Add features.encryption to WorkflowMetadata

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds a features object to WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()) with an encryption: boolean field indicating whether encryption is enabled for the current workflow run
• Allows library authors to detect encryption at runtime and conditionally handle sensitive data serialization
• Populated from the existing encryptionKey already threaded through both workflow VM and step contexts

Usage

import{getWorkflowMetadata}from"workflow"asyncfunctionprocessData(data: SensitiveData){"use step"const{ features }=getWorkflowMetadata()if(!features.encryption){data=redact(data)}returndata}

Changes

• packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts — Added features: { encryption: boolean } to WorkflowMetadata interface
• packages/core/src/workflow.ts — Populate features in workflow VM context
• packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts — Populate features in step context
• workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts + packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts — E2E coverage
• packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts, packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts — Updated test fixtures
• docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx — Documented the new field with example

[vercel]

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a952244

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Minor
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Minor
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Major

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	136	65	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3922	65	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (65 failed)

mongodb (4 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNQS6Q0B2BJ0BXJ4CMAFEWEW
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4STGECF59GYPBVHVSYZV
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4YC9AQE035K0AJ2RJ2QF
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS50N010BXHSMTFNAEH9VE
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS7970M3G29ZW4P4ZCW5N1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS5CQE2XTPD2HHC0EKPNRY
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS691WFKZ2Q1T9WGQ36T3Z
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6MRS4NHBFQ1VCV78BSYA
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6RNCCN4WGQGBV24XAAYV
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6TREXA1K0159CVG3FXJ3
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9GQADW4J6YGPHKC5Q07E
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9M5F1YCJD5K7YSXSANNK
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNQSD49T3THHTFW1TYE85CY2
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNQSEFPQ3CAXSNZY89NWYM6H
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNQSF3ZMSVTWH3V1M5PEDQKH
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNQSFCW2DK9WCPSVJC9CMR6S
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNQSFM1XGDNXCQD132JC01E0
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNQSFPA7C3XR14VBAW88BVBA
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNQSG66SB4DXNKA5RCDV23TV
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNQSGBX121XTYF6EX61J0D6G
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNQSGJKJ0M23YVAW3QFCYPBF
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNQSGSDEDSZQ69G4PBWNGSQE
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNQSH0DNVGHZCGD6GEF8C76M
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNQSH9Q6NFSP9H74GJ0ACVBE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSHKYQBWFAAR9K8FBJM3BG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNQSHYD0G7K1DFE59SPBB2WH
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNQSJ684GEDJWKFKQCNFJ6CX
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJD54B0B7B7F47B0CHBZB
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJPD4GVDW1KRX1CX7PAKF
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNQSK2FSXJN28VWE1F777W10
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNQSKQHK8EXMSBY4PDW853PR
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNQSM41RDX6CKFYBM105V3QB
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNQSMATYXGHGDR04STG0QTCE
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNQSMCYB1ECCF0WX40Q836NK
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSMKVRHBYFXTG16GAP9Y2D

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	4	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.050s	1.010s	0.960s	10	1.17x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s	1.005s	0.952s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.058s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.951s	10	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.38x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.113s	1.007s	0.895s	10	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.237s (+1.8%)	2.041s (-2.4%)	1.804s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.245s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.165s (-4.5%)	1.919s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.277s (+32.6% 🔺)	2.259s (+3.9%)	1.981s	10	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s	2.010s	0.895s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.130s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.144s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.148s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	10	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.323s	2.007s	0.685s	10	1.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.884s (-1.1%)	3.632s (-3.9%)	1.747s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.937s (+4.8%)	3.817s (+4.4%)	1.880s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.101s (+2.0%)	3.774s (-1.2%)	1.673s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.710s	11.020s	0.310s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.753s	11.022s	0.269s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.786s	11.025s	0.239s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.898s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.127s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.912s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.112s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.947s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.075s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.956s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.068s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.225s	13.018s	0.793s	3	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.855s (-11.4% 🟢)	18.921s (-9.8% 🟢)	2.065s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.919s (-1.7%)	19.052s (-1.9%)	2.132s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.098s (~)	19.030s (-3.6%)	1.933s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.075s	15.019s	0.944s	4	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.266s	15.030s	0.764s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.649s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.372s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.678s (+0.9%)	15.024s (~)	0.346s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.681s	15.030s	0.349s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.009s (+0.6%)	15.279s (+1.7%)	0.270s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.024s (+0.6%)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.507s	4	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.788s	18.025s	0.237s	4	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	30.805s (-6.6% 🟢)	32.985s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	30.865s (-3.7%)	32.541s (-2.5%)	1.676s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.549s (-6.8% 🟢)	33.476s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.927s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.121s	14.020s	0.899s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.512s	14.026s	0.514s	7	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.165s (~)	15.023s (~)	0.858s	6	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.244s (+0.8%)	15.021s (+1.9%)	0.777s	6	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.414s	17.033s	0.619s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.616s (+1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.413s	6	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.757s (+1.2%)	17.032s (~)	0.274s	6	1.28x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.369s	21.027s	0.658s	5	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	53.061s (-74.3% 🟢)	54.925s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.864s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	53.276s (-74.3% 🟢)	55.165s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.889s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.377s (-11.9% 🟢)	55.824s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.447s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.184s	2.008s	0.824s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.279s (-0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.731s	15	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.726s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.338s	2.006s	0.669s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.504s (-2.2%)	2.005s (~)	0.501s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.476s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	1.535s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.470s	15	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.199s	3.009s	0.809s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.080s (-24.3% 🟢)	3.782s (-15.2% 🟢)	1.702s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.143s (-17.8% 🟢)	3.848s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.705s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.364s (-3.8%)	3.956s (-12.7% 🟢)	1.592s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.336s (-1.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.673s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.337s (-0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.672s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s	3.010s	0.648s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.556s	3.008s	0.452s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.900s	3.344s	0.444s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.928s (~)	3.343s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.415s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	2.949s (+4.4%)	3.564s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.615s	9	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.963s	9.516s	0.552s	4	3.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.475s (-27.9% 🟢)	3.958s (-21.4% 🟢)	1.482s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.207s (-10.0% 🟢)	1.573s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.873s (+1.1%)	4.520s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.647s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.554s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.465s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.544s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.550s	4.011s	0.461s	8	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s	5.011s	0.876s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.187s	8.522s	0.334s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	8.296s (+8.9% 🔺)	9.019s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.723s	4	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.704s (+6.4% 🔺)	9.027s (~)	0.324s	4	2.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.675s	20.525s	0.849s	2	5.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.610s (-20.4% 🟢)	4.153s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.542s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.781s (-9.2% 🟢)	4.690s (-2.3%)	1.909s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.137s (+1.8%)	5.793s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.655s	6	1.58x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.180s	2.008s	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.256s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.752s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.278s (+1.0%)	2.007s (~)	0.730s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.340s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.504s	2.006s	0.502s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.552s (+1.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.454s	15	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.578s (+4.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.428s	15	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.407s	3.884s	0.477s	8	2.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.823s (-20.0% 🟢)	3.659s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.836s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.094s (-10.6% 🟢)	3.833s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.739s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.379s (+3.7%)	4.224s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.844s	8	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.311s (-1.8%)	3.011s (~)	0.700s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.331s (-1.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.679s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.346s	3.009s	0.663s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.571s	3.008s	0.436s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.000s	3.455s	0.454s	9	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	3.002s (+5.0%)	3.885s (+29.2% 🔺)	0.883s	8	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.090s (~)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.670s	8	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.645s	10.016s	0.371s	3	4.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.371s (-97.0% 🟢)	3.992s (-95.1% 🟢)	1.620s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.447s (-99.2% 🟢)	4.028s (-98.7% 🟢)	1.581s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.720s (-3.8%)	4.102s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.382s	8	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.448s (-0.8%)	4.009s (~)	0.561s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.460s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.525s	4.011s	0.486s	8	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.158s	5.011s	0.853s	6	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	8.614s (+7.4% 🔺)	9.276s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.662s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.373s (+4.5%)	10.028s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.655s	3	2.72x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.568s	10.025s	0.457s	3	2.77x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.576s	20.024s	0.447s	2	5.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-33.1% 🟢)	4.497s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.516s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.121s (+4.0%)	4.609s (-1.6%)	1.488s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.058s (+13.0% 🔺)	5.643s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.585s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.610s	1.006s	0.397s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.699s	1.004s	0.305s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.844s (+2.5%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.179s	59	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.850s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.156s	60	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.869s	1.039s	0.170s	58	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.992s (+0.8%)	1.331s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.339s	46	1.63x
💻 Local	Express	0.996s (-2.5%)	1.276s (-17.4% 🟢)	0.280s	48	1.63x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.128s	3.008s	0.880s	20	3.49x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.026s (-12.4% 🟢)	11.255s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.229s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.123s (-11.8% 🟢)	11.397s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.273s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.237s (+1.5%)	11.263s (+0.7%)	2.026s	6	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.522s	2.007s	0.485s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.028s	0.318s	45	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.037s (-1.0%)	2.714s (-5.8% 🟢)	0.677s	34	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.068s (+4.9%)	2.685s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.617s	34	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.801s	3.041s	0.240s	30	1.84x
💻 Local	Express	3.017s (-1.0%)	3.548s (-2.8%)	0.531s	26	1.98x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.049s (+1.6%)	3.843s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.794s	24	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.280s	6.012s	0.732s	15	3.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.088s (-8.8% 🟢)	30.128s (-8.4% 🟢)	2.039s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	28.345s (+0.9%)	30.216s (~)	1.871s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.310s (+1.3%)	30.990s (+1.0%)	1.680s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.104s	3.880s	0.776s	31	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.408s	4.008s	0.600s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4.057s (-2.0%)	4.627s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.569s	26	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.160s (+2.1%)	4.970s (+3.3%)	0.810s	25	1.34x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.803s	9.089s	0.286s	14	2.84x
💻 Local	Express	9.165s (+2.5%)	9.788s (+4.1%)	0.623s	13	2.95x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.204s (~)	9.941s (~)	0.737s	13	2.97x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.595s	11.018s	0.423s	11	3.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	73.291s (-3.4%)	74.738s (-3.8%)	1.447s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	74.166s (+1.5%)	76.184s (+1.8%)	2.018s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.781s (-10.4% 🟢)	76.222s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.441s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.197s	1.007s	0.810s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+0.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.725s	60	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.290s (+1.3%)	1.007s (~)	0.716s	60	1.47x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s	1.004s	0.703s	60	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s	1.005s	0.430s	60	2.92x
💻 Local	Express	0.585s (-0.9%)	1.004s (~)	0.420s	60	2.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.598s (+0.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.407s	60	3.04x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s	3.883s	0.564s	16	16.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.366s (-24.0% 🟢)	2.751s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.385s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.534s (-19.6% 🟢)	3.003s (-15.6% 🟢)	1.469s	20	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.706s (+2.7%)	3.535s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.829s	17	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.415s	1.006s	0.591s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.483s (-3.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.523s	90	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.495s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.512s	90	1.19x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.157s	2.006s	0.849s	45	2.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.524s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.484s	30	6.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.546s (+4.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.463s	30	6.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.686s	3.043s	0.357s	30	6.48x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.397s	9.912s	0.516s	10	22.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.521s (-3.5%)	4.182s (-3.8%)	1.661s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.559s (+3.2%)	4.202s (+0.7%)	1.642s	22	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.565s (~)	5.108s (-0.7%)	1.543s	18	1.41x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.627s	1.007s	0.380s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.785s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.007s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.222s	120	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.797s (+1.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.210s	120	1.27x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.742s	3.032s	0.290s	40	4.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.092s (~)	11.758s (+0.8%)	0.666s	11	17.70x
💻 Local	Express	11.150s (+5.8% 🔺)	11.937s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.788s	11	17.79x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.152s	11.662s	0.510s	11	17.79x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.703s	20.353s	0.650s	6	31.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.805s (-4.1%)	8.609s (-2.5%)	1.805s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.920s (~)	8.575s (~)	1.655s	14	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.368s (+337.5% 🔺)	29.068s (+268.0% 🔺)	1.700s	7	4.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.151s	1.001s	0.001s	1.009s	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.184s	1.003s	0.013s	1.019s	0.835s	10	1.22x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.815s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	0.203s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+20.0% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.815s	10	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.205s (+1.3%)	0.998s (~)	0.001s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.804s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.206s (+1.0%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.814s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.206s (~)	0.999s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.805s	10	1.37x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.488s	0.967s	0.002s	1.009s	0.521s	10	3.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.453s (-16.2% 🟢)	2.517s (-22.6% 🟢)	0.917s (+165.0% 🔺)	3.909s (-2.9%)	2.456s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.581s (-33.6% 🟢)	2.712s (-28.6% 🟢)	0.696s (+88.3% 🔺)	3.844s (-17.3% 🟢)	2.262s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.590s (-0.9%)	3.158s (~)	0.256s (-18.4% 🟢)	3.883s (-1.8%)	2.293s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	1.002s	0.003s	1.011s	0.515s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.541s	1.007s	0.003s	1.021s	0.480s	59	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.620s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.004s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.401s	59	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.624s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.003s (-22.6% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.398s	59	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.740s (+1.4%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-0.7%)	1.024s (~)	0.284s	59	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.763s	1.011s	0.010s	1.117s	0.354s	54	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.826s (+7.2% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+1.6%)	1.117s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.291s	54	1.66x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.322s	1.955s	0.003s	2.013s	0.691s	30	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.868s (+2.1%)	5.214s (-1.3%)	0.441s (+14.9% 🔺)	6.112s (+0.6%)	2.244s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.950s (-6.9% 🟢)	5.414s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.214s (-44.6% 🟢)	6.065s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.998s	5.514s	0.254s	6.198s	2.199s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.907s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.114s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.911s	1.072s	0.000s	1.079s	0.168s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.943s (-2.8%)	1.149s (-1.9%)	0.000s (+145.2% 🔺)	1.162s (-2.9%)	0.219s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.945s (-1.2%)	1.122s (-2.4%)	0.000s (+60.5% 🔺)	1.147s (-1.3%)	0.202s	54	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.253s (+2.1%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.023s (~)	0.770s	30	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.265s (+1.4%)	2.023s (~)	0.000s (+125.0% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.760s	30	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.311s	2.019s	0.000s	2.022s	0.711s	30	1.45x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.347s	2.959s	0.000s	3.008s	0.661s	20	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.611s (~)	3.811s (+3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.224s (+2.5%)	1.613s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.815s (-90.9% 🟢)	4.120s (-87.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.542s (-86.1% 🟢)	1.727s	14	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (-14.3% 🟢)	4.033s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	4.509s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.652s	14	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.744s (-7.1% 🟢)	2.140s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.153s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.409s	28	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.756s	2.067s	0.000s	2.073s	0.317s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.758s (-1.6%)	2.067s (-3.4%)	0.000s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.091s (-2.8%)	0.333s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.071s	0.000s	2.104s	0.305s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.515s (-0.8%)	4.100s (+1.7%)	0.001s (+55.6% 🔺)	4.103s (+1.7%)	0.588s	15	2.02x
💻 Local	Express	3.555s (+4.2%)	4.098s (+1.6%)	0.000s (-75.0% 🟢)	4.102s (+1.6%)	0.547s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.962s	4.534s	0.000s	4.538s	0.576s	14	2.27x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.385s	4.957s	0.000s	5.010s	0.625s	12	2.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.548s (-14.0% 🟢)	4.966s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.002s (+1550.0% 🔺)	5.400s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.852s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.612s (-4.2%)	4.770s (-2.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.222s (-2.1%)	1.609s	12	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.716s (-7.5% 🟢)	5.041s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.467s (-6.4% 🟢)	1.752s	12	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	16/21
▲ Vercel	Express	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	17/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR exposes whether run-level encryption is enabled via a new features.encryption flag on WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()), so libraries can adjust how they handle sensitive data.

