Followup fixes for sync step function support

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Addresses review feedback from #1633 (already merged):

• Remove dangling incomplete comment left over from validate_async_function removal
• Restore export validation for file-level "use step" files: sync/async function exports are allowed, but non-function exports (constants, classes, re-exports) emit an error since they can pull Node-only code into the workflow/client bundles
• Fix InvalidExport error message to say "Only functions can be exported" for step files vs "Only async functions can be exported" for workflow files
• Update spec.md error table and supported function forms to document sync step support
• Add sync-step-class test fixture covering sync static class methods and sync function expressions (var/let)
• Add sync-workflow error test verifying sync "use workflow" still errors while sync "use step" passes

[vercel]

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	137	64	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3923	64	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (64 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNRGNG1XKVANAQYDRTGSC4N1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMAVYSATMQ4TS5CWNHTQ8
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMF8MDPMJ3GZ9Z6W3TG4S
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMHAK8R4V1B8ZBGA97KF2
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNWTJPDVT00RDTVMZMQ7X
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMX5NKQ8538VF2BCF6HF9
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNHT5BWW0ACN2Q81RAGM3
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNR112R2D319N62PS8REN
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP4S36PZB0PEPDKEY26K8
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP80J75VQ2BSAR3MFEEME
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGPADXWR573SN3549ZYV61
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSG4PW1RZPSSD6GC1PCDZ
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSKGGHNF5Q29X6HA9A0XR
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNRGX4CCR5J9M1FANEW2910M
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNRGYFAB5P51S4H62Z2M9NY5
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNRGZ4S177GJK1J5RHX66NEG
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNRGZDQQGM4Q2JNMWHWAP6Z4
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNRGZK7PT9STJH2V5QZHMFZE
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNRGZNBZYTHVD5XW7HYVCCB1
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNRH041H5H7HXRP4G26JE6AX
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNRH09PMVCMAZVRW2A7GY423
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNRH0FZ94Y7SVB2GWJZNX9KK
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNRH0QP99Z9AHYR6HDBR3ZNG
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNRH0YCMHMKJ7B9BHDQT2B2K
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNRH152JJ5MGCPEHXW7NX5FX
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH1BNRNHHDHR8V1B02D493
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNRH1PT2KTYDGHG6M360S288
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNRH1YSP57GWKSKHJD21XQER
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH25DX2Z6237RR0DGN047G
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH2ENBE8W7S75WB2GTQGJH
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNRH2TWF0TP8106WATWXATP6
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNRH3H40WB9DKTPDJRDV6YDT
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNRH3V8X4MJJ2FH087R7XRF3
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNRH423PPCBFZ3F2RF5SRTPP
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNRH446DH05N3HM1HM66VYYF
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH4AW9014CJH00DZDMVE73

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	59	3	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 02d6d56

