.111s2.006s0.896s101.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.284s2.007s0.723s101.17x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.267s3.015s0.748s102.06x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.297s (-2.2%)2.814s (-6.7% 🟢)0.518s102.09x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.444s (-1.4%)3.014s (~)0.570s102.22x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.269s (-1.0%)2.999s (-4.5%)0.729s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.301s (+5.4% 🔺)2.985s (-5.3% 🟢)0.684s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.776s (+23.5% 🔺)3.612s (+16.3% 🔺)0.836s101.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.710s11.023s0.313s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.714s11.021s0.308s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.816s (~)11.022s (~)0.206s31.01x
💻 LocalNitro10.847s (~)11.023s (~)0.176s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.200s13.015s0.814s31.14x
🐘 PostgresNitro15.268s (-24.4% 🟢)16.047s (-23.8% 🟢)0.780s21.43x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)20.148s21.059s0.910s21.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.349s (~)21.060s (~)0.711s21.90x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro29.669s (+68.5% 🔺)30.380s (+57.8% 🔺)0.711s11.00x
▲ VercelExpress31.865s (+80.3% 🔺)32.482s (+72.9% 🔺)0.617s11.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)34.677s (+74.1% 🔺)35.814s (+71.6% 🔺)1.137s11.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)26.944s27.053s0.109s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)27.243s28.052s0.808s31.01x
💻 LocalExpress27.471s (~)28.049s (~)0.578s31.02x
💻 LocalNitro27.526s (~)28.053s (~)0.527s31.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)30.294s31.028s0.734s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro37.829s (-25.1% 🟢)38.099s (-25.5% 🟢)0.270s21.40x
🐘 PostgresExpress50.361s (~)51.130s (+1.0%)0.769s21.87x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)50.501s51.133s0.632s21.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express42.987s (~)44.151s (~)1.164s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro43.650s (+0.9%)45.001s (+1.6%)1.352s21.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)44.943s (+4.0%)45.839s (+2.3%)0.896s21.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)54.365s55.101s0.736s21.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)57.093s57.601s0.509s21.05x
💻 LocalExpress57.230s (~)58.100s (~)0.870s21.05x
💻 LocalNitro57.408s (~)58.108s (~)0.699s21.06x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)60.709s61.059s0.351s21.12x
🐘 PostgresNitro75.441s (-24.7% 🟢)76.192s (-24.0% 🟢)0.751s21.39x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)75.672s76.171s0.499s21.39x
🐘 PostgresExpress100.270s (~)101.236s (~)0.966s11.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express88.971s (+0.7%)90.097s (+1.1%)1.126s11.00x
▲ VercelNitro89.537s (+3.4%)90.446s (+2.9%)0.909s21.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)90.770s (+3.0%)92.149s (+3.1%)1.379s11.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.264s2.006s0.742s151.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.408s (~)2.005s (~)0.597s151.11x
💻 LocalNitro1.414s (-1.5%)2.005s (~)0.591s151.12x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.420s2.006s0.586s151.12x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.180s3.007s0.827s101.72x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.265s (+6.1% 🔺)2.923s (-3.0%)0.658s111.79x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.289s2.741s0.452s111.81x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.354s (-2.2%)3.014s (~)0.660s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.392s (+3.6%)3.206s (-2.7%)0.814s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.651s (+9.2% 🔺)3.378s (~)0.728s101.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s (-18.5% 🟢)3.561s (-17.4% 🟢)0.777s91.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.495s3.008s0.513s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.547s (~)3.007s (~)0.460s101.02x
💻 LocalNitro2.627s (+0.9%)3.008s (~)0.381s101.05x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.680s3.007s0.326s101.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.785s5.176s0.391s61.92x
🐘 PostgresNitro9.238s (+8.9% 🔺)9.787s (+8.3% 🔺)0.549s43.70x
🐘 PostgresExpress9.591s (+18.8% 🔺)10.033s (+21.2% 🔺)0.442s33.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)12.251s13.032s0.781s34.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.594s (-2.4%)3.324s (-3.9%)0.730s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.829s (-9.0% 🟢)3.454s (-18.3% 🟢)0.625s91.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.431s (+7.6% 🔺)4.381s (+11.9% 🔺)0.950s71.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.076s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.327s7.766s0.439s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.544s (+3.6%)8.018s (~)0.473s41.85x
💻 LocalNitro7.686s (+4.6%)8.018s (~)0.332s41.89x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.829s10.346s0.517s32.41x
🐘 PostgresExpress45.131s (+8.4% 🔺)46.123s (+9.5% 🔺)0.992s111.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro47.817s (-1.0%)48.128s (-2.1%)0.311s111.73x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)55.264s56.133s0.869s113.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.085s (-33.5% 🟢)3.663s (-34.8% 🟢)0.577s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.111s (-6.9% 🟢)4.294s (~)1.184s71.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.618s (-28.8% 🟢)4.684s (-23.2% 🟢)1.067s71.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.273s2.006s0.733s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.432s2.005s0.573s151.12x
💻 LocalExpress1.437s (+1.2%)2.005s (~)0.568s151.13x
💻 LocalNitro1.440s (+0.7%)2.006s (~)0.566s151.13x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.017s (+2.7%)2.833s (+12.7% 🔺)0.816s111.58x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.156s3.007s0.851s101.69x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.230s (-1.9%)2.596s (-3.3%)0.366s121.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.592s2.923s0.331s112.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.179s (-1.5%)2.919s (-10.8% 🟢)0.740s111.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.344s (-11.9% 🟢)3.075s (-15.5% 🟢)0.731s101.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.473s (+10.0% 🔺)3.112s (-3.2%)0.639s101.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.501s3.008s0.507s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.336s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro2.672s (~)3.007s (~)0.335s101.07x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.783s3.009s0.225s101.11x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.703s5.176s0.474s61.88x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.846s (-5.3% 🟢)11.368s (-5.6% 🟢)0.522s34.34x
🐘 PostgresNitro12.576s (-5.6% 🟢)13.375s (-2.4%)0.799s35.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)14.028s14.702s0.674s35.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.424s (-3.4%)3.097s (-10.0% 🟢)0.673s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.797s (+5.7% 🔺)3.593s (+1.0%)0.796s101.15x
▲ VercelNitro3.744s (+62.4% 🔺)4.579s (+43.9% 🔺)0.835s71.54x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)4.075s4.582s0.506s71.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)7.323s8.020s0.696s41.80x
💻 LocalExpress7.791s (-3.5%)8.270s (~)0.479s41.91x
💻 LocalNitro7.974s (+1.3%)8.271s (~)0.297s41.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)9.932s10.348s0.416s32.44x
🐘 PostgresExpress49.790s (-3.4%)50.121s (-3.9%)0.331s112.22x
🐘 PostgresNitro52.341s (+0.7%)53.142s (+1.9%)0.801s112.84x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)58.156s59.133s0.977s114.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.769s (-28.2% 🟢)3.550s (-23.7% 🟢)0.781s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.800s (-9.6% 🟢)3.704s (-7.1% 🟢)0.903s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.443s (-10.7% 🟢)4.504s (-10.5% 🟢)1.061s71.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.152s1.001s0.012s1.018s0.866s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.156s1.000s0.001s1.007s0.851s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro0.173s (-1.1%)1.003s (~)0.011s (+1.8%)1.017s (~)0.844s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.174s (+3.3%)1.003s (~)0.011s (-1.7%)1.017s (~)0.842s101.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.511s0.932s0.001s1.008s0.496s103.36x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s1.797s0.001s2.014s0.766s108.19x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.256s (-43.6% 🟢)1.786s (-36.6% 🟢)0.001s (-17.6% 🟢)2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)0.758s108.24x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.377s (-3.2%)2.666s (+3.2%)0.001s (+7.7% 🔺)3.015s (~)0.638s1015.61x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.881s (-24.4% 🟢)2.435s (-20.6% 🟢)0.183s (-21.3% 🟢)3.105s (-19.5% 🟢)1.224s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.942s (-1.3%)2.511s (-4.7%)0.148s (-75.5% 🟢)3.219s (-15.2% 🟢)1.278s101.03x
▲ VercelNitro2.073s (+7.0% 🔺)2.512s (-6.6% 🟢)0.560s (-4.7%)3.636s (-4.8%)1.563s101.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/12
🐘 PostgresExpress5/12
▲ VercelNitro5/12
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)🌐 Redis6/12
Nitro💻 Local9/12
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