Changes:

• Extend WorkflowMetadata with features: { encryption: boolean }.
• Populate features.encryption in both workflow VM context and step execution context.
• Add/update E2E + unit tests and document the new field.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Includes features in returned workflow metadata payload for E2E validation.
packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts	Adds features.encryption to the exported WorkflowMetadata type.
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Populates features.encryption in the workflow VM global context.
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Populates features.encryption in step AsyncLocalStorage context.
packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts	Updates test fixtures to include new required metadata fields.
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Updates test fixture context to include features.
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Adds E2E assertions for features.encryption presence/type and step metadata exclusion.
docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx	Documents features.encryption with an example.
.changeset/features-encryption-metadata.md	Adds a changeset for releasing the new metadata field.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds a features object to WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()) with an encryption: boolean field indicating whether encryption is enabled for the current workflow run
• Allows library authors to detect encryption at runtime and conditionally handle sensitive data serialization
• Populated from the existing encryptionKey already threaded through both workflow VM and step contexts

Usage

import{getWorkflowMetadata}from"workflow"asyncfunctionprocessData(data: SensitiveData){"use step"const{ features }=getWorkflowMetadata()if(!features.encryption){data=redact(data)}returndata}

Changes

• packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts — Added features: { encryption: boolean } to WorkflowMetadata interface
• packages/core/src/workflow.ts — Populate features in workflow VM context
• packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts — Populate features in step context
• workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts + packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts — E2E coverage
• packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts, packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts — Updated test fixtures
• docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx — Documented the new field with example

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a952244

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Minor
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Minor
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Major

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	136	65	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3922	65	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (65 failed)

mongodb (4 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNQS6Q0B2BJ0BXJ4CMAFEWEW
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4STGECF59GYPBVHVSYZV
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4YC9AQE035K0AJ2RJ2QF
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS50N010BXHSMTFNAEH9VE
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS7970M3G29ZW4P4ZCW5N1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS5CQE2XTPD2HHC0EKPNRY
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS691WFKZ2Q1T9WGQ36T3Z
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6MRS4NHBFQ1VCV78BSYA
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6RNCCN4WGQGBV24XAAYV
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6TREXA1K0159CVG3FXJ3
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9GQADW4J6YGPHKC5Q07E
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9M5F1YCJD5K7YSXSANNK
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNQSD49T3THHTFW1TYE85CY2
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNQSEFPQ3CAXSNZY89NWYM6H
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNQSF3ZMSVTWH3V1M5PEDQKH
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNQSFCW2DK9WCPSVJC9CMR6S
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNQSFM1XGDNXCQD132JC01E0
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNQSFPA7C3XR14VBAW88BVBA
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNQSG66SB4DXNKA5RCDV23TV
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNQSGBX121XTYF6EX61J0D6G
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNQSGJKJ0M23YVAW3QFCYPBF
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNQSGSDEDSZQ69G4PBWNGSQE
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNQSH0DNVGHZCGD6GEF8C76M
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNQSH9Q6NFSP9H74GJ0ACVBE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSHKYQBWFAAR9K8FBJM3BG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNQSHYD0G7K1DFE59SPBB2WH
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNQSJ684GEDJWKFKQCNFJ6CX
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJD54B0B7B7F47B0CHBZB
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJPD4GVDW1KRX1CX7PAKF
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNQSK2FSXJN28VWE1F777W10
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNQSKQHK8EXMSBY4PDW853PR
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNQSM41RDX6CKFYBM105V3QB
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNQSMATYXGHGDR04STG0QTCE
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNQSMCYB1ECCF0WX40Q836NK
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSMKVRHBYFXTG16GAP9Y2D

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	4	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.050s	1.010s	0.960s	10	1.17x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s	1.005s	0.952s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.058s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.951s	10	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.38x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.113s	1.007s	0.895s	10	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.237s (+1.8%)	2.041s (-2.4%)	1.804s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.245s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.165s (-4.5%)	1.919s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.277s (+32.6% 🔺)	2.259s (+3.9%)	1.981s	10	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s	2.010s	0.895s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.130s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.144s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.148s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	10	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.323s	2.007s	0.685s	10	1.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.884s (-1.1%)	3.632s (-3.9%)	1.747s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.937s (+4.8%)	3.817s (+4.4%)	1.880s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.101s (+2.0%)	3.774s (-1.2%)	1.673s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.710s	11.020s	0.310s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.753s	11.022s	0.269s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.786s	11.025s	0.239s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.898s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.127s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.912s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.112s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.947s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.075s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.956s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.068s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.225s	13.018s	0.793s	3	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.855s (-11.4% 🟢)	18.921s (-9.8% 🟢)	2.065s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.919s (-1.7%)	19.052s (-1.9%)	2.132s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.098s (~)	19.030s (-3.6%)	1.933s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.075s	15.019s	0.944s	4	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.266s	15.030s	0.764s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.649s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.372s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.678s (+0.9%)	15.024s (~)	0.346s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.681s	15.030s	0.349s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.009s (+0.6%)	15.279s (+1.7%)	0.270s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.024s (+0.6%)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.507s	4	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.788s	18.025s	0.237s	4	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	30.805s (-6.6% 🟢)	32.985s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	30.865s (-3.7%)	32.541s (-2.5%)	1.676s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.549s (-6.8% 🟢)	33.476s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.927s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.121s	14.020s	0.899s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.512s	14.026s	0.514s	7	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.165s (~)	15.023s (~)	0.858s	6	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.244s (+0.8%)	15.021s (+1.9%)	0.777s	6	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.414s	17.033s	0.619s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.616s (+1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.413s	6	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.757s (+1.2%)	17.032s (~)	0.274s	6	1.28x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.369s	21.027s	0.658s	5	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	53.061s (-74.3% 🟢)	54.925s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.864s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	53.276s (-74.3% 🟢)	55.165s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.889s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.377s (-11.9% 🟢)	55.824s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.447s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.184s	2.008s	0.824s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.279s (-0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.731s	15	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.726s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.338s	2.006s	0.669s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.504s (-2.2%)	2.005s (~)	0.501s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.476s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	1.535s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.470s	15	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.199s	3.009s	0.809s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.080s (-24.3% 🟢)	3.782s (-15.2% 🟢)	1.702s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.143s (-17.8% 🟢)	3.848s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.705s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.364s (-3.8%)	3.956s (-12.7% 🟢)	1.592s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.336s (-1.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.673s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.337s (-0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.672s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s	3.010s	0.648s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.556s	3.008s	0.452s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.900s	3.344s	0.444s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.928s (~)	3.343s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.415s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	2.949s (+4.4%)	3.564s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.615s	9	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.963s	9.516s	0.552s	4	3.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.475s (-27.9% 🟢)	3.958s (-21.4% 🟢)	1.482s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.207s (-10.0% 🟢)	1.573s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.873s (+1.1%)	4.520s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.647s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.554s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.465s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.544s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.550s	4.011s	0.461s	8	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s	5.011s	0.876s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.187s	8.522s	0.334s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	8.296s (+8.9% 🔺)	9.019s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.723s	4	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.704s (+6.4% 🔺)	9.027s (~)	0.324s	4	2.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.675s	20.525s	0.849s	2	5.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.610s (-20.4% 🟢)	4.153s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.542s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.781s (-9.2% 🟢)	4.690s (-2.3%)	1.909s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.137s (+1.8%)	5.793s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.655s	6	1.58x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.180s	2.008s	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.256s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.752s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.278s (+1.0%)	2.007s (~)	0.730s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.340s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.504s	2.006s	0.502s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.552s (+1.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.454s	15	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.578s (+4.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.428s	15	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.407s	3.884s	0.477s	8	2.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.823s (-20.0% 🟢)	3.659s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.836s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.094s (-10.6% 🟢)	3.833s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.739s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.379s (+3.7%)	4.224s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.844s	8	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.311s (-1.8%)	3.011s (~)	0.700s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.331s (-1.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.679s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.346s	3.009s	0.663s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.571s	3.008s	0.436s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.000s	3.455s	0.454s	9	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	3.002s (+5.0%)	3.885s (+29.2% 🔺)	0.883s	8	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.090s (~)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.670s	8	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.645s	10.016s	0.371s	3	4.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.371s (-97.0% 🟢)	3.992s (-95.1% 🟢)	1.620s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.447s (-99.2% 🟢)	4.028s (-98.7% 🟢)	1.581s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.720s (-3.8%)	4.102s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.382s	8	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.448s (-0.8%)	4.009s (~)	0.561s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.460s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.525s	4.011s	0.486s	8	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.158s	5.011s	0.853s	6	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	8.614s (+7.4% 🔺)	9.276s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.662s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.373s (+4.5%)	10.028s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.655s	3	2.72x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.568s	10.025s	0.457s	3	2.77x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.576s	20.024s	0.447s	2	5.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-33.1% 🟢)	4.497s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.516s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.121s (+4.0%)	4.609s (-1.6%)	1.488s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.058s (+13.0% 🔺)	5.643s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.585s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.610s	1.006s	0.397s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.699s	1.004s	0.305s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.844s (+2.5%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.179s	59	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.850s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.156s	60	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.869s	1.039s	0.170s	58	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.992s (+0.8%)	1.331s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.339s	46	1.63x
💻 Local	Express	0.996s (-2.5%)	1.276s (-17.4% 🟢)	0.280s	48	1.63x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.128s	3.008s	0.880s	20	3.49x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.026s (-12.4% 🟢)	11.255s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.229s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.123s (-11.8% 🟢)	11.397s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.273s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.237s (+1.5%)	11.263s (+0.7%)	2.026s	6	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.522s	2.007s	0.485s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.028s	0.318s	45	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.037s (-1.0%)	2.714s (-5.8% 🟢)	0.677s	34	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.068s (+4.9%)	2.685s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.617s	34	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.801s	3.041s	0.240s	30	1.84x
💻 Local	Express	3.017s (-1.0%)	3.548s (-2.8%)	0.531s	26	1.98x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.049s (+1.6%)	3.843s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.794s	24	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.280s	6.012s	0.732s	15	3.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.088s (-8.8% 🟢)	30.128s (-8.4% 🟢)	2.039s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	28.345s (+0.9%)	30.216s (~)	1.871s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.310s (+1.3%)	30.990s (+1.0%)	1.680s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.104s	3.880s	0.776s	31	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.408s	4.008s	0.600s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4.057s (-2.0%)	4.627s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.569s	26	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.160s (+2.1%)	4.970s (+3.3%)	0.810s	25	1.34x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.803s	9.089s	0.286s	14	2.84x
💻 Local	Express	9.165s (+2.5%)	9.788s (+4.1%)	0.623s	13	2.95x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.204s (~)	9.941s (~)	0.737s	13	2.97x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.595s	11.018s	0.423s	11	3.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	73.291s (-3.4%)	74.738s (-3.8%)	1.447s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	74.166s (+1.5%)	76.184s (+1.8%)	2.018s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.781s (-10.4% 🟢)	76.222s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.441s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.197s	1.007s	0.810s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+0.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.725s	60	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.290s (+1.3%)	1.007s (~)	0.716s	60	1.47x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s	1.004s	0.703s	60	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s	1.005s	0.430s	60	2.92x
💻 Local	Express	0.585s (-0.9%)	1.004s (~)	0.420s	60	2.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.598s (+0.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.407s	60	3.04x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s	3.883s	0.564s	16	16.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.366s (-24.0% 🟢)	2.751s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.385s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.534s (-19.6% 🟢)	3.003s (-15.6% 🟢)	1.469s	20	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.706s (+2.7%)	3.535s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.829s	17	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.415s	1.006s	0.591s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.483s (-3.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.523s	90	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.495s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.512s	90	1.19x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.157s	2.006s	0.849s	45	2.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.524s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.484s	30	6.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.546s (+4.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.463s	30	6.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.686s	3.043s	0.357s	30	6.48x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.397s	9.912s	0.516s	10	22.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.521s (-3.5%)	4.182s (-3.8%)	1.661s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.559s (+3.2%)	4.202s (+0.7%)	1.642s	22	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.565s (~)	5.108s (-0.7%)	1.543s	18	1.41x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.627s	1.007s	0.380s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.785s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.007s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.222s	120	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.797s (+1.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.210s	120	1.27x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.742s	3.032s	0.290s	40	4.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.092s (~)	11.758s (+0.8%)	0.666s	11	17.70x
💻 Local	Express	11.150s (+5.8% 🔺)	11.937s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.788s	11	17.79x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.152s	11.662s	0.510s	11	17.79x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.703s	20.353s	0.650s	6	31.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.805s (-4.1%)	8.609s (-2.5%)	1.805s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.920s (~)	8.575s (~)	1.655s	14	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.368s (+337.5% 🔺)	29.068s (+268.0% 🔺)	1.700s	7	4.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.151s	1.001s	0.001s	1.009s	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.184s	1.003s	0.013s	1.019s	0.835s	10	1.22x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.815s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	0.203s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+20.0% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.815s	10	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.205s (+1.3%)	0.998s (~)	0.001s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.804s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.206s (+1.0%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.814s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.206s (~)	0.999s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.805s	10	1.37x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.488s	0.967s	0.002s	1.009s	0.521s	10	3.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.453s (-16.2% 🟢)	2.517s (-22.6% 🟢)	0.917s (+165.0% 🔺)	3.909s (-2.9%)	2.456s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.581s (-33.6% 🟢)	2.712s (-28.6% 🟢)	0.696s (+88.3% 🔺)	3.844s (-17.3% 🟢)	2.262s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.590s (-0.9%)	3.158s (~)	0.256s (-18.4% 🟢)	3.883s (-1.8%)	2.293s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	1.002s	0.003s	1.011s	0.515s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.541s	1.007s	0.003s	1.021s	0.480s	59	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.620s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.004s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.401s	59	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.624s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.003s (-22.6% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.398s	59	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.740s (+1.4%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-0.7%)	1.024s (~)	0.284s	59	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.763s	1.011s	0.010s	1.117s	0.354s	54	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.826s (+7.2% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+1.6%)	1.117s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.291s	54	1.66x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.322s	1.955s	0.003s	2.013s	0.691s	30	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.868s (+2.1%)	5.214s (-1.3%)	0.441s (+14.9% 🔺)	6.112s (+0.6%)	2.244s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.950s (-6.9% 🟢)	5.414s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.214s (-44.6% 🟢)	6.065s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.998s	5.514s	0.254s	6.198s	2.199s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.907s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.114s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.911s	1.072s	0.000s	1.079s	0.168s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.943s (-2.8%)	1.149s (-1.9%)	0.000s (+145.2% 🔺)	1.162s (-2.9%)	0.219s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.945s (-1.2%)	1.122s (-2.4%)	0.000s (+60.5% 🔺)	1.147s (-1.3%)	0.202s	54	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.253s (+2.1%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.023s (~)	0.770s	30	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.265s (+1.4%)	2.023s (~)	0.000s (+125.0% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.760s	30	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.311s	2.019s	0.000s	2.022s	0.711s	30	1.45x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.347s	2.959s	0.000s	3.008s	0.661s	20	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.611s (~)	3.811s (+3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.224s (+2.5%)	1.613s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.815s (-90.9% 🟢)	4.120s (-87.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.542s (-86.1% 🟢)	1.727s	14	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (-14.3% 🟢)	4.033s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	4.509s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.652s	14	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.744s (-7.1% 🟢)	2.140s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.153s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.409s	28	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.756s	2.067s	0.000s	2.073s	0.317s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.758s (-1.6%)	2.067s (-3.4%)	0.000s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.091s (-2.8%)	0.333s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.071s	0.000s	2.104s	0.305s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.515s (-0.8%)	4.100s (+1.7%)	0.001s (+55.6% 🔺)	4.103s (+1.7%)	0.588s	15	2.02x
💻 Local	Express	3.555s (+4.2%)	4.098s (+1.6%)	0.000s (-75.0% 🟢)	4.102s (+1.6%)	0.547s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.962s	4.534s	0.000s	4.538s	0.576s	14	2.27x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.385s	4.957s	0.000s	5.010s	0.625s	12	2.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.548s (-14.0% 🟢)	4.966s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.002s (+1550.0% 🔺)	5.400s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.852s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.612s (-4.2%)	4.770s (-2.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.222s (-2.1%)	1.609s	12	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.716s (-7.5% 🟢)	5.041s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.467s (-6.4% 🟢)	1.752s	12	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	16/21
▲ Vercel	Express	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	17/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR exposes whether run-level encryption is enabled via a new features.encryption flag on WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()), so libraries can adjust how they handle sensitive data.