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (-3.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.043s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.966s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s (+3.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.958s	10	1.14x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.953s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.060s (+0.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.41x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+2.5%)	1.011s (~)	0.949s	10	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.259s (-32.5% 🟢)	2.105s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.846s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.260s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.308s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.048s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s (-25.4% 🟢)	2.425s (+1.2%)	2.125s	10	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.114s (-3.4%)	2.010s (~)	0.896s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.891s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.128s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.129s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.873s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.145s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.146s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.914s (+1.1%)	4.100s (+6.4% 🔺)	2.186s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.179s (+15.8% 🔺)	4.207s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.027s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.776s (+37.3% 🔺)	4.777s (+26.7% 🔺)	2.001s	10	1.45x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.660s (-2.8%)	11.018s (~)	0.359s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.757s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.266s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.805s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.219s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.901s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.124s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.916s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.917s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.946s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.077s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.590s (-1.4%)	18.674s (-2.1%)	2.084s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.131s (-4.1%)	19.017s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.887s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.240s (~)	19.160s (~)	1.920s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.996s (-4.6%)	14.421s (-4.0%)	0.425s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.300s (+1.2%)	15.029s (~)	0.729s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.549s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.477s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.567s (~)	15.025s (~)	0.459s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.710s (+1.0%)	15.028s (~)	0.318s	4	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	15.027s (~)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.505s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.055s (~)	16.032s (+3.2%)	0.977s	4	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.915s (-10.7% 🟢)	32.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.956s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.235s (-8.8% 🟢)	33.898s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.663s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.244s (-5.3% 🟢)	34.518s (-4.9%)	2.274s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	12.957s (-9.6% 🟢)	13.023s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.066s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.469s (+1.8%)	14.025s (~)	0.556s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.979s (-1.4%)	14.449s (-3.8%)	0.470s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.060s (+2.6%)	14.741s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.681s	7	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.121s (+3.4%)	16.864s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.743s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.800s (+1.4%)	17.198s (+1.0%)	0.397s	6	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.824s (+2.1%)	17.031s (~)	0.207s	6	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.225s (-10.4% 🟢)	51.098s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.872s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	51.242s (-11.7% 🟢)	53.662s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.420s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.371s (-8.1% 🟢)	55.518s (-7.7% 🟢)	2.147s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.781s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.272s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.738s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.312s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.694s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.522s (+1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.484s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.543s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.463s	15	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.561s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.445s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.145s (-2.6%)	3.808s (-0.8%)	1.663s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.362s (-2.2%)	4.126s (+2.8%)	1.764s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.411s (-18.2% 🟢)	4.035s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.624s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.268s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.741s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.321s (-2.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.688s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.474s (+3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.535s	10	1.09x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.568s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.008s (~)	0.440s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.636s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	2.986s (+4.6%)	3.677s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.691s	9	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.012s (+7.3% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.442s	9	1.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.167s (+14.8% 🔺)	5.012s (+16.3% 🔺)	1.845s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.184s (+6.5% 🔺)	4.504s (-4.2%)	1.321s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.501s (+29.7% 🔺)	5.228s (+16.6% 🔺)	1.727s	6	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.388s (-2.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.622s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.541s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.656s (-0.7%)	4.010s (~)	0.354s	8	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s (+4.6%)	4.869s (+13.3% 🔺)	0.734s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.924s (+39.2% 🔺)	8.518s (+41.6% 🔺)	0.594s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.054s (+2.0%)	8.774s (+6.1% 🔺)	0.720s	4	2.38x
💻 Local	Express	8.555s (+4.2%)	9.024s (+2.9%)	0.469s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.751s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.343s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.123s (+1.2%)	4.736s (-3.2%)	1.613s	7	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.542s (-1.8%)	5.378s (+0.7%)	1.836s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.197s (-5.0%)	2.008s (~)	0.811s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s (-0.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.790s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.252s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.756s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.337s (+4.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.669s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s (-4.2%)	2.006s (-3.2%)	0.518s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.557s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.449s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.571s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.435s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-3.7%)	3.874s (-2.6%)	1.859s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.030s (-2.8%)	3.882s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.852s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.262s (+4.2%)	3.984s (+2.2%)	1.721s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.299s (-1.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.709s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.327s (-1.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.683s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s (-0.9%)	3.009s (~)	0.635s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.551s (+3.9%)	3.008s (~)	0.457s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.014s (-4.2%)	3.676s (+3.1%)	0.662s	9	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.154s (+4.1%)	3.884s (+3.3%)	0.729s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.268s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.009s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.741s	8	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.385s (-7.2% 🟢)	3.807s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.459s (+5.6% 🔺)	3.958s (+0.6%)	1.499s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s (+3.9%)	4.561s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.918s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.402s (-1.2%)	4.008s (~)	0.606s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.494s (+1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.517s	8	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.638s (-0.5%)	4.012s (~)	0.374s	8	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.136s (+2.7%)	4.867s (+6.2% 🔺)	0.731s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.029s (+3.6%)	8.518s (+3.0%)	0.489s	4	2.36x
💻 Local	Express	9.146s (+6.3% 🔺)	9.773s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.627s	4	2.69x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.707s (+14.6% 🔺)	10.357s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.650s	3	2.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.991s (+5.2% 🔺)	4.445s (+2.8%)	1.454s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.997s (+10.0% 🔺)	4.650s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.653s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.348s (-11.0% 🟢)	5.247s (-4.9%)	1.899s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.607s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.398s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.712s (+12.0% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.292s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.847s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.194s	58	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.856s (+3.2%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.167s	59	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.930s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.116s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.186s	54	1.53x
💻 Local	Express	1.005s (+2.9%)	1.401s (+25.6% 🔺)	0.396s	43	1.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.033s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.973s	30	1.70x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	8.582s (-11.9% 🟢)	10.469s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.886s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	8.809s (-13.0% 🟢)	11.301s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.492s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.135s (-27.0% 🟢)	10.981s (-21.9% 🟢)	1.846s	6	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.464s (-27.1% 🟢)	2.007s (-20.8% 🟢)	0.543s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.684s (+16.1% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.322s	45	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.003s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.376s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.374s	38	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.082s (+4.0%)	2.685s (+11.8% 🔺)	0.603s	34	1.42x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.651s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.357s	30	1.81x