return;
}
throw err;
}

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySeriousFeb 18, 2026

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This solves an issue where completing the workflow fails with 409, followed by another workflow invocations that then tries to mark the workflow as "failed", which then also 409s, etc.

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are you sure this is the right approach? are there valid 409s? what about 410 response? are there valid cases where there IS actually indicative of an error?

worth investigating a bit

separately i also think the error codes are getting a bit out of hand to manage and correlate between server and runtime

either this pr future we might want to have well defined workflow error responses from the server (rather than overloading http codes) and have the world-vercel convert them into client errors from the errors package that all worlds can share

i think the runtime should then handle those errors instead of dealing with less-descript HTTP error codes

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Since I'm specifically wrapping the run_completed event creation, we only care about 409s for that specifically, which currently only happens if the the run is already terminal (had claude confirm this + looked myself). This makes me think it's fine to ignore this specific invocation, since even if something did go wrong, it would have gone wrong in the original invocation, and now that the run is terminal, there are no remedial actions we can take.

This begs the question of what possible future 409s we could add to this specific invocation, which I can't come up with any good ones for run_completed that wouldn't want the same handling.

@pranaygppranaygpFeb 18, 2026

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do we also need to do the same handling for run_failed and run_cancelled then?

we return 409 on any invalid state transition iirc

but for hooks i think we return 410 when the run is completed

but yeah that's also what i mean by its a little hard to track the server vs client error states based on http codes :P

claude's also more likely to miss http codes were used compared to more explicit error returns like "invalid_run_state_transition" or something

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Maybe for run_failed too. It's much less likely to race, but can happen just the same. Updated the code.

I think run_cancelled should error visibly since it's a mostly user-UI or programmatic action and shouldn't race.

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awesome! makes sense. if otel is tidied up and correct - let's also maybe add a test for the changes to prevent regression in the errors
messages and ship :)

},
});
} catch (err) {
if (WorkflowAPIError.is(err) && err.status === 409) {

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When we hit this path, are we potentially missing setting the span attributes (on line 287) cos we would never hit that path? It might end up not reporting in o11y for these traces.

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We are, I think intentionally as we don't actually complete the run in this case (and don't know the run state, could be "failed") so we'd rather not add wrong information

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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would love tests on this too :)

@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious merged commit 852e3f1 into mainFeb 18, 2026
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@VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious deleted the peter/warn-for-409-only branch February 18, 2026 22:00
VaguelySerious added a commit that referenced this pull request Feb 19, 2026
…p_retrying events
When multiple step invocations race to complete/fail/retry a step, the
server returns a 409 Conflict. Previously this would bubble up as an
unhandled error. Now these are caught and logged as warnings, matching
the pattern established for run_completed/run_failed in #1118.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@VaguelySerious@pranaygp@karthikscale3