Changes:

• Extend WorkflowMetadata with features: { encryption: boolean }.
• Populate features.encryption in both workflow VM context and step execution context.
• Add/update E2E + unit tests and document the new field.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Includes features in returned workflow metadata payload for E2E validation.
packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts	Adds features.encryption to the exported WorkflowMetadata type.
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Populates features.encryption in the workflow VM global context.
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Populates features.encryption in step AsyncLocalStorage context.
packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts	Updates test fixtures to include new required metadata fields.
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Updates test fixture context to include features.
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Adds E2E assertions for features.encryption presence/type and step metadata exclusion.
docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx	Documents features.encryption with an example.
.changeset/features-encryption-metadata.md	Adds a changeset for releasing the new metadata field.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds a features object to WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()) with an encryption: boolean field indicating whether encryption is enabled for the current workflow run
• Allows library authors to detect encryption at runtime and conditionally handle sensitive data serialization
• Populated from the existing encryptionKey already threaded through both workflow VM and step contexts

Usage

import{getWorkflowMetadata}from"workflow"asyncfunctionprocessData(data: SensitiveData){"use step"const{ features }=getWorkflowMetadata()if(!features.encryption){data=redact(data)}returndata}

Changes

• packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts — Added features: { encryption: boolean } to WorkflowMetadata interface
• packages/core/src/workflow.ts — Populate features in workflow VM context
• packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts — Populate features in step context
• workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts + packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts — E2E coverage
• packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts, packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts — Updated test fixtures
• docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx — Documented the new field with example

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a952244

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Minor
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Minor
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Major

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	136	65	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3922	65	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (65 failed)

mongodb (4 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNQS6Q0B2BJ0BXJ4CMAFEWEW
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4STGECF59GYPBVHVSYZV
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4YC9AQE035K0AJ2RJ2QF
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS50N010BXHSMTFNAEH9VE
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS7970M3G29ZW4P4ZCW5N1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS5CQE2XTPD2HHC0EKPNRY
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS691WFKZ2Q1T9WGQ36T3Z
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6MRS4NHBFQ1VCV78BSYA
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6RNCCN4WGQGBV24XAAYV
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6TREXA1K0159CVG3FXJ3
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9GQADW4J6YGPHKC5Q07E
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9M5F1YCJD5K7YSXSANNK
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNQSD49T3THHTFW1TYE85CY2
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNQSEFPQ3CAXSNZY89NWYM6H
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNQSF3ZMSVTWH3V1M5PEDQKH
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNQSFCW2DK9WCPSVJC9CMR6S
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNQSFM1XGDNXCQD132JC01E0
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNQSFPA7C3XR14VBAW88BVBA
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNQSG66SB4DXNKA5RCDV23TV
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNQSGBX121XTYF6EX61J0D6G
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNQSGJKJ0M23YVAW3QFCYPBF
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNQSGSDEDSZQ69G4PBWNGSQE
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNQSH0DNVGHZCGD6GEF8C76M
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNQSH9Q6NFSP9H74GJ0ACVBE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSHKYQBWFAAR9K8FBJM3BG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNQSHYD0G7K1DFE59SPBB2WH
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNQSJ684GEDJWKFKQCNFJ6CX
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJD54B0B7B7F47B0CHBZB
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJPD4GVDW1KRX1CX7PAKF
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNQSK2FSXJN28VWE1F777W10
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNQSKQHK8EXMSBY4PDW853PR
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNQSM41RDX6CKFYBM105V3QB
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNQSMATYXGHGDR04STG0QTCE
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNQSMCYB1ECCF0WX40Q836NK
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSMKVRHBYFXTG16GAP9Y2D

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	4	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.050s	1.010s	0.960s	10	1.17x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s	1.005s	0.952s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.058s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.951s	10	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.38x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.113s	1.007s	0.895s	10	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.237s (+1.8%)	2.041s (-2.4%)	1.804s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.245s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.165s (-4.5%)	1.919s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.277s (+32.6% 🔺)	2.259s (+3.9%)	1.981s	10	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s	2.010s	0.895s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.130s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.144s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.148s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	10	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.323s	2.007s	0.685s	10	1.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.884s (-1.1%)	3.632s (-3.9%)	1.747s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.937s (+4.8%)	3.817s (+4.4%)	1.880s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.101s (+2.0%)	3.774s (-1.2%)	1.673s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.710s	11.020s	0.310s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.753s	11.022s	0.269s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.786s	11.025s	0.239s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.898s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.127s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.912s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.112s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.947s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.075s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.956s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.068s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.225s	13.018s	0.793s	3	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.855s (-11.4% 🟢)	18.921s (-9.8% 🟢)	2.065s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.919s (-1.7%)	19.052s (-1.9%)	2.132s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.098s (~)	19.030s (-3.6%)	1.933s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.075s	15.019s	0.944s	4	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.266s	15.030s	0.764s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.649s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.372s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.678s (+0.9%)	15.024s (~)	0.346s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.681s	15.030s	0.349s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.009s (+0.6%)	15.279s (+1.7%)	0.270s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.024s (+0.6%)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.507s	4	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.788s	18.025s	0.237s	4	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	30.805s (-6.6% 🟢)	32.985s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	30.865s (-3.7%)	32.541s (-2.5%)	1.676s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.549s (-6.8% 🟢)	33.476s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.927s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.121s	14.020s	0.899s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.512s	14.026s	0.514s	7	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.165s (~)	15.023s (~)	0.858s	6	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.244s (+0.8%)	15.021s (+1.9%)	0.777s	6	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.414s	17.033s	0.619s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.616s (+1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.413s	6	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.757s (+1.2%)	17.032s (~)	0.274s	6	1.28x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.369s	21.027s	0.658s	5	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	53.061s (-74.3% 🟢)	54.925s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.864s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	53.276s (-74.3% 🟢)	55.165s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.889s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.377s (-11.9% 🟢)	55.824s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.447s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.184s	2.008s	0.824s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.279s (-0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.731s	15	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.726s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.338s	2.006s	0.669s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.504s (-2.2%)	2.005s (~)	0.501s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.476s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	1.535s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.470s	15	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.199s	3.009s	0.809s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.080s (-24.3% 🟢)	3.782s (-15.2% 🟢)	1.702s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.143s (-17.8% 🟢)	3.848s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.705s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.364s (-3.8%)	3.956s (-12.7% 🟢)	1.592s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.336s (-1.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.673s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.337s (-0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.672s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s	3.010s	0.648s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.556s	3.008s	0.452s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.900s	3.344s	0.444s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.928s (~)	3.343s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.415s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	2.949s (+4.4%)	3.564s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.615s	9	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.963s	9.516s	0.552s	4	3.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.475s (-27.9% 🟢)	3.958s (-21.4% 🟢)	1.482s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.207s (-10.0% 🟢)	1.573s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.873s (+1.1%)	4.520s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.647s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.554s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.465s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.544s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.550s	4.011s	0.461s	8	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s	5.011s	0.876s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.187s	8.522s	0.334s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	8.296s (+8.9% 🔺)	9.019s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.723s	4	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.704s (+6.4% 🔺)	9.027s (~)	0.324s	4	2.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.675s	20.525s	0.849s	2	5.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.610s (-20.4% 🟢)	4.153s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.542s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.781s (-9.2% 🟢)	4.690s (-2.3%)	1.909s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.137s (+1.8%)	5.793s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.655s	6	1.58x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.180s	2.008s	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.256s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.752s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.278s (+1.0%)	2.007s (~)	0.730s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.340s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.504s	2.006s	0.502s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.552s (+1.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.454s	15	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.578s (+4.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.428s	15	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.407s	3.884s	0.477s	8	2.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.823s (-20.0% 🟢)	3.659s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.836s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.094s (-10.6% 🟢)	3.833s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.739s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.379s (+3.7%)	4.224s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.844s	8	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.311s (-1.8%)	3.011s (~)	0.700s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.331s (-1.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.679s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.346s	3.009s	0.663s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.571s	3.008s	0.436s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.000s	3.455s	0.454s	9	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	3.002s (+5.0%)	3.885s (+29.2% 🔺)	0.883s	8	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.090s (~)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.670s	8	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.645s	10.016s	0.371s	3	4.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.371s (-97.0% 🟢)	3.992s (-95.1% 🟢)	1.620s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.447s (-99.2% 🟢)	4.028s (-98.7% 🟢)	1.581s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.720s (-3.8%)	4.102s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.382s	8	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.448s (-0.8%)	4.009s (~)	0.561s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.460s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.525s	4.011s	0.486s	8	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.158s	5.011s	0.853s	6	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	8.614s (+7.4% 🔺)	9.276s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.662s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.373s (+4.5%)	10.028s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.655s	3	2.72x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.568s	10.025s	0.457s	3	2.77x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.576s	20.024s	0.447s	2	5.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-33.1% 🟢)	4.497s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.516s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.121s (+4.0%)	4.609s (-1.6%)	1.488s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.058s (+13.0% 🔺)	5.643s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.585s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.610s	1.006s	0.397s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.699s	1.004s	0.305s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.844s (+2.5%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.179s	59	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.850s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.156s	60	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.869s	1.039s	0.170s	58	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.992s (+0.8%)	1.331s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.339s	46	1.63x
💻 Local	Express	0.996s (-2.5%)	1.276s (-17.4% 🟢)	0.280s	48	1.63x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.128s	3.008s	0.880s	20	3.49x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.026s (-12.4% 🟢)	11.255s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.229s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.123s (-11.8% 🟢)	11.397s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.273s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.237s (+1.5%)	11.263s (+0.7%)	2.026s	6	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.522s	2.007s	0.485s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.028s	0.318s	45	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.037s (-1.0%)	2.714s (-5.8% 🟢)	0.677s	34	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.068s (+4.9%)	2.685s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.617s	34	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.801s	3.041s	0.240s	30	1.84x
💻 Local	Express	3.017s (-1.0%)	3.548s (-2.8%)	0.531s	26	1.98x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.049s (+1.6%)	3.843s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.794s	24	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.280s	6.012s	0.732s	15	3.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.088s (-8.8% 🟢)	30.128s (-8.4% 🟢)	2.039s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	28.345s (+0.9%)	30.216s (~)	1.871s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.310s (+1.3%)	30.990s (+1.0%)	1.680s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.104s	3.880s	0.776s	31	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.408s	4.008s	0.600s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4.057s (-2.0%)	4.627s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.569s	26	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.160s (+2.1%)	4.970s (+3.3%)	0.810s	25	1.34x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.803s	9.089s	0.286s	14	2.84x
💻 Local	Express	9.165s (+2.5%)	9.788s (+4.1%)	0.623s	13	2.95x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.204s (~)	9.941s (~)	0.737s	13	2.97x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.595s	11.018s	0.423s	11	3.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	73.291s (-3.4%)	74.738s (-3.8%)	1.447s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	74.166s (+1.5%)	76.184s (+1.8%)	2.018s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.781s (-10.4% 🟢)	76.222s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.441s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.197s	1.007s	0.810s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+0.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.725s	60	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.290s (+1.3%)	1.007s (~)	0.716s	60	1.47x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s	1.004s	0.703s	60	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s	1.005s	0.430s	60	2.92x
💻 Local	Express	0.585s (-0.9%)	1.004s (~)	0.420s	60	2.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.598s (+0.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.407s	60	3.04x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s	3.883s	0.564s	16	16.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.366s (-24.0% 🟢)	2.751s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.385s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.534s (-19.6% 🟢)	3.003s (-15.6% 🟢)	1.469s	20	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.706s (+2.7%)	3.535s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.829s	17	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.415s	1.006s	0.591s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.483s (-3.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.523s	90	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.495s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.512s	90	1.19x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.157s	2.006s	0.849s	45	2.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.524s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.484s	30	6.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.546s (+4.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.463s	30	6.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.686s	3.043s	0.357s	30	6.48x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.397s	9.912s	0.516s	10	22.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.521s (-3.5%)	4.182s (-3.8%)	1.661s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.559s (+3.2%)	4.202s (+0.7%)	1.642s	22	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.565s (~)	5.108s (-0.7%)	1.543s	18	1.41x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.627s	1.007s	0.380s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.785s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.007s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.222s	120	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.797s (+1.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.210s	120	1.27x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.742s	3.032s	0.290s	40	4.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.092s (~)	11.758s (+0.8%)	0.666s	11	17.70x
💻 Local	Express	11.150s (+5.8% 🔺)	11.937s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.788s	11	17.79x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.152s	11.662s	0.510s	11	17.79x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.703s	20.353s	0.650s	6	31.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.805s (-4.1%)	8.609s (-2.5%)	1.805s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.920s (~)	8.575s (~)	1.655s	14	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.368s (+337.5% 🔺)	29.068s (+268.0% 🔺)	1.700s	7	4.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.151s	1.001s	0.001s	1.009s	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.184s	1.003s	0.013s	1.019s	0.835s	10	1.22x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.815s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	0.203s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+20.0% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.815s	10	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.205s (+1.3%)	0.998s (~)	0.001s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.804s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.206s (+1.0%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.814s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.206s (~)	0.999s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.805s	10	1.37x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.488s	0.967s	0.002s	1.009s	0.521s	10	3.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.453s (-16.2% 🟢)	2.517s (-22.6% 🟢)	0.917s (+165.0% 🔺)	3.909s (-2.9%)	2.456s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.581s (-33.6% 🟢)	2.712s (-28.6% 🟢)	0.696s (+88.3% 🔺)	3.844s (-17.3% 🟢)	2.262s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.590s (-0.9%)	3.158s (~)	0.256s (-18.4% 🟢)	3.883s (-1.8%)	2.293s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	1.002s	0.003s	1.011s	0.515s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.541s	1.007s	0.003s	1.021s	0.480s	59	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.620s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.004s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.401s	59	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.624s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.003s (-22.6% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.398s	59	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.740s (+1.4%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-0.7%)	1.024s (~)	0.284s	59	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.763s	1.011s	0.010s	1.117s	0.354s	54	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.826s (+7.2% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+1.6%)	1.117s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.291s	54	1.66x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.322s	1.955s	0.003s	2.013s	0.691s	30	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.868s (+2.1%)	5.214s (-1.3%)	0.441s (+14.9% 🔺)	6.112s (+0.6%)	2.244s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.950s (-6.9% 🟢)	5.414s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.214s (-44.6% 🟢)	6.065s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.998s	5.514s	0.254s	6.198s	2.199s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.907s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.114s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.911s	1.072s	0.000s	1.079s	0.168s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.943s (-2.8%)	1.149s (-1.9%)	0.000s (+145.2% 🔺)	1.162s (-2.9%)	0.219s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.945s (-1.2%)	1.122s (-2.4%)	0.000s (+60.5% 🔺)	1.147s (-1.3%)	0.202s	54	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.253s (+2.1%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.023s (~)	0.770s	30	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.265s (+1.4%)	2.023s (~)	0.000s (+125.0% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.760s	30	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.311s	2.019s	0.000s	2.022s	0.711s	30	1.45x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.347s	2.959s	0.000s	3.008s	0.661s	20	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.611s (~)	3.811s (+3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.224s (+2.5%)	1.613s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.815s (-90.9% 🟢)	4.120s (-87.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.542s (-86.1% 🟢)	1.727s	14	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (-14.3% 🟢)	4.033s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	4.509s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.652s	14	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.744s (-7.1% 🟢)	2.140s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.153s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.409s	28	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.756s	2.067s	0.000s	2.073s	0.317s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.758s (-1.6%)	2.067s (-3.4%)	0.000s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.091s (-2.8%)	0.333s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.071s	0.000s	2.104s	0.305s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.515s (-0.8%)	4.100s (+1.7%)	0.001s (+55.6% 🔺)	4.103s (+1.7%)	0.588s	15	2.02x
💻 Local	Express	3.555s (+4.2%)	4.098s (+1.6%)	0.000s (-75.0% 🟢)	4.102s (+1.6%)	0.547s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.962s	4.534s	0.000s	4.538s	0.576s	14	2.27x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.385s	4.957s	0.000s	5.010s	0.625s	12	2.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.548s (-14.0% 🟢)	4.966s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.002s (+1550.0% 🔺)	5.400s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.852s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.612s (-4.2%)	4.770s (-2.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.222s (-2.1%)	1.609s	12	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.716s (-7.5% 🟢)	5.041s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.467s (-6.4% 🟢)	1.752s	12	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	16/21
▲ Vercel	Express	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	17/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR exposes whether run-level encryption is enabled via a new features.encryption flag on WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()), so libraries can adjust how they handle sensitive data.