💻 Local	Express	3.065s (~)	3.801s (~)	0.736s	24	2.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.082s (+0.8%)	4.010s (+2.2%)	0.928s	23	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.805s (-8.1% 🟢)	28.789s (-8.0% 🟢)	1.984s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.106s (-9.2% 🟢)	28.561s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.455s	4	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.753s (-6.4% 🟢)	29.833s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.080s	4	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.050s (-27.2% 🟢)	3.370s (-32.7% 🟢)	0.320s	36	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.417s (+13.3% 🔺)	4.009s (+15.7% 🔺)	0.592s	30	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.087s (+8.3% 🔺)	4.743s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.656s	26	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.159s (+2.6%)	4.892s (+2.3%)	0.732s	25	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.712s (+2.2%)	9.017s (~)	0.305s	14	2.86x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.104s (+2.1%)	9.942s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.838s	13	2.99x
💻 Local	Express	9.303s (+1.6%)	10.018s (+2.4%)	0.716s	12	3.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	70.956s (~)	73.054s (~)	2.098s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.172s (-9.0% 🟢)	76.284s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.112s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	78.647s (-8.6% 🟢)	80.361s (-8.6% 🟢)	1.714s	2	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.225s (-22.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.781s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.258s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.008s (~)	0.750s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.290s (+4.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.717s	60	1.29x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s (+11.8% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.555s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.450s	60	2.46x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.586s (+4.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.419s	60	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	0.591s (+0.5%)	1.005s (~)	0.414s	60	2.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.324s (-33.2% 🟢)	2.785s (-22.1% 🟢)	1.462s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.485s (-21.5% 🟢)	3.267s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.782s	19	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.719s (-3.9%)	3.216s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.497s	19	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.363s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.642s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+2.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.509s	90	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.501s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.505s	90	1.38x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.179s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+17.7% 🔺)	0.826s	45	3.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.585s (+4.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.425s	30	7.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.602s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.407s	30	7.16x
💻 Local	Express	2.643s (+4.4%)	3.010s (~)	0.367s	30	7.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.555s (-13.2% 🟢)	4.158s (-12.2% 🟢)	1.602s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.112s (-12.5% 🟢)	4.800s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.688s	19	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.299s (+23.6% 🔺)	5.177s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.878s	18	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.574s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.432s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.799s (+4.2%)	1.025s (+1.8%)	0.226s	118	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.803s (+1.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.205s	120	1.40x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.830s (+2.1%)	3.084s (+1.7%)	0.255s	39	4.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.621s (+3.1%)	11.208s (+4.0%)	0.587s	11	18.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.386s (+9.5% 🔺)	12.032s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.646s	10	19.83x
💻 Local	Express	11.560s (+5.8% 🔺)	12.029s (+3.9%)	0.469s	10	20.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.275s (-9.1% 🟢)	7.871s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.596s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.409s (+17.5% 🔺)	9.397s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.988s	13	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.742s (+257.6% 🔺)	23.522s (+202.2% 🔺)	1.780s	11	3.46x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.157s (-27.2% 🟢)	0.999s (~)	0.001s (+10.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.854s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.174s (+2.9%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.844s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.200s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.000s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.810s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.208s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+17.3% 🔺)	1.019s (~)	0.811s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.213s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.013s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.806s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.217s (+2.5%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.793s	10	1.39x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.042s (+2370.6% 🔺)	1.048s (+4.0%)	0.799s	10	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.470s (-13.4% 🟢)	2.527s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.887s (+69.0% 🔺)	3.885s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.415s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.587s (+4.6%)	2.519s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.851s (+11.2% 🔺)	3.861s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.274s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.630s (-3.8%)	2.978s (-6.8% 🟢)	0.630s (-34.1% 🟢)	4.037s (-12.6% 🟢)	2.407s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+18.7% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.003s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.505s (-21.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.003s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.020s (~)	0.514s	59	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.620s (-0.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.402s	59	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.642s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.381s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.748s (+11.5% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.109s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.361s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	0.748s (+4.6%)	1.014s (~)	0.010s (+2.9%)	1.025s (~)	0.277s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.836s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.117s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.281s	54	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.133s (-7.7% 🟢)	5.540s (-9.5% 🟢)	0.455s (+127.5% 🔺)	6.456s (-4.3%)	2.323s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.218s (~)	5.662s (+0.9%)	0.687s (+158.3% 🔺)	6.838s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.620s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.265s (+30.5% 🔺)	6.659s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.401s (+60.8% 🔺)	7.509s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.244s	10	1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.927s (+4.9%)	1.053s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.057s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.130s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.934s (-1.2%)	1.152s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.161s (+3.9%)	0.227s	52	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.945s (+2.0%)	1.225s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.233s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.287s	49	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.991s (+2.3%)	1.271s (+4.4%)	0.000s (+108.5% 🔺)	1.297s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.306s	47	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.254s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.769s	30	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s (+1.7%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.750s	30	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	1.478s (+20.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-46.4% 🟢)	2.203s (+8.9% 🔺)	0.725s	28	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.713s (-4.0%)	3.823s (-3.1%)	0.000s (-53.3% 🟢)	4.272s (-3.1%)	1.558s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.721s (+2.2%)	3.848s (-2.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.338s (-0.8%)	1.617s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.122s (-30.4% 🟢)	4.435s (-25.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-48.7% 🟢)	4.915s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.793s	13	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.670s (-4.5%)	2.033s (-3.3%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.065s (-3.2%)	0.395s	30	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.734s (-1.6%)	2.071s (+3.5%)	0.000s (+3.4%)	2.075s (+3.4%)	0.342s	29	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.797s (+2.2%)	2.140s (+3.6%)	0.000s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.154s (+3.5%)	0.357s	28	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.859s (+1.0%)	2.146s (+0.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.161s (~)	0.303s	28	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.458s (-4.2%)	4.031s (-3.2%)	0.001s (~)	4.035s (-3.2%)	0.576s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.593s (+3.2%)	4.033s (~)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	4.036s (~)	0.443s	15	2.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.606s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+1.6%)	0.000s (+6.7% 🔺)	4.036s (+1.6%)	0.430s	15	2.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.788s (-10.4% 🟢)	4.979s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.001s (+600.0% 🔺)	5.501s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.713s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.835s	5.212s	0.001s	5.671s	1.836s	11	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.161s (-21.7% 🟢)	5.476s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.960s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.799s	11	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	18/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	21/21
▲ Vercel	Express	13/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Follow-up fixes to the @workflow/swc-plugin SWC transform to fully support synchronous "use step" functions while preserving "use workflow" async-only behavior, including stricter module-level export validation to prevent Node-only code from leaking into workflow/client bundles.