Changes:

• Extend WorkflowMetadata with features: { encryption: boolean }.
• Populate features.encryption in both workflow VM context and step execution context.
• Add/update E2E + unit tests and document the new field.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Includes features in returned workflow metadata payload for E2E validation.
packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts	Adds features.encryption to the exported WorkflowMetadata type.
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Populates features.encryption in the workflow VM global context.
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Populates features.encryption in step AsyncLocalStorage context.
packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts	Updates test fixtures to include new required metadata fields.
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Updates test fixture context to include features.
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Adds E2E assertions for features.encryption presence/type and step metadata exclusion.
docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx	Documents features.encryption with an example.
.changeset/features-encryption-metadata.md	Adds a changeset for releasing the new metadata field.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds a features object to WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()) with an encryption: boolean field indicating whether encryption is enabled for the current workflow run
• Allows library authors to detect encryption at runtime and conditionally handle sensitive data serialization
• Populated from the existing encryptionKey already threaded through both workflow VM and step contexts

Usage

import{getWorkflowMetadata}from"workflow"asyncfunctionprocessData(data: SensitiveData){"use step"const{ features }=getWorkflowMetadata()if(!features.encryption){data=redact(data)}returndata}

Changes

• packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts — Added features: { encryption: boolean } to WorkflowMetadata interface
• packages/core/src/workflow.ts — Populate features in workflow VM context
• packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts — Populate features in step context
• workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts + packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts — E2E coverage
• packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts, packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts — Updated test fixtures
• docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx — Documented the new field with example

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a952244

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Minor
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Minor
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Major

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	136	65	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3922	65	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (65 failed)

mongodb (4 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNQS6Q0B2BJ0BXJ4CMAFEWEW
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4STGECF59GYPBVHVSYZV
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4YC9AQE035K0AJ2RJ2QF
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS50N010BXHSMTFNAEH9VE
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS7970M3G29ZW4P4ZCW5N1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS5CQE2XTPD2HHC0EKPNRY
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS691WFKZ2Q1T9WGQ36T3Z
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6MRS4NHBFQ1VCV78BSYA
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6RNCCN4WGQGBV24XAAYV
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6TREXA1K0159CVG3FXJ3
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9GQADW4J6YGPHKC5Q07E
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9M5F1YCJD5K7YSXSANNK
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNQSD49T3THHTFW1TYE85CY2
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNQSEFPQ3CAXSNZY89NWYM6H
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNQSF3ZMSVTWH3V1M5PEDQKH
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNQSFCW2DK9WCPSVJC9CMR6S
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNQSFM1XGDNXCQD132JC01E0
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNQSFPA7C3XR14VBAW88BVBA
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNQSG66SB4DXNKA5RCDV23TV
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNQSGBX121XTYF6EX61J0D6G
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNQSGJKJ0M23YVAW3QFCYPBF
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNQSGSDEDSZQ69G4PBWNGSQE
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNQSH0DNVGHZCGD6GEF8C76M
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNQSH9Q6NFSP9H74GJ0ACVBE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSHKYQBWFAAR9K8FBJM3BG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNQSHYD0G7K1DFE59SPBB2WH
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNQSJ684GEDJWKFKQCNFJ6CX
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJD54B0B7B7F47B0CHBZB
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJPD4GVDW1KRX1CX7PAKF
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNQSK2FSXJN28VWE1F777W10
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNQSKQHK8EXMSBY4PDW853PR
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNQSM41RDX6CKFYBM105V3QB
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNQSMATYXGHGDR04STG0QTCE
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNQSMCYB1ECCF0WX40Q836NK
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSMKVRHBYFXTG16GAP9Y2D

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	4	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.050s	1.010s	0.960s	10	1.17x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s	1.005s	0.952s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.058s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.951s	10	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.38x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.113s	1.007s	0.895s	10	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.237s (+1.8%)	2.041s (-2.4%)	1.804s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.245s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.165s (-4.5%)	1.919s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.277s (+32.6% 🔺)	2.259s (+3.9%)	1.981s	10	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s	2.010s	0.895s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.130s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.144s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.148s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	10	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.323s	2.007s	0.685s	10	1.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.884s (-1.1%)	3.632s (-3.9%)	1.747s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.937s (+4.8%)	3.817s (+4.4%)	1.880s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.101s (+2.0%)	3.774s (-1.2%)	1.673s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.710s	11.020s	0.310s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.753s	11.022s	0.269s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.786s	11.025s	0.239s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.898s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.127s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.912s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.112s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.947s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.075s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.956s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.068s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.225s	13.018s	0.793s	3	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.855s (-11.4% 🟢)	18.921s (-9.8% 🟢)	2.065s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.919s (-1.7%)	19.052s (-1.9%)	2.132s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.098s (~)	19.030s (-3.6%)	1.933s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.075s	15.019s	0.944s	4	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.266s	15.030s	0.764s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.649s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.372s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.678s (+0.9%)	15.024s (~)	0.346s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.681s	15.030s	0.349s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.009s (+0.6%)	15.279s (+1.7%)	0.270s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.024s (+0.6%)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.507s	4	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.788s	18.025s	0.237s	4	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	30.805s (-6.6% 🟢)	32.985s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	30.865s (-3.7%)	32.541s (-2.5%)	1.676s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.549s (-6.8% 🟢)	33.476s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.927s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.121s	14.020s	0.899s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.512s	14.026s	0.514s	7	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.165s (~)	15.023s (~)	0.858s	6	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.244s (+0.8%)	15.021s (+1.9%)	0.777s	6	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.414s	17.033s	0.619s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.616s (+1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.413s	6	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.757s (+1.2%)	17.032s (~)	0.274s	6	1.28x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.369s	21.027s	0.658s	5	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	53.061s (-74.3% 🟢)	54.925s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.864s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	53.276s (-74.3% 🟢)	55.165s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.889s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.377s (-11.9% 🟢)	55.824s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.447s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.184s	2.008s	0.824s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.279s (-0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.731s	15	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.726s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.338s	2.006s	0.669s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.504s (-2.2%)	2.005s (~)	0.501s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.476s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	1.535s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.470s	15	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.199s	3.009s	0.809s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.080s (-24.3% 🟢)	3.782s (-15.2% 🟢)	1.702s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.143s (-17.8% 🟢)	3.848s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.705s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.364s (-3.8%)	3.956s (-12.7% 🟢)	1.592s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.336s (-1.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.673s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.337s (-0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.672s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s	3.010s	0.648s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.556s	3.008s	0.452s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.900s	3.344s	0.444s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.928s (~)	3.343s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.415s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	2.949s (+4.4%)	3.564s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.615s	9	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.963s	9.516s	0.552s	4	3.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.475s (-27.9% 🟢)	3.958s (-21.4% 🟢)	1.482s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.207s (-10.0% 🟢)	1.573s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.873s (+1.1%)	4.520s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.647s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.554s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.465s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.544s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.550s	4.011s	0.461s	8	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s	5.011s	0.876s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.187s	8.522s	0.334s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	8.296s (+8.9% 🔺)	9.019s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.723s	4	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.704s (+6.4% 🔺)	9.027s (~)	0.324s	4	2.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.675s	20.525s	0.849s	2	5.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.610s (-20.4% 🟢)	4.153s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.542s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.781s (-9.2% 🟢)	4.690s (-2.3%)	1.909s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.137s (+1.8%)	5.793s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.655s	6	1.58x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.180s	2.008s	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.256s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.752s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.278s (+1.0%)	2.007s (~)	0.730s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.340s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.504s	2.006s	0.502s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.552s (+1.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.454s	15	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.578s (+4.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.428s	15	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.407s	3.884s	0.477s	8	2.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.823s (-20.0% 🟢)	3.659s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.836s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.094s (-10.6% 🟢)	3.833s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.739s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.379s (+3.7%)	4.224s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.844s	8	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.311s (-1.8%)	3.011s (~)	0.700s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.331s (-1.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.679s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.346s	3.009s	0.663s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.571s	3.008s	0.436s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.000s	3.455s	0.454s	9	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	3.002s (+5.0%)	3.885s (+29.2% 🔺)	0.883s	8	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.090s (~)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.670s	8	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.645s	10.016s	0.371s	3	4.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.371s (-97.0% 🟢)	3.992s (-95.1% 🟢)	1.620s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.447s (-99.2% 🟢)	4.028s (-98.7% 🟢)	1.581s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.720s (-3.8%)	4.102s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.382s	8	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.448s (-0.8%)	4.009s (~)	0.561s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.460s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.525s	4.011s	0.486s	8	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.158s	5.011s	0.853s	6	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	8.614s (+7.4% 🔺)	9.276s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.662s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.373s (+4.5%)	10.028s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.655s	3	2.72x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.568s	10.025s	0.457s	3	2.77x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.576s	20.024s	0.447s	2	5.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-33.1% 🟢)	4.497s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.516s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.121s (+4.0%)	4.609s (-1.6%)	1.488s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.058s (+13.0% 🔺)	5.643s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.585s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.610s	1.006s	0.397s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.699s	1.004s	0.305s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.844s (+2.5%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.179s	59	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.850s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.156s	60	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.869s	1.039s	0.170s	58	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.992s (+0.8%)	1.331s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.339s	46	1.63x
💻 Local	Express	0.996s (-2.5%)	1.276s (-17.4% 🟢)	0.280s	48	1.63x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.128s	3.008s	0.880s	20	3.49x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.026s (-12.4% 🟢)	11.255s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.229s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.123s (-11.8% 🟢)	11.397s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.273s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.237s (+1.5%)	11.263s (+0.7%)	2.026s	6	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.522s	2.007s	0.485s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.028s	0.318s	45	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.037s (-1.0%)	2.714s (-5.8% 🟢)	0.677s	34	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.068s (+4.9%)	2.685s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.617s	34	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.801s	3.041s	0.240s	30	1.84x
💻 Local	Express	3.017s (-1.0%)	3.548s (-2.8%)	0.531s	26	1.98x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.049s (+1.6%)	3.843s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.794s	24	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.280s	6.012s	0.732s	15	3.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.088s (-8.8% 🟢)	30.128s (-8.4% 🟢)	2.039s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	28.345s (+0.9%)	30.216s (~)	1.871s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.310s (+1.3%)	30.990s (+1.0%)	1.680s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.104s	3.880s	0.776s	31	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.408s	4.008s	0.600s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4.057s (-2.0%)	4.627s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.569s	26	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.160s (+2.1%)	4.970s (+3.3%)	0.810s	25	1.34x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.803s	9.089s	0.286s	14	2.84x
💻 Local	Express	9.165s (+2.5%)	9.788s (+4.1%)	0.623s	13	2.95x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.204s (~)	9.941s (~)	0.737s	13	2.97x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.595s	11.018s	0.423s	11	3.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	73.291s (-3.4%)	74.738s (-3.8%)	1.447s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	74.166s (+1.5%)	76.184s (+1.8%)	2.018s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.781s (-10.4% 🟢)	76.222s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.441s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.197s	1.007s	0.810s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+0.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.725s	60	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.290s (+1.3%)	1.007s (~)	0.716s	60	1.47x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s	1.004s	0.703s	60	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s	1.005s	0.430s	60	2.92x
💻 Local	Express	0.585s (-0.9%)	1.004s (~)	0.420s	60	2.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.598s (+0.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.407s	60	3.04x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s	3.883s	0.564s	16	16.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.366s (-24.0% 🟢)	2.751s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.385s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.534s (-19.6% 🟢)	3.003s (-15.6% 🟢)	1.469s	20	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.706s (+2.7%)	3.535s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.829s	17	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.415s	1.006s	0.591s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.483s (-3.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.523s	90	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.495s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.512s	90	1.19x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.157s	2.006s	0.849s	45	2.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.524s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.484s	30	6.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.546s (+4.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.463s	30	6.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.686s	3.043s	0.357s	30	6.48x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.397s	9.912s	0.516s	10	22.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.521s (-3.5%)	4.182s (-3.8%)	1.661s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.559s (+3.2%)	4.202s (+0.7%)	1.642s	22	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.565s (~)	5.108s (-0.7%)	1.543s	18	1.41x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.627s	1.007s	0.380s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.785s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.007s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.222s	120	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.797s (+1.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.210s	120	1.27x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.742s	3.032s	0.290s	40	4.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.092s (~)	11.758s (+0.8%)	0.666s	11	17.70x
💻 Local	Express	11.150s (+5.8% 🔺)	11.937s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.788s	11	17.79x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.152s	11.662s	0.510s	11	17.79x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.703s	20.353s	0.650s	6	31.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.805s (-4.1%)	8.609s (-2.5%)	1.805s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.920s (~)	8.575s (~)	1.655s	14	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.368s (+337.5% 🔺)	29.068s (+268.0% 🔺)	1.700s	7	4.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.151s	1.001s	0.001s	1.009s	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.184s	1.003s	0.013s	1.019s	0.835s	10	1.22x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.815s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	0.203s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+20.0% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.815s	10	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.205s (+1.3%)	0.998s (~)	0.001s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.804s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.206s (+1.0%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.814s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.206s (~)	0.999s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.805s	10	1.37x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.488s	0.967s	0.002s	1.009s	0.521s	10	3.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.453s (-16.2% 🟢)	2.517s (-22.6% 🟢)	0.917s (+165.0% 🔺)	3.909s (-2.9%)	2.456s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.581s (-33.6% 🟢)	2.712s (-28.6% 🟢)	0.696s (+88.3% 🔺)	3.844s (-17.3% 🟢)	2.262s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.590s (-0.9%)	3.158s (~)	0.256s (-18.4% 🟢)	3.883s (-1.8%)	2.293s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	1.002s	0.003s	1.011s	0.515s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.541s	1.007s	0.003s	1.021s	0.480s	59	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.620s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.004s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.401s	59	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.624s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.003s (-22.6% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.398s	59	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.740s (+1.4%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-0.7%)	1.024s (~)	0.284s	59	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.763s	1.011s	0.010s	1.117s	0.354s	54	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.826s (+7.2% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+1.6%)	1.117s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.291s	54	1.66x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.322s	1.955s	0.003s	2.013s	0.691s	30	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.868s (+2.1%)	5.214s (-1.3%)	0.441s (+14.9% 🔺)	6.112s (+0.6%)	2.244s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.950s (-6.9% 🟢)	5.414s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.214s (-44.6% 🟢)	6.065s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.998s	5.514s	0.254s	6.198s	2.199s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.907s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.114s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.911s	1.072s	0.000s	1.079s	0.168s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.943s (-2.8%)	1.149s (-1.9%)	0.000s (+145.2% 🔺)	1.162s (-2.9%)	0.219s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.945s (-1.2%)	1.122s (-2.4%)	0.000s (+60.5% 🔺)	1.147s (-1.3%)	0.202s	54	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.253s (+2.1%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.023s (~)	0.770s	30	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.265s (+1.4%)	2.023s (~)	0.000s (+125.0% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.760s	30	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.311s	2.019s	0.000s	2.022s	0.711s	30	1.45x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.347s	2.959s	0.000s	3.008s	0.661s	20	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.611s (~)	3.811s (+3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.224s (+2.5%)	1.613s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.815s (-90.9% 🟢)	4.120s (-87.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.542s (-86.1% 🟢)	1.727s	14	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (-14.3% 🟢)	4.033s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	4.509s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.652s	14	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.744s (-7.1% 🟢)	2.140s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.153s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.409s	28	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.756s	2.067s	0.000s	2.073s	0.317s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.758s (-1.6%)	2.067s (-3.4%)	0.000s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.091s (-2.8%)	0.333s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.071s	0.000s	2.104s	0.305s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.515s (-0.8%)	4.100s (+1.7%)	0.001s (+55.6% 🔺)	4.103s (+1.7%)	0.588s	15	2.02x
💻 Local	Express	3.555s (+4.2%)	4.098s (+1.6%)	0.000s (-75.0% 🟢)	4.102s (+1.6%)	0.547s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.962s	4.534s	0.000s	4.538s	0.576s	14	2.27x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.385s	4.957s	0.000s	5.010s	0.625s	12	2.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.548s (-14.0% 🟢)	4.966s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.002s (+1550.0% 🔺)	5.400s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.852s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.612s (-4.2%)	4.770s (-2.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.222s (-2.1%)	1.609s	12	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.716s (-7.5% 🟢)	5.041s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.467s (-6.4% 🟢)	1.752s	12	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	16/21
▲ Vercel	Express	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	17/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR exposes whether run-level encryption is enabled via a new features.encryption flag on WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()), so libraries can adjust how they handle sensitive data.