Changes:

• Restore/extend file-level "use step" export validation (allow only function exports; reject non-function exports and re-exports) and refine InvalidExport messaging to distinguish step vs workflow rules.
• Add/adjust SWC plugin fixtures to cover sync step usage (including class static methods and var/let function expressions) and to assert sync "use workflow" still errors.
• Update spec.md error table + supported forms docs, and add a patch changeset for @workflow/swc-plugin.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 17 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Adjusts InvalidExport messaging and reintroduces file-level "use step" export validation logic.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Documents sync step support and clarifies export restrictions for "use step" vs "use workflow".
.changeset/sync-step-followup.md	Publishes the export-validation behavior change as a patch.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/input.js	New fixture input covering sync step usage in class + function-expression contexts.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-step.js	Expected step-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Expected client-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/input.js	New error fixture asserting sync "use workflow" errors while sync "use step" passes.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.js	Expected step-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Expected client-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.stderr	Expected workflow-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.stderr	Expected step-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.stderr	Expected client-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-workflow.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-step.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

AI review: no blocking issues

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Addresses review feedback from #1633 (already merged):

• Remove dangling incomplete comment left over from validate_async_function removal
• Restore export validation for file-level "use step" files: sync/async function exports are allowed, but non-function exports (constants, classes, re-exports) emit an error since they can pull Node-only code into the workflow/client bundles
• Fix InvalidExport error message to say "Only functions can be exported" for step files vs "Only async functions can be exported" for workflow files
• Update spec.md error table and supported function forms to document sync step support
• Add sync-step-class test fixture covering sync static class methods and sync function expressions (var/let)
• Add sync-workflow error test verifying sync "use workflow" still errors while sync "use step" passes

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	137	64	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3923	64	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (64 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNRGNG1XKVANAQYDRTGSC4N1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMAVYSATMQ4TS5CWNHTQ8
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMF8MDPMJ3GZ9Z6W3TG4S
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMHAK8R4V1B8ZBGA97KF2
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNWTJPDVT00RDTVMZMQ7X
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMX5NKQ8538VF2BCF6HF9
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNHT5BWW0ACN2Q81RAGM3
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNR112R2D319N62PS8REN
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP4S36PZB0PEPDKEY26K8
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP80J75VQ2BSAR3MFEEME
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGPADXWR573SN3549ZYV61
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSG4PW1RZPSSD6GC1PCDZ
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSKGGHNF5Q29X6HA9A0XR
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNRGX4CCR5J9M1FANEW2910M
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNRGYFAB5P51S4H62Z2M9NY5
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNRGZ4S177GJK1J5RHX66NEG
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNRGZDQQGM4Q2JNMWHWAP6Z4
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNRGZK7PT9STJH2V5QZHMFZE
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNRGZNBZYTHVD5XW7HYVCCB1
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNRH041H5H7HXRP4G26JE6AX
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNRH09PMVCMAZVRW2A7GY423
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNRH0FZ94Y7SVB2GWJZNX9KK
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNRH0QP99Z9AHYR6HDBR3ZNG
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNRH0YCMHMKJ7B9BHDQT2B2K
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNRH152JJ5MGCPEHXW7NX5FX
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH1BNRNHHDHR8V1B02D493
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNRH1PT2KTYDGHG6M360S288
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNRH1YSP57GWKSKHJD21XQER
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH25DX2Z6237RR0DGN047G
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH2ENBE8W7S75WB2GTQGJH
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNRH2TWF0TP8106WATWXATP6
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNRH3H40WB9DKTPDJRDV6YDT
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNRH3V8X4MJJ2FH087R7XRF3
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNRH423PPCBFZ3F2RF5SRTPP
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNRH446DH05N3HM1HM66VYYF
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH4AW9014CJH00DZDMVE73

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	59	3	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 02d6d56