Changes:

• Extend WorkflowMetadata with features: { encryption: boolean }.
• Populate features.encryption in both workflow VM context and step execution context.
• Add/update E2E + unit tests and document the new field.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Includes features in returned workflow metadata payload for E2E validation.
packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts	Adds features.encryption to the exported WorkflowMetadata type.
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Populates features.encryption in the workflow VM global context.
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Populates features.encryption in step AsyncLocalStorage context.
packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts	Updates test fixtures to include new required metadata fields.
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Updates test fixture context to include features.
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Adds E2E assertions for features.encryption presence/type and step metadata exclusion.
docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx	Documents features.encryption with an example.
.changeset/features-encryption-metadata.md	Adds a changeset for releasing the new metadata field.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds a features object to WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()) with an encryption: boolean field indicating whether encryption is enabled for the current workflow run
• Allows library authors to detect encryption at runtime and conditionally handle sensitive data serialization
• Populated from the existing encryptionKey already threaded through both workflow VM and step contexts

Usage

import{getWorkflowMetadata}from"workflow"asyncfunctionprocessData(data: SensitiveData){"use step"const{ features }=getWorkflowMetadata()if(!features.encryption){data=redact(data)}returndata}

Changes

• packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts — Added features: { encryption: boolean } to WorkflowMetadata interface
• packages/core/src/workflow.ts — Populate features in workflow VM context
• packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts — Populate features in step context
• workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts + packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts — E2E coverage
• packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts, packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts — Updated test fixtures
• docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx — Documented the new field with example

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a952244

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Minor
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Minor
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Major

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	136	65	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3922	65	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (65 failed)

mongodb (4 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNQS6Q0B2BJ0BXJ4CMAFEWEW
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4STGECF59GYPBVHVSYZV
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4YC9AQE035K0AJ2RJ2QF
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS50N010BXHSMTFNAEH9VE
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS7970M3G29ZW4P4ZCW5N1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS5CQE2XTPD2HHC0EKPNRY
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS691WFKZ2Q1T9WGQ36T3Z
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6MRS4NHBFQ1VCV78BSYA
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6RNCCN4WGQGBV24XAAYV
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6TREXA1K0159CVG3FXJ3
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9GQADW4J6YGPHKC5Q07E
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9M5F1YCJD5K7YSXSANNK
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNQSD49T3THHTFW1TYE85CY2
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNQSEFPQ3CAXSNZY89NWYM6H
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNQSF3ZMSVTWH3V1M5PEDQKH
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNQSFCW2DK9WCPSVJC9CMR6S
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNQSFM1XGDNXCQD132JC01E0
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNQSFPA7C3XR14VBAW88BVBA
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNQSG66SB4DXNKA5RCDV23TV
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNQSGBX121XTYF6EX61J0D6G
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNQSGJKJ0M23YVAW3QFCYPBF
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNQSGSDEDSZQ69G4PBWNGSQE
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNQSH0DNVGHZCGD6GEF8C76M
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNQSH9Q6NFSP9H74GJ0ACVBE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSHKYQBWFAAR9K8FBJM3BG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNQSHYD0G7K1DFE59SPBB2WH
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNQSJ684GEDJWKFKQCNFJ6CX
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJD54B0B7B7F47B0CHBZB
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJPD4GVDW1KRX1CX7PAKF
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNQSK2FSXJN28VWE1F777W10
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNQSKQHK8EXMSBY4PDW853PR
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNQSM41RDX6CKFYBM105V3QB
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNQSMATYXGHGDR04STG0QTCE
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNQSMCYB1ECCF0WX40Q836NK
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSMKVRHBYFXTG16GAP9Y2D

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	4	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.050s	1.010s	0.960s	10	1.17x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s	1.005s	0.952s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.058s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.951s	10	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.38x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.113s	1.007s	0.895s	10	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.237s (+1.8%)	2.041s (-2.4%)	1.804s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.245s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.165s (-4.5%)	1.919s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.277s (+32.6% 🔺)	2.259s (+3.9%)	1.981s	10	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s	2.010s	0.895s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.130s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.144s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.148s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	10	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.323s	2.007s	0.685s	10	1.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.884s (-1.1%)	3.632s (-3.9%)	1.747s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.937s (+4.8%)	3.817s (+4.4%)	1.880s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.101s (+2.0%)	3.774s (-1.2%)	1.673s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.710s	11.020s	0.310s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.753s	11.022s	0.269s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.786s	11.025s	0.239s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.898s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.127s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.912s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.112s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.947s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.075s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.956s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.068s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.225s	13.018s	0.793s	3	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.855s (-11.4% 🟢)	18.921s (-9.8% 🟢)	2.065s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.919s (-1.7%)	19.052s (-1.9%)	2.132s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.098s (~)	19.030s (-3.6%)	1.933s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.075s	15.019s	0.944s	4	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.266s	15.030s	0.764s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.649s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.372s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.678s (+0.9%)	15.024s (~)	0.346s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.681s	15.030s	0.349s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.009s (+0.6%)	15.279s (+1.7%)	0.270s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.024s (+0.6%)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.507s	4	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.788s	18.025s	0.237s	4	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	30.805s (-6.6% 🟢)	32.985s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	30.865s (-3.7%)	32.541s (-2.5%)	1.676s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.549s (-6.8% 🟢)	33.476s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.927s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.121s	14.020s	0.899s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.512s	14.026s	0.514s	7	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.165s (~)	15.023s (~)	0.858s	6	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.244s (+0.8%)	15.021s (+1.9%)	0.777s	6	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.414s	17.033s	0.619s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.616s (+1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.413s	6	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.757s (+1.2%)	17.032s (~)	0.274s	6	1.28x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.369s	21.027s	0.658s	5	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	53.061s (-74.3% 🟢)	54.925s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.864s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	53.276s (-74.3% 🟢)	55.165s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.889s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.377s (-11.9% 🟢)	55.824s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.447s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.184s	2.008s	0.824s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.279s (-0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.731s	15	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.726s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.338s	2.006s	0.669s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.504s (-2.2%)	2.005s (~)	0.501s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.476s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	1.535s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.470s	15	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.199s	3.009s	0.809s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.080s (-24.3% 🟢)	3.782s (-15.2% 🟢)	1.702s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.143s (-17.8% 🟢)	3.848s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.705s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.364s (-3.8%)	3.956s (-12.7% 🟢)	1.592s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.336s (-1.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.673s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.337s (-0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.672s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s	3.010s	0.648s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.556s	3.008s	0.452s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.900s	3.344s	0.444s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.928s (~)	3.343s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.415s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	2.949s (+4.4%)	3.564s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.615s	9	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.963s	9.516s	0.552s	4	3.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.475s (-27.9% 🟢)	3.958s (-21.4% 🟢)	1.482s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.207s (-10.0% 🟢)	1.573s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.873s (+1.1%)	4.520s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.647s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.554s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.465s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.544s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.550s	4.011s	0.461s	8	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s	5.011s	0.876s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.187s	8.522s	0.334s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	8.296s (+8.9% 🔺)	9.019s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.723s	4	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.704s (+6.4% 🔺)	9.027s (~)	0.324s	4	2.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.675s	20.525s	0.849s	2	5.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.610s (-20.4% 🟢)	4.153s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.542s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.781s (-9.2% 🟢)	4.690s (-2.3%)	1.909s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.137s (+1.8%)	5.793s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.655s	6	1.58x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.180s	2.008s	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.256s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.752s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.278s (+1.0%)	2.007s (~)	0.730s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.340s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.504s	2.006s	0.502s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.552s (+1.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.454s	15	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.578s (+4.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.428s	15	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.407s	3.884s	0.477s	8	2.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.823s (-20.0% 🟢)	3.659s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.836s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.094s (-10.6% 🟢)	3.833s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.739s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.379s (+3.7%)	4.224s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.844s	8	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.311s (-1.8%)	3.011s (~)	0.700s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.331s (-1.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.679s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.346s	3.009s	0.663s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.571s	3.008s	0.436s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.000s	3.455s	0.454s	9	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	3.002s (+5.0%)	3.885s (+29.2% 🔺)	0.883s	8	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.090s (~)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.670s	8	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.645s	10.016s	0.371s	3	4.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.371s (-97.0% 🟢)	3.992s (-95.1% 🟢)	1.620s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.447s (-99.2% 🟢)	4.028s (-98.7% 🟢)	1.581s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.720s (-3.8%)	4.102s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.382s	8	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.448s (-0.8%)	4.009s (~)	0.561s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.460s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.525s	4.011s	0.486s	8	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.158s	5.011s	0.853s	6	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	8.614s (+7.4% 🔺)	9.276s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.662s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.373s (+4.5%)	10.028s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.655s	3	2.72x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.568s	10.025s	0.457s	3	2.77x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.576s	20.024s	0.447s	2	5.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-33.1% 🟢)	4.497s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.516s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.121s (+4.0%)	4.609s (-1.6%)	1.488s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.058s (+13.0% 🔺)	5.643s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.585s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.610s	1.006s	0.397s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.699s	1.004s	0.305s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.844s (+2.5%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.179s	59	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.850s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.156s	60	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.869s	1.039s	0.170s	58	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.992s (+0.8%)	1.331s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.339s	46	1.63x
💻 Local	Express	0.996s (-2.5%)	1.276s (-17.4% 🟢)	0.280s	48	1.63x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.128s	3.008s	0.880s	20	3.49x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.026s (-12.4% 🟢)	11.255s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.229s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.123s (-11.8% 🟢)	11.397s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.273s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.237s (+1.5%)	11.263s (+0.7%)	2.026s	6	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.522s	2.007s	0.485s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.028s	0.318s	45	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.037s (-1.0%)	2.714s (-5.8% 🟢)	0.677s	34	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.068s (+4.9%)	2.685s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.617s	34	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.801s	3.041s	0.240s	30	1.84x
💻 Local	Express	3.017s (-1.0%)	3.548s (-2.8%)	0.531s	26	1.98x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.049s (+1.6%)	3.843s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.794s	24	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.280s	6.012s	0.732s	15	3.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.088s (-8.8% 🟢)	30.128s (-8.4% 🟢)	2.039s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	28.345s (+0.9%)	30.216s (~)	1.871s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.310s (+1.3%)	30.990s (+1.0%)	1.680s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.104s	3.880s	0.776s	31	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.408s	4.008s	0.600s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4.057s (-2.0%)	4.627s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.569s	26	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.160s (+2.1%)	4.970s (+3.3%)	0.810s	25	1.34x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.803s	9.089s	0.286s	14	2.84x
💻 Local	Express	9.165s (+2.5%)	9.788s (+4.1%)	0.623s	13	2.95x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.204s (~)	9.941s (~)	0.737s	13	2.97x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.595s	11.018s	0.423s	11	3.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	73.291s (-3.4%)	74.738s (-3.8%)	1.447s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	74.166s (+1.5%)	76.184s (+1.8%)	2.018s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.781s (-10.4% 🟢)	76.222s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.441s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.197s	1.007s	0.810s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+0.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.725s	60	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.290s (+1.3%)	1.007s (~)	0.716s	60	1.47x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s	1.004s	0.703s	60	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s	1.005s	0.430s	60	2.92x
💻 Local	Express	0.585s (-0.9%)	1.004s (~)	0.420s	60	2.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.598s (+0.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.407s	60	3.04x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s	3.883s	0.564s	16	16.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.366s (-24.0% 🟢)	2.751s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.385s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.534s (-19.6% 🟢)	3.003s (-15.6% 🟢)	1.469s	20	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.706s (+2.7%)	3.535s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.829s	17	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.415s	1.006s	0.591s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.483s (-3.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.523s	90	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.495s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.512s	90	1.19x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.157s	2.006s	0.849s	45	2.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.524s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.484s	30	6.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.546s (+4.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.463s	30	6.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.686s	3.043s	0.357s	30	6.48x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.397s	9.912s	0.516s	10	22.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.521s (-3.5%)	4.182s (-3.8%)	1.661s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.559s (+3.2%)	4.202s (+0.7%)	1.642s	22	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.565s (~)	5.108s (-0.7%)	1.543s	18	1.41x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.627s	1.007s	0.380s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.785s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.007s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.222s	120	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.797s (+1.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.210s	120	1.27x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.742s	3.032s	0.290s	40	4.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.092s (~)	11.758s (+0.8%)	0.666s	11	17.70x
💻 Local	Express	11.150s (+5.8% 🔺)	11.937s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.788s	11	17.79x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.152s	11.662s	0.510s	11	17.79x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.703s	20.353s	0.650s	6	31.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.805s (-4.1%)	8.609s (-2.5%)	1.805s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.920s (~)	8.575s (~)	1.655s	14	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.368s (+337.5% 🔺)	29.068s (+268.0% 🔺)	1.700s	7	4.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.151s	1.001s	0.001s	1.009s	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.184s	1.003s	0.013s	1.019s	0.835s	10	1.22x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.815s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	0.203s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+20.0% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.815s	10	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.205s (+1.3%)	0.998s (~)	0.001s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.804s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.206s (+1.0%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.814s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.206s (~)	0.999s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.805s	10	1.37x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.488s	0.967s	0.002s	1.009s	0.521s	10	3.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.453s (-16.2% 🟢)	2.517s (-22.6% 🟢)	0.917s (+165.0% 🔺)	3.909s (-2.9%)	2.456s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.581s (-33.6% 🟢)	2.712s (-28.6% 🟢)	0.696s (+88.3% 🔺)	3.844s (-17.3% 🟢)	2.262s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.590s (-0.9%)	3.158s (~)	0.256s (-18.4% 🟢)	3.883s (-1.8%)	2.293s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	1.002s	0.003s	1.011s	0.515s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.541s	1.007s	0.003s	1.021s	0.480s	59	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.620s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.004s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.401s	59	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.624s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.003s (-22.6% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.398s	59	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.740s (+1.4%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-0.7%)	1.024s (~)	0.284s	59	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.763s	1.011s	0.010s	1.117s	0.354s	54	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.826s (+7.2% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+1.6%)	1.117s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.291s	54	1.66x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.322s	1.955s	0.003s	2.013s	0.691s	30	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.868s (+2.1%)	5.214s (-1.3%)	0.441s (+14.9% 🔺)	6.112s (+0.6%)	2.244s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.950s (-6.9% 🟢)	5.414s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.214s (-44.6% 🟢)	6.065s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.998s	5.514s	0.254s	6.198s	2.199s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.907s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.114s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.911s	1.072s	0.000s	1.079s	0.168s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.943s (-2.8%)	1.149s (-1.9%)	0.000s (+145.2% 🔺)	1.162s (-2.9%)	0.219s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.945s (-1.2%)	1.122s (-2.4%)	0.000s (+60.5% 🔺)	1.147s (-1.3%)	0.202s	54	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.253s (+2.1%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.023s (~)	0.770s	30	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.265s (+1.4%)	2.023s (~)	0.000s (+125.0% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.760s	30	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.311s	2.019s	0.000s	2.022s	0.711s	30	1.45x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.347s	2.959s	0.000s	3.008s	0.661s	20	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.611s (~)	3.811s (+3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.224s (+2.5%)	1.613s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.815s (-90.9% 🟢)	4.120s (-87.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.542s (-86.1% 🟢)	1.727s	14	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (-14.3% 🟢)	4.033s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	4.509s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.652s	14	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.744s (-7.1% 🟢)	2.140s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.153s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.409s	28	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.756s	2.067s	0.000s	2.073s	0.317s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.758s (-1.6%)	2.067s (-3.4%)	0.000s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.091s (-2.8%)	0.333s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.071s	0.000s	2.104s	0.305s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.515s (-0.8%)	4.100s (+1.7%)	0.001s (+55.6% 🔺)	4.103s (+1.7%)	0.588s	15	2.02x
💻 Local	Express	3.555s (+4.2%)	4.098s (+1.6%)	0.000s (-75.0% 🟢)	4.102s (+1.6%)	0.547s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.962s	4.534s	0.000s	4.538s	0.576s	14	2.27x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.385s	4.957s	0.000s	5.010s	0.625s	12	2.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.548s (-14.0% 🟢)	4.966s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.002s (+1550.0% 🔺)	5.400s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.852s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.612s (-4.2%)	4.770s (-2.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.222s (-2.1%)	1.609s	12	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.716s (-7.5% 🟢)	5.041s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.467s (-6.4% 🟢)	1.752s	12	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	16/21
▲ Vercel	Express	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	17/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR exposes whether run-level encryption is enabled via a new features.encryption flag on WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()), so libraries can adjust how they handle sensitive data.

Changes:

• Extend WorkflowMetadata with features: { encryption: boolean }.
• Populate features.encryption in both workflow VM context and step execution context.
• Add/update E2E + unit tests and document the new field.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Includes features in returned workflow metadata payload for E2E validation.
packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts	Adds features.encryption to the exported WorkflowMetadata type.
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Populates features.encryption in the workflow VM global context.
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Populates features.encryption in step AsyncLocalStorage context.
packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts	Updates test fixtures to include new required metadata fields.
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Updates test fixture context to include features.
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Adds E2E assertions for features.encryption presence/type and step metadata exclusion.
docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx	Documents features.encryption with an example.
.changeset/features-encryption-metadata.md	Adds a changeset for releasing the new metadata field.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds a features object to WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()) with an encryption: boolean field indicating whether encryption is enabled for the current workflow run
• Allows library authors to detect encryption at runtime and conditionally handle sensitive data serialization
• Populated from the existing encryptionKey already threaded through both workflow VM and step contexts

Usage

import{getWorkflowMetadata}from"workflow"asyncfunctionprocessData(data: SensitiveData){"use step"const{ features }=getWorkflowMetadata()if(!features.encryption){data=redact(data)}returndata}

Changes

• packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts — Added features: { encryption: boolean } to WorkflowMetadata interface
• packages/core/src/workflow.ts — Populate features in workflow VM context
• packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts — Populate features in step context
• workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts + packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts — E2E coverage
• packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts, packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts — Updated test fixtures
• docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx — Documented the new field with example

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
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[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a952244

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Minor
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Minor
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Major

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	136	65	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3922	65	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (65 failed)

mongodb (4 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNQS6Q0B2BJ0BXJ4CMAFEWEW
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4STGECF59GYPBVHVSYZV
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4YC9AQE035K0AJ2RJ2QF
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS50N010BXHSMTFNAEH9VE
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS7970M3G29ZW4P4ZCW5N1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS5CQE2XTPD2HHC0EKPNRY
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS691WFKZ2Q1T9WGQ36T3Z
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6MRS4NHBFQ1VCV78BSYA
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6RNCCN4WGQGBV24XAAYV
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6TREXA1K0159CVG3FXJ3
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9GQADW4J6YGPHKC5Q07E
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9M5F1YCJD5K7YSXSANNK
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNQSD49T3THHTFW1TYE85CY2
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNQSEFPQ3CAXSNZY89NWYM6H
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNQSF3ZMSVTWH3V1M5PEDQKH
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNQSFCW2DK9WCPSVJC9CMR6S
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNQSFM1XGDNXCQD132JC01E0
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNQSFPA7C3XR14VBAW88BVBA
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNQSG66SB4DXNKA5RCDV23TV
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNQSGBX121XTYF6EX61J0D6G
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNQSGJKJ0M23YVAW3QFCYPBF
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNQSGSDEDSZQ69G4PBWNGSQE
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNQSH0DNVGHZCGD6GEF8C76M
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNQSH9Q6NFSP9H74GJ0ACVBE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSHKYQBWFAAR9K8FBJM3BG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNQSHYD0G7K1DFE59SPBB2WH
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNQSJ684GEDJWKFKQCNFJ6CX
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJD54B0B7B7F47B0CHBZB
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJPD4GVDW1KRX1CX7PAKF
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNQSK2FSXJN28VWE1F777W10
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNQSKQHK8EXMSBY4PDW853PR
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNQSM41RDX6CKFYBM105V3QB
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNQSMATYXGHGDR04STG0QTCE
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNQSMCYB1ECCF0WX40Q836NK
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSMKVRHBYFXTG16GAP9Y2D

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	4	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.050s	1.010s	0.960s	10	1.17x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s	1.005s	0.952s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.058s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.951s	10	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.38x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.113s	1.007s	0.895s	10	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.237s (+1.8%)	2.041s (-2.4%)	1.804s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.245s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.165s (-4.5%)	1.919s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.277s (+32.6% 🔺)	2.259s (+3.9%)	1.981s	10	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s	2.010s	0.895s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.130s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.144s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.148s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	10	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.323s	2.007s	0.685s	10	1.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.884s (-1.1%)	3.632s (-3.9%)	1.747s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.937s (+4.8%)	3.817s (+4.4%)	1.880s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.101s (+2.0%)	3.774s (-1.2%)	1.673s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.710s	11.020s	0.310s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.753s	11.022s	0.269s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.786s	11.025s	0.239s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.898s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.127s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.912s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.112s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.947s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.075s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.956s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.068s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.225s	13.018s	0.793s	3	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.855s (-11.4% 🟢)	18.921s (-9.8% 🟢)	2.065s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.919s (-1.7%)	19.052s (-1.9%)	2.132s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.098s (~)	19.030s (-3.6%)	1.933s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.075s	15.019s	0.944s	4	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.266s	15.030s	0.764s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.649s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.372s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.678s (+0.9%)	15.024s (~)	0.346s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.681s	15.030s	0.349s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.009s (+0.6%)	15.279s (+1.7%)	0.270s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.024s (+0.6%)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.507s	4	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.788s	18.025s	0.237s	4	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	30.805s (-6.6% 🟢)	32.985s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	30.865s (-3.7%)	32.541s (-2.5%)	1.676s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.549s (-6.8% 🟢)	33.476s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.927s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.121s	14.020s	0.899s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.512s	14.026s	0.514s	7	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.165s (~)	15.023s (~)	0.858s	6	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.244s (+0.8%)	15.021s (+1.9%)	0.777s	6	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.414s	17.033s	0.619s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.616s (+1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.413s	6	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.757s (+1.2%)	17.032s (~)	0.274s	6	1.28x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.369s	21.027s	0.658s	5	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	53.061s (-74.3% 🟢)	54.925s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.864s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	53.276s (-74.3% 🟢)	55.165s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.889s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.377s (-11.9% 🟢)	55.824s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.447s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.184s	2.008s	0.824s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.279s (-0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.731s	15	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.726s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.338s	2.006s	0.669s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.504s (-2.2%)	2.005s (~)	0.501s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.476s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	1.535s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.470s	15	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.199s	3.009s	0.809s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.080s (-24.3% 🟢)	3.782s (-15.2% 🟢)	1.702s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.143s (-17.8% 🟢)	3.848s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.705s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.364s (-3.8%)	3.956s (-12.7% 🟢)	1.592s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.336s (-1.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.673s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.337s (-0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.672s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s	3.010s	0.648s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.556s	3.008s	0.452s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.900s	3.344s	0.444s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.928s (~)	3.343s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.415s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	2.949s (+4.4%)	3.564s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.615s	9	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.963s	9.516s	0.552s	4	3.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.475s (-27.9% 🟢)	3.958s (-21.4% 🟢)	1.482s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.207s (-10.0% 🟢)	1.573s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.873s (+1.1%)	4.520s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.647s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.554s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.465s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.544s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.550s	4.011s	0.461s	8	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s	5.011s	0.876s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.187s	8.522s	0.334s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	8.296s (+8.9% 🔺)	9.019s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.723s	4	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.704s (+6.4% 🔺)	9.027s (~)	0.324s	4	2.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.675s	20.525s	0.849s	2	5.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.610s (-20.4% 🟢)	4.153s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.542s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.781s (-9.2% 🟢)	4.690s (-2.3%)	1.909s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.137s (+1.8%)	5.793s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.655s	6	1.58x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.180s	2.008s	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.256s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.752s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.278s (+1.0%)	2.007s (~)	0.730s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.340s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.504s	2.006s	0.502s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.552s (+1.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.454s	15	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.578s (+4.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.428s	15	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.407s	3.884s	0.477s	8	2.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.823s (-20.0% 🟢)	3.659s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.836s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.094s (-10.6% 🟢)	3.833s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.739s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.379s (+3.7%)	4.224s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.844s	8	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.311s (-1.8%)	3.011s (~)	0.700s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.331s (-1.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.679s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.346s	3.009s	0.663s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.571s	3.008s	0.436s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.000s	3.455s	0.454s	9	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	3.002s (+5.0%)	3.885s (+29.2% 🔺)	0.883s	8	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.090s (~)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.670s	8	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.645s	10.016s	0.371s	3	4.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.371s (-97.0% 🟢)	3.992s (-95.1% 🟢)	1.620s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.447s (-99.2% 🟢)	4.028s (-98.7% 🟢)	1.581s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.720s (-3.8%)	4.102s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.382s	8	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.448s (-0.8%)	4.009s (~)	0.561s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.460s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.525s	4.011s	0.486s	8	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.158s	5.011s	0.853s	6	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	8.614s (+7.4% 🔺)	9.276s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.662s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.373s (+4.5%)	10.028s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.655s	3	2.72x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.568s	10.025s	0.457s	3	2.77x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.576s	20.024s	0.447s	2	5.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-33.1% 🟢)	4.497s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.516s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.121s (+4.0%)	4.609s (-1.6%)	1.488s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.058s (+13.0% 🔺)	5.643s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.585s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.610s	1.006s	0.397s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.699s	1.004s	0.305s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.844s (+2.5%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.179s	59	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.850s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.156s	60	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.869s	1.039s	0.170s	58	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.992s (+0.8%)	1.331s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.339s	46	1.63x
💻 Local	Express	0.996s (-2.5%)	1.276s (-17.4% 🟢)	0.280s	48	1.63x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.128s	3.008s	0.880s	20	3.49x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.026s (-12.4% 🟢)	11.255s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.229s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.123s (-11.8% 🟢)	11.397s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.273s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.237s (+1.5%)	11.263s (+0.7%)	2.026s	6	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.522s	2.007s	0.485s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.028s	0.318s	45	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.037s (-1.0%)	2.714s (-5.8% 🟢)	0.677s	34	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.068s (+4.9%)	2.685s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.617s	34	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.801s	3.041s	0.240s	30	1.84x
💻 Local	Express	3.017s (-1.0%)	3.548s (-2.8%)	0.531s	26	1.98x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.049s (+1.6%)	3.843s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.794s	24	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.280s	6.012s	0.732s	15	3.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.088s (-8.8% 🟢)	30.128s (-8.4% 🟢)	2.039s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	28.345s (+0.9%)	30.216s (~)	1.871s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.310s (+1.3%)	30.990s (+1.0%)	1.680s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.104s	3.880s	0.776s	31	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.408s	4.008s	0.600s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4.057s (-2.0%)	4.627s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.569s	26	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.160s (+2.1%)	4.970s (+3.3%)	0.810s	25	1.34x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.803s	9.089s	0.286s	14	2.84x
💻 Local	Express	9.165s (+2.5%)	9.788s (+4.1%)	0.623s	13	2.95x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.204s (~)	9.941s (~)	0.737s	13	2.97x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.595s	11.018s	0.423s	11	3.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	73.291s (-3.4%)	74.738s (-3.8%)	1.447s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	74.166s (+1.5%)	76.184s (+1.8%)	2.018s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.781s (-10.4% 🟢)	76.222s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.441s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.197s	1.007s	0.810s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+0.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.725s	60	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.290s (+1.3%)	1.007s (~)	0.716s	60	1.47x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s	1.004s	0.703s	60	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s	1.005s	0.430s	60	2.92x
💻 Local	Express	0.585s (-0.9%)	1.004s (~)	0.420s	60	2.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.598s (+0.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.407s	60	3.04x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s	3.883s	0.564s	16	16.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.366s (-24.0% 🟢)	2.751s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.385s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.534s (-19.6% 🟢)	3.003s (-15.6% 🟢)	1.469s	20	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.706s (+2.7%)	3.535s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.829s	17	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.415s	1.006s	0.591s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.483s (-3.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.523s	90	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.495s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.512s	90	1.19x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.157s	2.006s	0.849s	45	2.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.524s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.484s	30	6.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.546s (+4.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.463s	30	6.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.686s	3.043s	0.357s	30	6.48x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.397s	9.912s	0.516s	10	22.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.521s (-3.5%)	4.182s (-3.8%)	1.661s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.559s (+3.2%)	4.202s (+0.7%)	1.642s	22	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.565s (~)	5.108s (-0.7%)	1.543s	18	1.41x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.627s	1.007s	0.380s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.785s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.007s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.222s	120	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.797s (+1.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.210s	120	1.27x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.742s	3.032s	0.290s	40	4.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.092s (~)	11.758s (+0.8%)	0.666s	11	17.70x
💻 Local	Express	11.150s (+5.8% 🔺)	11.937s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.788s	11	17.79x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.152s	11.662s	0.510s	11	17.79x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.703s	20.353s	0.650s	6	31.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.805s (-4.1%)	8.609s (-2.5%)	1.805s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.920s (~)	8.575s (~)	1.655s	14	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.368s (+337.5% 🔺)	29.068s (+268.0% 🔺)	1.700s	7	4.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.151s	1.001s	0.001s	1.009s	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.184s	1.003s	0.013s	1.019s	0.835s	10	1.22x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.815s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	0.203s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+20.0% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.815s	10	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.205s (+1.3%)	0.998s (~)	0.001s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.804s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.206s (+1.0%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.814s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.206s (~)	0.999s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.805s	10	1.37x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.488s	0.967s	0.002s	1.009s	0.521s	10	3.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.453s (-16.2% 🟢)	2.517s (-22.6% 🟢)	0.917s (+165.0% 🔺)	3.909s (-2.9%)	2.456s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.581s (-33.6% 🟢)	2.712s (-28.6% 🟢)	0.696s (+88.3% 🔺)	3.844s (-17.3% 🟢)	2.262s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.590s (-0.9%)	3.158s (~)	0.256s (-18.4% 🟢)	3.883s (-1.8%)	2.293s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	1.002s	0.003s	1.011s	0.515s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.541s	1.007s	0.003s	1.021s	0.480s	59	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.620s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.004s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.401s	59	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.624s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.003s (-22.6% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.398s	59	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.740s (+1.4%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-0.7%)	1.024s (~)	0.284s	59	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.763s	1.011s	0.010s	1.117s	0.354s	54	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.826s (+7.2% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+1.6%)	1.117s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.291s	54	1.66x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.322s	1.955s	0.003s	2.013s	0.691s	30	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.868s (+2.1%)	5.214s (-1.3%)	0.441s (+14.9% 🔺)	6.112s (+0.6%)	2.244s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.950s (-6.9% 🟢)	5.414s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.214s (-44.6% 🟢)	6.065s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.998s	5.514s	0.254s	6.198s	2.199s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.907s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.114s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.911s	1.072s	0.000s	1.079s	0.168s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.943s (-2.8%)	1.149s (-1.9%)	0.000s (+145.2% 🔺)	1.162s (-2.9%)	0.219s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.945s (-1.2%)	1.122s (-2.4%)	0.000s (+60.5% 🔺)	1.147s (-1.3%)	0.202s	54	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.253s (+2.1%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.023s (~)	0.770s	30	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.265s (+1.4%)	2.023s (~)	0.000s (+125.0% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.760s	30	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.311s	2.019s	0.000s	2.022s	0.711s	30	1.45x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.347s	2.959s	0.000s	3.008s	0.661s	20	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.611s (~)	3.811s (+3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.224s (+2.5%)	1.613s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.815s (-90.9% 🟢)	4.120s (-87.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.542s (-86.1% 🟢)	1.727s	14	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (-14.3% 🟢)	4.033s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	4.509s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.652s	14	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.744s (-7.1% 🟢)	2.140s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.153s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.409s	28	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.756s	2.067s	0.000s	2.073s	0.317s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.758s (-1.6%)	2.067s (-3.4%)	0.000s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.091s (-2.8%)	0.333s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.071s	0.000s	2.104s	0.305s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.515s (-0.8%)	4.100s (+1.7%)	0.001s (+55.6% 🔺)	4.103s (+1.7%)	0.588s	15	2.02x
💻 Local	Express	3.555s (+4.2%)	4.098s (+1.6%)	0.000s (-75.0% 🟢)	4.102s (+1.6%)	0.547s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.962s	4.534s	0.000s	4.538s	0.576s	14	2.27x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.385s	4.957s	0.000s	5.010s	0.625s	12	2.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.548s (-14.0% 🟢)	4.966s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.002s (+1550.0% 🔺)	5.400s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.852s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.612s (-4.2%)	4.770s (-2.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.222s (-2.1%)	1.609s	12	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.716s (-7.5% 🟢)	5.041s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.467s (-6.4% 🟢)	1.752s	12	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	16/21
▲ Vercel	Express	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	17/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR exposes whether run-level encryption is enabled via a new features.encryption flag on WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()), so libraries can adjust how they handle sensitive data.