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (-3.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.043s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.966s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s (+3.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.958s	10	1.14x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.953s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.060s (+0.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.41x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+2.5%)	1.011s (~)	0.949s	10	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.259s (-32.5% 🟢)	2.105s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.846s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.260s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.308s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.048s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s (-25.4% 🟢)	2.425s (+1.2%)	2.125s	10	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.114s (-3.4%)	2.010s (~)	0.896s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.891s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.128s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.129s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.873s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.145s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.146s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.914s (+1.1%)	4.100s (+6.4% 🔺)	2.186s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.179s (+15.8% 🔺)	4.207s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.027s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.776s (+37.3% 🔺)	4.777s (+26.7% 🔺)	2.001s	10	1.45x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.660s (-2.8%)	11.018s (~)	0.359s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.757s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.266s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.805s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.219s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.901s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.124s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.916s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.917s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.946s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.077s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.590s (-1.4%)	18.674s (-2.1%)	2.084s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.131s (-4.1%)	19.017s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.887s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.240s (~)	19.160s (~)	1.920s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.996s (-4.6%)	14.421s (-4.0%)	0.425s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.300s (+1.2%)	15.029s (~)	0.729s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.549s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.477s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.567s (~)	15.025s (~)	0.459s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.710s (+1.0%)	15.028s (~)	0.318s	4	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	15.027s (~)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.505s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.055s (~)	16.032s (+3.2%)	0.977s	4	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.915s (-10.7% 🟢)	32.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.956s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.235s (-8.8% 🟢)	33.898s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.663s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.244s (-5.3% 🟢)	34.518s (-4.9%)	2.274s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	12.957s (-9.6% 🟢)	13.023s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.066s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.469s (+1.8%)	14.025s (~)	0.556s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.979s (-1.4%)	14.449s (-3.8%)	0.470s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.060s (+2.6%)	14.741s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.681s	7	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.121s (+3.4%)	16.864s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.743s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.800s (+1.4%)	17.198s (+1.0%)	0.397s	6	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.824s (+2.1%)	17.031s (~)	0.207s	6	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.225s (-10.4% 🟢)	51.098s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.872s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	51.242s (-11.7% 🟢)	53.662s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.420s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.371s (-8.1% 🟢)	55.518s (-7.7% 🟢)	2.147s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.781s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.272s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.738s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.312s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.694s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.522s (+1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.484s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.543s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.463s	15	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.561s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.445s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.145s (-2.6%)	3.808s (-0.8%)	1.663s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.362s (-2.2%)	4.126s (+2.8%)	1.764s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.411s (-18.2% 🟢)	4.035s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.624s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.268s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.741s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.321s (-2.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.688s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.474s (+3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.535s	10	1.09x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.568s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.008s (~)	0.440s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.636s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	2.986s (+4.6%)	3.677s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.691s	9	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.012s (+7.3% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.442s	9	1.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.167s (+14.8% 🔺)	5.012s (+16.3% 🔺)	1.845s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.184s (+6.5% 🔺)	4.504s (-4.2%)	1.321s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.501s (+29.7% 🔺)	5.228s (+16.6% 🔺)	1.727s	6	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.388s (-2.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.622s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.541s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.656s (-0.7%)	4.010s (~)	0.354s	8	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s (+4.6%)	4.869s (+13.3% 🔺)	0.734s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.924s (+39.2% 🔺)	8.518s (+41.6% 🔺)	0.594s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.054s (+2.0%)	8.774s (+6.1% 🔺)	0.720s	4	2.38x
💻 Local	Express	8.555s (+4.2%)	9.024s (+2.9%)	0.469s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.751s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.343s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.123s (+1.2%)	4.736s (-3.2%)	1.613s	7	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.542s (-1.8%)	5.378s (+0.7%)	1.836s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.197s (-5.0%)	2.008s (~)	0.811s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s (-0.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.790s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.252s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.756s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.337s (+4.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.669s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s (-4.2%)	2.006s (-3.2%)	0.518s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.557s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.449s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.571s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.435s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-3.7%)	3.874s (-2.6%)	1.859s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.030s (-2.8%)	3.882s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.852s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.262s (+4.2%)	3.984s (+2.2%)	1.721s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.299s (-1.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.709s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.327s (-1.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.683s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s (-0.9%)	3.009s (~)	0.635s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.551s (+3.9%)	3.008s (~)	0.457s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.014s (-4.2%)	3.676s (+3.1%)	0.662s	9	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.154s (+4.1%)	3.884s (+3.3%)	0.729s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.268s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.009s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.741s	8	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.385s (-7.2% 🟢)	3.807s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.459s (+5.6% 🔺)	3.958s (+0.6%)	1.499s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s (+3.9%)	4.561s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.918s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.402s (-1.2%)	4.008s (~)	0.606s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.494s (+1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.517s	8	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.638s (-0.5%)	4.012s (~)	0.374s	8	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.136s (+2.7%)	4.867s (+6.2% 🔺)	0.731s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.029s (+3.6%)	8.518s (+3.0%)	0.489s	4	2.36x
💻 Local	Express	9.146s (+6.3% 🔺)	9.773s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.627s	4	2.69x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.707s (+14.6% 🔺)	10.357s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.650s	3	2.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.991s (+5.2% 🔺)	4.445s (+2.8%)	1.454s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.997s (+10.0% 🔺)	4.650s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.653s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.348s (-11.0% 🟢)	5.247s (-4.9%)	1.899s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.607s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.398s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.712s (+12.0% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.292s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.847s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.194s	58	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.856s (+3.2%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.167s	59	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.930s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.116s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.186s	54	1.53x
💻 Local	Express	1.005s (+2.9%)	1.401s (+25.6% 🔺)	0.396s	43	1.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.033s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.973s	30	1.70x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	8.582s (-11.9% 🟢)	10.469s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.886s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	8.809s (-13.0% 🟢)	11.301s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.492s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.135s (-27.0% 🟢)	10.981s (-21.9% 🟢)	1.846s	6	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.464s (-27.1% 🟢)	2.007s (-20.8% 🟢)	0.543s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.684s (+16.1% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.322s	45	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.003s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.376s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.374s	38	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.082s (+4.0%)	2.685s (+11.8% 🔺)	0.603s	34	1.42x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.651s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.357s	30	1.81x
💻 Local	Express	3.065s (~)	3.801s (~)	0.736s	24	2.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.082s (+0.8%)	4.010s (+2.2%)	0.928s	23	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.805s (-8.1% 🟢)	28.789s (-8.0% 🟢)	1.984s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.106s (-9.2% 🟢)	28.561s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.455s	4	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.753s (-6.4% 🟢)	29.833s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.080s	4	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.050s (-27.2% 🟢)	3.370s (-32.7% 🟢)	0.320s	36	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.417s (+13.3% 🔺)	4.009s (+15.7% 🔺)	0.592s	30	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.087s (+8.3% 🔺)	4.743s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.656s	26	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.159s (+2.6%)	4.892s (+2.3%)	0.732s	25	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.712s (+2.2%)	9.017s (~)	0.305s	14	2.86x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.104s (+2.1%)	9.942s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.838s	13	2.99x
💻 Local	Express	9.303s (+1.6%)	10.018s (+2.4%)	0.716s	12	3.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	70.956s (~)	73.054s (~)	2.098s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.172s (-9.0% 🟢)	76.284s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.112s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	78.647s (-8.6% 🟢)	80.361s (-8.6% 🟢)	1.714s	2	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.225s (-22.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.781s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.258s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.008s (~)	0.750s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.290s (+4.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.717s	60	1.29x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s (+11.8% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.555s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.450s	60	2.46x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.586s (+4.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.419s	60	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	0.591s (+0.5%)	1.005s (~)	0.414s	60	2.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.324s (-33.2% 🟢)	2.785s (-22.1% 🟢)	1.462s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.485s (-21.5% 🟢)	3.267s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.782s	19	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.719s (-3.9%)	3.216s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.497s	19	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.363s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.642s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+2.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.509s	90	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.501s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.505s	90	1.38x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.179s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+17.7% 🔺)	0.826s	45	3.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.585s (+4.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.425s	30	7.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.602s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.407s	30	7.16x
💻 Local	Express	2.643s (+4.4%)	3.010s (~)	0.367s	30	7.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.555s (-13.2% 🟢)	4.158s (-12.2% 🟢)	1.602s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.112s (-12.5% 🟢)	4.800s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.688s	19	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.299s (+23.6% 🔺)	5.177s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.878s	18	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.574s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.432s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.799s (+4.2%)	1.025s (+1.8%)	0.226s	118	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.803s (+1.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.205s	120	1.40x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.830s (+2.1%)	3.084s (+1.7%)	0.255s	39	4.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.621s (+3.1%)	11.208s (+4.0%)	0.587s	11	18.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.386s (+9.5% 🔺)	12.032s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.646s	10	19.83x
💻 Local	Express	11.560s (+5.8% 🔺)	12.029s (+3.9%)	0.469s	10	20.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.275s (-9.1% 🟢)	7.871s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.596s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.409s (+17.5% 🔺)	9.397s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.988s	13	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.742s (+257.6% 🔺)	23.522s (+202.2% 🔺)	1.780s	11	3.46x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.157s (-27.2% 🟢)	0.999s (~)	0.001s (+10.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.854s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.174s (+2.9%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.844s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.200s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.000s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.810s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.208s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+17.3% 🔺)	1.019s (~)	0.811s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.213s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.013s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.806s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.217s (+2.5%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.793s	10	1.39x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.042s (+2370.6% 🔺)	1.048s (+4.0%)	0.799s	10	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.470s (-13.4% 🟢)	2.527s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.887s (+69.0% 🔺)	3.885s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.415s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.587s (+4.6%)	2.519s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.851s (+11.2% 🔺)	3.861s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.274s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.630s (-3.8%)	2.978s (-6.8% 🟢)	0.630s (-34.1% 🟢)	4.037s (-12.6% 🟢)	2.407s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+18.7% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.003s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.505s (-21.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.003s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.020s (~)	0.514s	59	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.620s (-0.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.402s	59	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.642s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.381s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.748s (+11.5% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.109s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.361s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	0.748s (+4.6%)	1.014s (~)	0.010s (+2.9%)	1.025s (~)	0.277s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.836s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.117s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.281s	54	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.133s (-7.7% 🟢)	5.540s (-9.5% 🟢)	0.455s (+127.5% 🔺)	6.456s (-4.3%)	2.323s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.218s (~)	5.662s (+0.9%)	0.687s (+158.3% 🔺)	6.838s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.620s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.265s (+30.5% 🔺)	6.659s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.401s (+60.8% 🔺)	7.509s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.244s	10	1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.927s (+4.9%)	1.053s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.057s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.130s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.934s (-1.2%)	1.152s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.161s (+3.9%)	0.227s	52	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.945s (+2.0%)	1.225s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.233s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.287s	49	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.991s (+2.3%)	1.271s (+4.4%)	0.000s (+108.5% 🔺)	1.297s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.306s	47	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.254s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.769s	30	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s (+1.7%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.750s	30	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	1.478s (+20.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-46.4% 🟢)	2.203s (+8.9% 🔺)	0.725s	28	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.713s (-4.0%)	3.823s (-3.1%)	0.000s (-53.3% 🟢)	4.272s (-3.1%)	1.558s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.721s (+2.2%)	3.848s (-2.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.338s (-0.8%)	1.617s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.122s (-30.4% 🟢)	4.435s (-25.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-48.7% 🟢)	4.915s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.793s	13	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.670s (-4.5%)	2.033s (-3.3%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.065s (-3.2%)	0.395s	30	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.734s (-1.6%)	2.071s (+3.5%)	0.000s (+3.4%)	2.075s (+3.4%)	0.342s	29	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.797s (+2.2%)	2.140s (+3.6%)	0.000s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.154s (+3.5%)	0.357s	28	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.859s (+1.0%)	2.146s (+0.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.161s (~)	0.303s	28	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.458s (-4.2%)	4.031s (-3.2%)	0.001s (~)	4.035s (-3.2%)	0.576s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.593s (+3.2%)	4.033s (~)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	4.036s (~)	0.443s	15	2.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.606s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+1.6%)	0.000s (+6.7% 🔺)	4.036s (+1.6%)	0.430s	15	2.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.788s (-10.4% 🟢)	4.979s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.001s (+600.0% 🔺)	5.501s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.713s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.835s	5.212s	0.001s	5.671s	1.836s	11	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.161s (-21.7% 🟢)	5.476s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.960s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.799s	11	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	18/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	21/21
▲ Vercel	Express	13/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Follow-up fixes to the @workflow/swc-plugin SWC transform to fully support synchronous "use step" functions while preserving "use workflow" async-only behavior, including stricter module-level export validation to prevent Node-only code from leaking into workflow/client bundles.