Changes:

• Extend WorkflowMetadata with features: { encryption: boolean }.
• Populate features.encryption in both workflow VM context and step execution context.
• Add/update E2E + unit tests and document the new field.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Includes features in returned workflow metadata payload for E2E validation.
packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts	Adds features.encryption to the exported WorkflowMetadata type.
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Populates features.encryption in the workflow VM global context.
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Populates features.encryption in step AsyncLocalStorage context.
packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts	Updates test fixtures to include new required metadata fields.
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Updates test fixture context to include features.
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Adds E2E assertions for features.encryption presence/type and step metadata exclusion.
docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx	Documents features.encryption with an example.
.changeset/features-encryption-metadata.md	Adds a changeset for releasing the new metadata field.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds a features object to WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()) with an encryption: boolean field indicating whether encryption is enabled for the current workflow run
• Allows library authors to detect encryption at runtime and conditionally handle sensitive data serialization
• Populated from the existing encryptionKey already threaded through both workflow VM and step contexts

Usage

import{getWorkflowMetadata}from"workflow"asyncfunctionprocessData(data: SensitiveData){"use step"const{ features }=getWorkflowMetadata()if(!features.encryption){data=redact(data)}returndata}

Changes

• packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts — Added features: { encryption: boolean } to WorkflowMetadata interface
• packages/core/src/workflow.ts — Populate features in workflow VM context
• packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts — Populate features in step context
• workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts + packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts — E2E coverage
• packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts, packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts — Updated test fixtures
• docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx — Documented the new field with example

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a952244

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Minor
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Minor
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Major

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	136	65	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3922	65	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (65 failed)

mongodb (4 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNQS6Q0B2BJ0BXJ4CMAFEWEW
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4STGECF59GYPBVHVSYZV
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4YC9AQE035K0AJ2RJ2QF
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS50N010BXHSMTFNAEH9VE
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS7970M3G29ZW4P4ZCW5N1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS5CQE2XTPD2HHC0EKPNRY
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS691WFKZ2Q1T9WGQ36T3Z
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6MRS4NHBFQ1VCV78BSYA
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6RNCCN4WGQGBV24XAAYV
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6TREXA1K0159CVG3FXJ3
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9GQADW4J6YGPHKC5Q07E
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9M5F1YCJD5K7YSXSANNK
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNQSD49T3THHTFW1TYE85CY2
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNQSEFPQ3CAXSNZY89NWYM6H
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNQSF3ZMSVTWH3V1M5PEDQKH
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNQSFCW2DK9WCPSVJC9CMR6S
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNQSFM1XGDNXCQD132JC01E0
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNQSFPA7C3XR14VBAW88BVBA
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNQSG66SB4DXNKA5RCDV23TV
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNQSGBX121XTYF6EX61J0D6G
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNQSGJKJ0M23YVAW3QFCYPBF
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNQSGSDEDSZQ69G4PBWNGSQE
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNQSH0DNVGHZCGD6GEF8C76M
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNQSH9Q6NFSP9H74GJ0ACVBE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSHKYQBWFAAR9K8FBJM3BG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNQSHYD0G7K1DFE59SPBB2WH
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNQSJ684GEDJWKFKQCNFJ6CX
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJD54B0B7B7F47B0CHBZB
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJPD4GVDW1KRX1CX7PAKF
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNQSK2FSXJN28VWE1F777W10
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNQSKQHK8EXMSBY4PDW853PR
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNQSM41RDX6CKFYBM105V3QB
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNQSMATYXGHGDR04STG0QTCE
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNQSMCYB1ECCF0WX40Q836NK
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSMKVRHBYFXTG16GAP9Y2D

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	4	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.050s	1.010s	0.960s	10	1.17x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s	1.005s	0.952s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.058s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.951s	10	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.38x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.113s	1.007s	0.895s	10	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.237s (+1.8%)	2.041s (-2.4%)	1.804s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.245s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.165s (-4.5%)	1.919s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.277s (+32.6% 🔺)	2.259s (+3.9%)	1.981s	10	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s	2.010s	0.895s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.130s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.144s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.148s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	10	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.323s	2.007s	0.685s	10	1.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.884s (-1.1%)	3.632s (-3.9%)	1.747s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.937s (+4.8%)	3.817s (+4.4%)	1.880s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.101s (+2.0%)	3.774s (-1.2%)	1.673s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.710s	11.020s	0.310s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.753s	11.022s	0.269s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.786s	11.025s	0.239s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.898s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.127s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.912s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.112s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.947s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.075s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.956s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.068s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.225s	13.018s	0.793s	3	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.855s (-11.4% 🟢)	18.921s (-9.8% 🟢)	2.065s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.919s (-1.7%)	19.052s (-1.9%)	2.132s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.098s (~)	19.030s (-3.6%)	1.933s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.075s	15.019s	0.944s	4	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.266s	15.030s	0.764s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.649s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.372s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.678s (+0.9%)	15.024s (~)	0.346s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.681s	15.030s	0.349s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.009s (+0.6%)	15.279s (+1.7%)	0.270s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.024s (+0.6%)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.507s	4	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.788s	18.025s	0.237s	4	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	30.805s (-6.6% 🟢)	32.985s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	30.865s (-3.7%)	32.541s (-2.5%)	1.676s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.549s (-6.8% 🟢)	33.476s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.927s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.121s	14.020s	0.899s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.512s	14.026s	0.514s	7	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.165s (~)	15.023s (~)	0.858s	6	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.244s (+0.8%)	15.021s (+1.9%)	0.777s	6	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.414s	17.033s	0.619s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.616s (+1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.413s	6	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.757s (+1.2%)	17.032s (~)	0.274s	6	1.28x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.369s	21.027s	0.658s	5	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	53.061s (-74.3% 🟢)	54.925s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.864s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	53.276s (-74.3% 🟢)	55.165s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.889s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.377s (-11.9% 🟢)	55.824s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.447s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.184s	2.008s	0.824s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.279s (-0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.731s	15	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.726s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.338s	2.006s	0.669s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.504s (-2.2%)	2.005s (~)	0.501s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.476s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	1.535s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.470s	15	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.199s	3.009s	0.809s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.080s (-24.3% 🟢)	3.782s (-15.2% 🟢)	1.702s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.143s (-17.8% 🟢)	3.848s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.705s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.364s (-3.8%)	3.956s (-12.7% 🟢)	1.592s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.336s (-1.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.673s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.337s (-0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.672s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s	3.010s	0.648s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.556s	3.008s	0.452s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.900s	3.344s	0.444s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.928s (~)	3.343s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.415s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	2.949s (+4.4%)	3.564s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.615s	9	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.963s	9.516s	0.552s	4	3.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.475s (-27.9% 🟢)	3.958s (-21.4% 🟢)	1.482s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.207s (-10.0% 🟢)	1.573s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.873s (+1.1%)	4.520s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.647s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.554s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.465s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.544s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.550s	4.011s	0.461s	8	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s	5.011s	0.876s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.187s	8.522s	0.334s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	8.296s (+8.9% 🔺)	9.019s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.723s	4	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.704s (+6.4% 🔺)	9.027s (~)	0.324s	4	2.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.675s	20.525s	0.849s	2	5.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.610s (-20.4% 🟢)	4.153s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.542s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.781s (-9.2% 🟢)	4.690s (-2.3%)	1.909s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.137s (+1.8%)	5.793s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.655s	6	1.58x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.180s	2.008s	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.256s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.752s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.278s (+1.0%)	2.007s (~)	0.730s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.340s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.504s	2.006s	0.502s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.552s (+1.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.454s	15	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.578s (+4.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.428s	15	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.407s	3.884s	0.477s	8	2.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.823s (-20.0% 🟢)	3.659s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.836s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.094s (-10.6% 🟢)	3.833s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.739s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.379s (+3.7%)	4.224s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.844s	8	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.311s (-1.8%)	3.011s (~)	0.700s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.331s (-1.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.679s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.346s	3.009s	0.663s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.571s	3.008s	0.436s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.000s	3.455s	0.454s	9	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	3.002s (+5.0%)	3.885s (+29.2% 🔺)	0.883s	8	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.090s (~)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.670s	8	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.645s	10.016s	0.371s	3	4.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.371s (-97.0% 🟢)	3.992s (-95.1% 🟢)	1.620s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.447s (-99.2% 🟢)	4.028s (-98.7% 🟢)	1.581s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.720s (-3.8%)	4.102s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.382s	8	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.448s (-0.8%)	4.009s (~)	0.561s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.460s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.525s	4.011s	0.486s	8	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.158s	5.011s	0.853s	6	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	8.614s (+7.4% 🔺)	9.276s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.662s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.373s (+4.5%)	10.028s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.655s	3	2.72x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.568s	10.025s	0.457s	3	2.77x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.576s	20.024s	0.447s	2	5.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-33.1% 🟢)	4.497s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.516s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.121s (+4.0%)	4.609s (-1.6%)	1.488s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.058s (+13.0% 🔺)	5.643s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.585s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.610s	1.006s	0.397s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.699s	1.004s	0.305s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.844s (+2.5%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.179s	59	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.850s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.156s	60	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.869s	1.039s	0.170s	58	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.992s (+0.8%)	1.331s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.339s	46	1.63x
💻 Local	Express	0.996s (-2.5%)	1.276s (-17.4% 🟢)	0.280s	48	1.63x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.128s	3.008s	0.880s	20	3.49x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.026s (-12.4% 🟢)	11.255s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.229s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.123s (-11.8% 🟢)	11.397s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.273s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.237s (+1.5%)	11.263s (+0.7%)	2.026s	6	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.522s	2.007s	0.485s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.028s	0.318s	45	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.037s (-1.0%)	2.714s (-5.8% 🟢)	0.677s	34	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.068s (+4.9%)	2.685s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.617s	34	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.801s	3.041s	0.240s	30	1.84x
💻 Local	Express	3.017s (-1.0%)	3.548s (-2.8%)	0.531s	26	1.98x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.049s (+1.6%)	3.843s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.794s	24	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.280s	6.012s	0.732s	15	3.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.088s (-8.8% 🟢)	30.128s (-8.4% 🟢)	2.039s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	28.345s (+0.9%)	30.216s (~)	1.871s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.310s (+1.3%)	30.990s (+1.0%)	1.680s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.104s	3.880s	0.776s	31	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.408s	4.008s	0.600s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4.057s (-2.0%)	4.627s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.569s	26	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.160s (+2.1%)	4.970s (+3.3%)	0.810s	25	1.34x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.803s	9.089s	0.286s	14	2.84x
💻 Local	Express	9.165s (+2.5%)	9.788s (+4.1%)	0.623s	13	2.95x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.204s (~)	9.941s (~)	0.737s	13	2.97x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.595s	11.018s	0.423s	11	3.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	73.291s (-3.4%)	74.738s (-3.8%)	1.447s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	74.166s (+1.5%)	76.184s (+1.8%)	2.018s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.781s (-10.4% 🟢)	76.222s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.441s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.197s	1.007s	0.810s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+0.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.725s	60	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.290s (+1.3%)	1.007s (~)	0.716s	60	1.47x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s	1.004s	0.703s	60	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s	1.005s	0.430s	60	2.92x
💻 Local	Express	0.585s (-0.9%)	1.004s (~)	0.420s	60	2.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.598s (+0.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.407s	60	3.04x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s	3.883s	0.564s	16	16.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.366s (-24.0% 🟢)	2.751s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.385s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.534s (-19.6% 🟢)	3.003s (-15.6% 🟢)	1.469s	20	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.706s (+2.7%)	3.535s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.829s	17	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.415s	1.006s	0.591s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.483s (-3.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.523s	90	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.495s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.512s	90	1.19x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.157s	2.006s	0.849s	45	2.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.524s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.484s	30	6.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.546s (+4.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.463s	30	6.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.686s	3.043s	0.357s	30	6.48x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.397s	9.912s	0.516s	10	22.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.521s (-3.5%)	4.182s (-3.8%)	1.661s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.559s (+3.2%)	4.202s (+0.7%)	1.642s	22	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.565s (~)	5.108s (-0.7%)	1.543s	18	1.41x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.627s	1.007s	0.380s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.785s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.007s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.222s	120	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.797s (+1.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.210s	120	1.27x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.742s	3.032s	0.290s	40	4.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.092s (~)	11.758s (+0.8%)	0.666s	11	17.70x
💻 Local	Express	11.150s (+5.8% 🔺)	11.937s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.788s	11	17.79x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.152s	11.662s	0.510s	11	17.79x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.703s	20.353s	0.650s	6	31.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.805s (-4.1%)	8.609s (-2.5%)	1.805s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.920s (~)	8.575s (~)	1.655s	14	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.368s (+337.5% 🔺)	29.068s (+268.0% 🔺)	1.700s	7	4.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.151s	1.001s	0.001s	1.009s	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.184s	1.003s	0.013s	1.019s	0.835s	10	1.22x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.815s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	0.203s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+20.0% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.815s	10	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.205s (+1.3%)	0.998s (~)	0.001s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.804s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.206s (+1.0%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.814s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.206s (~)	0.999s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.805s	10	1.37x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.488s	0.967s	0.002s	1.009s	0.521s	10	3.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.453s (-16.2% 🟢)	2.517s (-22.6% 🟢)	0.917s (+165.0% 🔺)	3.909s (-2.9%)	2.456s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.581s (-33.6% 🟢)	2.712s (-28.6% 🟢)	0.696s (+88.3% 🔺)	3.844s (-17.3% 🟢)	2.262s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.590s (-0.9%)	3.158s (~)	0.256s (-18.4% 🟢)	3.883s (-1.8%)	2.293s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	1.002s	0.003s	1.011s	0.515s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.541s	1.007s	0.003s	1.021s	0.480s	59	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.620s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.004s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.401s	59	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.624s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.003s (-22.6% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.398s	59	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.740s (+1.4%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-0.7%)	1.024s (~)	0.284s	59	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.763s	1.011s	0.010s	1.117s	0.354s	54	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.826s (+7.2% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+1.6%)	1.117s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.291s	54	1.66x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.322s	1.955s	0.003s	2.013s	0.691s	30	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.868s (+2.1%)	5.214s (-1.3%)	0.441s (+14.9% 🔺)	6.112s (+0.6%)	2.244s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.950s (-6.9% 🟢)	5.414s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.214s (-44.6% 🟢)	6.065s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.998s	5.514s	0.254s	6.198s	2.199s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.907s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.114s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.911s	1.072s	0.000s	1.079s	0.168s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.943s (-2.8%)	1.149s (-1.9%)	0.000s (+145.2% 🔺)	1.162s (-2.9%)	0.219s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.945s (-1.2%)	1.122s (-2.4%)	0.000s (+60.5% 🔺)	1.147s (-1.3%)	0.202s	54	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.253s (+2.1%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.023s (~)	0.770s	30	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.265s (+1.4%)	2.023s (~)	0.000s (+125.0% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.760s	30	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.311s	2.019s	0.000s	2.022s	0.711s	30	1.45x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.347s	2.959s	0.000s	3.008s	0.661s	20	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.611s (~)	3.811s (+3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.224s (+2.5%)	1.613s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.815s (-90.9% 🟢)	4.120s (-87.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.542s (-86.1% 🟢)	1.727s	14	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (-14.3% 🟢)	4.033s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	4.509s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.652s	14	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.744s (-7.1% 🟢)	2.140s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.153s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.409s	28	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.756s	2.067s	0.000s	2.073s	0.317s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.758s (-1.6%)	2.067s (-3.4%)	0.000s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.091s (-2.8%)	0.333s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.071s	0.000s	2.104s	0.305s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.515s (-0.8%)	4.100s (+1.7%)	0.001s (+55.6% 🔺)	4.103s (+1.7%)	0.588s	15	2.02x
💻 Local	Express	3.555s (+4.2%)	4.098s (+1.6%)	0.000s (-75.0% 🟢)	4.102s (+1.6%)	0.547s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.962s	4.534s	0.000s	4.538s	0.576s	14	2.27x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.385s	4.957s	0.000s	5.010s	0.625s	12	2.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.548s (-14.0% 🟢)	4.966s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.002s (+1550.0% 🔺)	5.400s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.852s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.612s (-4.2%)	4.770s (-2.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.222s (-2.1%)	1.609s	12	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.716s (-7.5% 🟢)	5.041s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.467s (-6.4% 🟢)	1.752s	12	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	16/21
▲ Vercel	Express	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	17/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR exposes whether run-level encryption is enabled via a new features.encryption flag on WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()), so libraries can adjust how they handle sensitive data.

Changes:

• Extend WorkflowMetadata with features: { encryption: boolean }.
• Populate features.encryption in both workflow VM context and step execution context.
• Add/update E2E + unit tests and document the new field.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Includes features in returned workflow metadata payload for E2E validation.
packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts	Adds features.encryption to the exported WorkflowMetadata type.
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Populates features.encryption in the workflow VM global context.
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Populates features.encryption in step AsyncLocalStorage context.
packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts	Updates test fixtures to include new required metadata fields.
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Updates test fixture context to include features.
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Adds E2E assertions for features.encryption presence/type and step metadata exclusion.
docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx	Documents features.encryption with an example.
.changeset/features-encryption-metadata.md	Adds a changeset for releasing the new metadata field.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds a features object to WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()) with an encryption: boolean field indicating whether encryption is enabled for the current workflow run
• Allows library authors to detect encryption at runtime and conditionally handle sensitive data serialization
• Populated from the existing encryptionKey already threaded through both workflow VM and step contexts

Usage

import{getWorkflowMetadata}from"workflow"asyncfunctionprocessData(data: SensitiveData){"use step"const{ features }=getWorkflowMetadata()if(!features.encryption){data=redact(data)}returndata}

Changes

• packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts — Added features: { encryption: boolean } to WorkflowMetadata interface
• packages/core/src/workflow.ts — Populate features in workflow VM context
• packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts — Populate features in step context
• workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts + packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts — E2E coverage
• packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts, packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts — Updated test fixtures
• docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx — Documented the new field with example

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 0:09am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: a952244

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Minor
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Minor
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Major

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	136	65	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3922	65	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (65 failed)

mongodb (4 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4JYJXQAVWJCE2RKXK6VD
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNQS6Q0B2BJ0BXJ4CMAFEWEW
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4STGECF59GYPBVHVSYZV
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS4YC9AQE035K0AJ2RJ2QF
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS50N010BXHSMTFNAEH9VE
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS7970M3G29ZW4P4ZCW5N1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS5CQE2XTPD2HHC0EKPNRY
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNQS5R0ZB645SPCQNS1A58F7
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS629JHTD9WDVR3FFDPB6S
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS691WFKZ2Q1T9WGQ36T3Z
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6MRS4NHBFQ1VCV78BSYA
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6RNCCN4WGQGBV24XAAYV
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS6TREXA1K0159CVG3FXJ3
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9GQADW4J6YGPHKC5Q07E
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNQS9M5F1YCJD5K7YSXSANNK
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNQSD49T3THHTFW1TYE85CY2
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNQSDRYQXAFX7W52955D4DVE
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNQSEFPQ3CAXSNZY89NWYM6H
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNQSF3ZMSVTWH3V1M5PEDQKH
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNQSFCW2DK9WCPSVJC9CMR6S
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNQSFM1XGDNXCQD132JC01E0
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNQSFPA7C3XR14VBAW88BVBA
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNQSG66SB4DXNKA5RCDV23TV
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNQSGBX121XTYF6EX61J0D6G
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNQSGJKJ0M23YVAW3QFCYPBF
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNQSGSDEDSZQ69G4PBWNGSQE
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNQSH0DNVGHZCGD6GEF8C76M
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNQSH9Q6NFSP9H74GJ0ACVBE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSHKYQBWFAAR9K8FBJM3BG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNQSHYD0G7K1DFE59SPBB2WH
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNQSJ684GEDJWKFKQCNFJ6CX
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJD54B0B7B7F47B0CHBZB
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNQSJPD4GVDW1KRX1CX7PAKF
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNQSK2FSXJN28VWE1F777W10
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNQSKQHK8EXMSBY4PDW853PR
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNQSM41RDX6CKFYBM105V3QB
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNQSMATYXGHGDR04STG0QTCE
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNQSMCYB1ECCF0WX40Q836NK
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNQSMFAKMDR3M37WRKXKFKFR
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNQSMKVRHBYFXTG16GAP9Y2D

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	4	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.050s	1.010s	0.960s	10	1.17x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s	1.005s	0.952s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.058s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.951s	10	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.38x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.113s	1.007s	0.895s	10	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.237s (+1.8%)	2.041s (-2.4%)	1.804s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.245s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.165s (-4.5%)	1.919s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.277s (+32.6% 🔺)	2.259s (+3.9%)	1.981s	10	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s	2.010s	0.895s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.130s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.144s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.148s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	10	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.323s	2.007s	0.685s	10	1.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.884s (-1.1%)	3.632s (-3.9%)	1.747s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.937s (+4.8%)	3.817s (+4.4%)	1.880s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.101s (+2.0%)	3.774s (-1.2%)	1.673s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.710s	11.020s	0.310s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.753s	11.022s	0.269s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.786s	11.025s	0.239s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.898s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.127s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.912s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.112s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.947s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.075s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.956s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.068s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.225s	13.018s	0.793s	3	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.855s (-11.4% 🟢)	18.921s (-9.8% 🟢)	2.065s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.919s (-1.7%)	19.052s (-1.9%)	2.132s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.098s (~)	19.030s (-3.6%)	1.933s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.075s	15.019s	0.944s	4	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.266s	15.030s	0.764s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.649s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.372s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.678s (+0.9%)	15.024s (~)	0.346s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.681s	15.030s	0.349s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.009s (+0.6%)	15.279s (+1.7%)	0.270s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.024s (+0.6%)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.507s	4	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.788s	18.025s	0.237s	4	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	30.805s (-6.6% 🟢)	32.985s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	30.865s (-3.7%)	32.541s (-2.5%)	1.676s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.549s (-6.8% 🟢)	33.476s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.927s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.121s	14.020s	0.899s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.512s	14.026s	0.514s	7	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.165s (~)	15.023s (~)	0.858s	6	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.244s (+0.8%)	15.021s (+1.9%)	0.777s	6	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.414s	17.033s	0.619s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.616s (+1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.413s	6	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.757s (+1.2%)	17.032s (~)	0.274s	6	1.28x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.369s	21.027s	0.658s	5	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	53.061s (-74.3% 🟢)	54.925s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.864s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	53.276s (-74.3% 🟢)	55.165s (-73.6% 🟢)	1.889s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.377s (-11.9% 🟢)	55.824s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.447s	2	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.184s	2.008s	0.824s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.279s (-0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.731s	15	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.726s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.338s	2.006s	0.669s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.504s (-2.2%)	2.005s (~)	0.501s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.476s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	1.535s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.470s	15	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.199s	3.009s	0.809s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.080s (-24.3% 🟢)	3.782s (-15.2% 🟢)	1.702s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.143s (-17.8% 🟢)	3.848s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.705s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.364s (-3.8%)	3.956s (-12.7% 🟢)	1.592s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.336s (-1.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.673s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.337s (-0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.672s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s	3.010s	0.648s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.556s	3.008s	0.452s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.900s	3.344s	0.444s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.928s (~)	3.343s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.415s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	2.949s (+4.4%)	3.564s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.615s	9	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.963s	9.516s	0.552s	4	3.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.475s (-27.9% 🟢)	3.958s (-21.4% 🟢)	1.482s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.207s (-10.0% 🟢)	1.573s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.873s (+1.1%)	4.520s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.647s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.554s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.465s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.544s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.550s	4.011s	0.461s	8	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s	5.011s	0.876s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.187s	8.522s	0.334s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	8.296s (+8.9% 🔺)	9.019s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.723s	4	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.704s (+6.4% 🔺)	9.027s (~)	0.324s	4	2.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.675s	20.525s	0.849s	2	5.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.610s (-20.4% 🟢)	4.153s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.542s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.781s (-9.2% 🟢)	4.690s (-2.3%)	1.909s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.137s (+1.8%)	5.793s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.655s	6	1.58x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.180s	2.008s	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.256s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.752s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.278s (+1.0%)	2.007s (~)	0.730s	15	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.340s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.504s	2.006s	0.502s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.552s (+1.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.454s	15	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.578s (+4.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.428s	15	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.407s	3.884s	0.477s	8	2.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.823s (-20.0% 🟢)	3.659s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.836s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.094s (-10.6% 🟢)	3.833s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.739s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.379s (+3.7%)	4.224s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.844s	8	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.311s (-1.8%)	3.011s (~)	0.700s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.331s (-1.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.679s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.346s	3.009s	0.663s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.571s	3.008s	0.436s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.000s	3.455s	0.454s	9	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	3.002s (+5.0%)	3.885s (+29.2% 🔺)	0.883s	8	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.090s (~)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.670s	8	1.34x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.645s	10.016s	0.371s	3	4.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.371s (-97.0% 🟢)	3.992s (-95.1% 🟢)	1.620s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.447s (-99.2% 🟢)	4.028s (-98.7% 🟢)	1.581s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.720s (-3.8%)	4.102s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.382s	8	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.448s (-0.8%)	4.009s (~)	0.561s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.460s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.525s	4.011s	0.486s	8	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.158s	5.011s	0.853s	6	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	8.614s (+7.4% 🔺)	9.276s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.662s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.373s (+4.5%)	10.028s (+8.1% 🔺)	0.655s	3	2.72x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.568s	10.025s	0.457s	3	2.77x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.576s	20.024s	0.447s	2	5.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.981s (-33.1% 🟢)	4.497s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.516s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.121s (+4.0%)	4.609s (-1.6%)	1.488s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.058s (+13.0% 🔺)	5.643s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.585s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.610s	1.006s	0.397s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.699s	1.004s	0.305s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.844s (+2.5%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.179s	59	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.850s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.156s	60	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.869s	1.039s	0.170s	58	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.992s (+0.8%)	1.331s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.339s	46	1.63x
💻 Local	Express	0.996s (-2.5%)	1.276s (-17.4% 🟢)	0.280s	48	1.63x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.128s	3.008s	0.880s	20	3.49x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.026s (-12.4% 🟢)	11.255s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.229s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.123s (-11.8% 🟢)	11.397s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.273s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.237s (+1.5%)	11.263s (+0.7%)	2.026s	6	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.522s	2.007s	0.485s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.028s	0.318s	45	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.037s (-1.0%)	2.714s (-5.8% 🟢)	0.677s	34	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.068s (+4.9%)	2.685s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.617s	34	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.801s	3.041s	0.240s	30	1.84x
💻 Local	Express	3.017s (-1.0%)	3.548s (-2.8%)	0.531s	26	1.98x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.049s (+1.6%)	3.843s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.794s	24	2.00x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.280s	6.012s	0.732s	15	3.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.088s (-8.8% 🟢)	30.128s (-8.4% 🟢)	2.039s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	28.345s (+0.9%)	30.216s (~)	1.871s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.310s (+1.3%)	30.990s (+1.0%)	1.680s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.104s	3.880s	0.776s	31	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.408s	4.008s	0.600s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4.057s (-2.0%)	4.627s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.569s	26	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.160s (+2.1%)	4.970s (+3.3%)	0.810s	25	1.34x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.803s	9.089s	0.286s	14	2.84x
💻 Local	Express	9.165s (+2.5%)	9.788s (+4.1%)	0.623s	13	2.95x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.204s (~)	9.941s (~)	0.737s	13	2.97x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.595s	11.018s	0.423s	11	3.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	73.291s (-3.4%)	74.738s (-3.8%)	1.447s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	74.166s (+1.5%)	76.184s (+1.8%)	2.018s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.781s (-10.4% 🟢)	76.222s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.441s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.197s	1.007s	0.810s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+0.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.725s	60	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.290s (+1.3%)	1.007s (~)	0.716s	60	1.47x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s	1.004s	0.703s	60	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s	1.005s	0.430s	60	2.92x
💻 Local	Express	0.585s (-0.9%)	1.004s (~)	0.420s	60	2.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.598s (+0.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.407s	60	3.04x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s	3.883s	0.564s	16	16.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.366s (-24.0% 🟢)	2.751s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.385s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.534s (-19.6% 🟢)	3.003s (-15.6% 🟢)	1.469s	20	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.706s (+2.7%)	3.535s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.829s	17	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.415s	1.006s	0.591s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.483s (-3.9%)	1.007s (~)	0.523s	90	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.495s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.512s	90	1.19x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.157s	2.006s	0.849s	45	2.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.524s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.484s	30	6.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.546s (+4.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.463s	30	6.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.686s	3.043s	0.357s	30	6.48x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.397s	9.912s	0.516s	10	22.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.521s (-3.5%)	4.182s (-3.8%)	1.661s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.559s (+3.2%)	4.202s (+0.7%)	1.642s	22	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.565s (~)	5.108s (-0.7%)	1.543s	18	1.41x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.627s	1.007s	0.380s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.785s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.007s (-5.3% 🟢)	0.222s	120	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.797s (+1.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.210s	120	1.27x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.742s	3.032s	0.290s	40	4.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.092s (~)	11.758s (+0.8%)	0.666s	11	17.70x
💻 Local	Express	11.150s (+5.8% 🔺)	11.937s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.788s	11	17.79x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.152s	11.662s	0.510s	11	17.79x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.703s	20.353s	0.650s	6	31.43x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.805s (-4.1%)	8.609s (-2.5%)	1.805s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.920s (~)	8.575s (~)	1.655s	14	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.368s (+337.5% 🔺)	29.068s (+268.0% 🔺)	1.700s	7	4.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.151s	1.001s	0.001s	1.009s	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.184s	1.003s	0.013s	1.019s	0.835s	10	1.22x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.815s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	0.203s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+20.0% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.815s	10	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.205s (+1.3%)	0.998s (~)	0.001s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.804s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.206s (+1.0%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.814s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.206s (~)	0.999s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.805s	10	1.37x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.488s	0.967s	0.002s	1.009s	0.521s	10	3.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.453s (-16.2% 🟢)	2.517s (-22.6% 🟢)	0.917s (+165.0% 🔺)	3.909s (-2.9%)	2.456s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.581s (-33.6% 🟢)	2.712s (-28.6% 🟢)	0.696s (+88.3% 🔺)	3.844s (-17.3% 🟢)	2.262s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.590s (-0.9%)	3.158s (~)	0.256s (-18.4% 🟢)	3.883s (-1.8%)	2.293s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.496s	1.002s	0.003s	1.011s	0.515s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.541s	1.007s	0.003s	1.021s	0.480s	59	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.620s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.004s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.401s	59	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.624s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.003s (-22.6% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.398s	59	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.740s (+1.4%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-0.7%)	1.024s (~)	0.284s	59	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.763s	1.011s	0.010s	1.117s	0.354s	54	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.826s (+7.2% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+1.6%)	1.117s (+9.0% 🔺)	0.291s	54	1.66x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.322s	1.955s	0.003s	2.013s	0.691s	30	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.868s (+2.1%)	5.214s (-1.3%)	0.441s (+14.9% 🔺)	6.112s (+0.6%)	2.244s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.950s (-6.9% 🟢)	5.414s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.214s (-44.6% 🟢)	6.065s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.998s	5.514s	0.254s	6.198s	2.199s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.907s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.114s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.911s	1.072s	0.000s	1.079s	0.168s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.943s (-2.8%)	1.149s (-1.9%)	0.000s (+145.2% 🔺)	1.162s (-2.9%)	0.219s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.945s (-1.2%)	1.122s (-2.4%)	0.000s (+60.5% 🔺)	1.147s (-1.3%)	0.202s	54	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.253s (+2.1%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.023s (~)	0.770s	30	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.265s (+1.4%)	2.023s (~)	0.000s (+125.0% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.760s	30	1.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.311s	2.019s	0.000s	2.022s	0.711s	30	1.45x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.347s	2.959s	0.000s	3.008s	0.661s	20	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.611s (~)	3.811s (+3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.224s (+2.5%)	1.613s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.815s (-90.9% 🟢)	4.120s (-87.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.542s (-86.1% 🟢)	1.727s	14	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (-14.3% 🟢)	4.033s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	4.509s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.652s	14	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.744s (-7.1% 🟢)	2.140s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.153s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.409s	28	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.756s	2.067s	0.000s	2.073s	0.317s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.758s (-1.6%)	2.067s (-3.4%)	0.000s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.091s (-2.8%)	0.333s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.071s	0.000s	2.104s	0.305s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.515s (-0.8%)	4.100s (+1.7%)	0.001s (+55.6% 🔺)	4.103s (+1.7%)	0.588s	15	2.02x
💻 Local	Express	3.555s (+4.2%)	4.098s (+1.6%)	0.000s (-75.0% 🟢)	4.102s (+1.6%)	0.547s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.962s	4.534s	0.000s	4.538s	0.576s	14	2.27x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.385s	4.957s	0.000s	5.010s	0.625s	12	2.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.548s (-14.0% 🟢)	4.966s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.002s (+1550.0% 🔺)	5.400s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.852s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.612s (-4.2%)	4.770s (-2.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.222s (-2.1%)	1.609s	12	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.716s (-7.5% 🟢)	5.041s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.467s (-6.4% 🟢)	1.752s	12	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	16/21
▲ Vercel	Express	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	17/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR exposes whether run-level encryption is enabled via a new features.encryption flag on WorkflowMetadata (returned by getWorkflowMetadata()), so libraries can adjust how they handle sensitive data.

Changes:

• Extend WorkflowMetadata with features: { encryption: boolean }.
• Populate features.encryption in both workflow VM context and step execution context.
• Add/update E2E + unit tests and document the new field.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Includes features in returned workflow metadata payload for E2E validation.
packages/core/src/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.ts	Adds features.encryption to the exported WorkflowMetadata type.
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Populates features.encryption in the workflow VM global context.
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Populates features.encryption in step AsyncLocalStorage context.
packages/core/src/step/writable-stream.test.ts	Updates test fixtures to include new required metadata fields.
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Updates test fixture context to include features.
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Adds E2E assertions for features.encryption presence/type and step metadata exclusion.
docs/content/docs/api-reference/workflow/get-workflow-metadata.mdx	Documents features.encryption with an example.
.changeset/features-encryption-metadata.md	Adds a changeset for releasing the new metadata field.

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