Changes:

• Restore/extend file-level "use step" export validation (allow only function exports; reject non-function exports and re-exports) and refine InvalidExport messaging to distinguish step vs workflow rules.
• Add/adjust SWC plugin fixtures to cover sync step usage (including class static methods and var/let function expressions) and to assert sync "use workflow" still errors.
• Update spec.md error table + supported forms docs, and add a patch changeset for @workflow/swc-plugin.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 17 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Adjusts InvalidExport messaging and reintroduces file-level "use step" export validation logic.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Documents sync step support and clarifies export restrictions for "use step" vs "use workflow".
.changeset/sync-step-followup.md	Publishes the export-validation behavior change as a patch.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/input.js	New fixture input covering sync step usage in class + function-expression contexts.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-step.js	Expected step-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Expected client-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/input.js	New error fixture asserting sync "use workflow" errors while sync "use step" passes.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.js	Expected step-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Expected client-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.stderr	Expected workflow-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.stderr	Expected step-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.stderr	Expected client-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-workflow.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-step.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

AI review: no blocking issues

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Addresses review feedback from #1633 (already merged):

• Remove dangling incomplete comment left over from validate_async_function removal
• Restore export validation for file-level "use step" files: sync/async function exports are allowed, but non-function exports (constants, classes, re-exports) emit an error since they can pull Node-only code into the workflow/client bundles
• Fix InvalidExport error message to say "Only functions can be exported" for step files vs "Only async functions can be exported" for workflow files
• Update spec.md error table and supported function forms to document sync step support
• Add sync-step-class test fixture covering sync static class methods and sync function expressions (var/let)
• Add sync-workflow error test verifying sync "use workflow" still errors while sync "use step" passes

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	137	64	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3923	64	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (64 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNRGNG1XKVANAQYDRTGSC4N1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMAVYSATMQ4TS5CWNHTQ8
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMF8MDPMJ3GZ9Z6W3TG4S
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMHAK8R4V1B8ZBGA97KF2
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNWTJPDVT00RDTVMZMQ7X
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMX5NKQ8538VF2BCF6HF9
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNHT5BWW0ACN2Q81RAGM3
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNR112R2D319N62PS8REN
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP4S36PZB0PEPDKEY26K8
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP80J75VQ2BSAR3MFEEME
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGPADXWR573SN3549ZYV61
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSG4PW1RZPSSD6GC1PCDZ
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSKGGHNF5Q29X6HA9A0XR
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNRGX4CCR5J9M1FANEW2910M
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNRGYFAB5P51S4H62Z2M9NY5
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNRGZ4S177GJK1J5RHX66NEG
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNRGZDQQGM4Q2JNMWHWAP6Z4
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNRGZK7PT9STJH2V5QZHMFZE
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNRGZNBZYTHVD5XW7HYVCCB1
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNRH041H5H7HXRP4G26JE6AX
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNRH09PMVCMAZVRW2A7GY423
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNRH0FZ94Y7SVB2GWJZNX9KK
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNRH0QP99Z9AHYR6HDBR3ZNG
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNRH0YCMHMKJ7B9BHDQT2B2K
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNRH152JJ5MGCPEHXW7NX5FX
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH1BNRNHHDHR8V1B02D493
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNRH1PT2KTYDGHG6M360S288
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNRH1YSP57GWKSKHJD21XQER
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH25DX2Z6237RR0DGN047G
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH2ENBE8W7S75WB2GTQGJH
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNRH2TWF0TP8106WATWXATP6
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNRH3H40WB9DKTPDJRDV6YDT
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNRH3V8X4MJJ2FH087R7XRF3
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNRH423PPCBFZ3F2RF5SRTPP
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNRH446DH05N3HM1HM66VYYF
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH4AW9014CJH00DZDMVE73

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	59	3	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

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[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 02d6d56

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (-3.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.043s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.966s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s (+3.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.958s	10	1.14x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.953s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.060s (+0.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.41x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+2.5%)	1.011s (~)	0.949s	10	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.259s (-32.5% 🟢)	2.105s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.846s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.260s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.308s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.048s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s (-25.4% 🟢)	2.425s (+1.2%)	2.125s	10	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.114s (-3.4%)	2.010s (~)	0.896s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.891s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.128s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.129s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.873s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.145s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.146s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.914s (+1.1%)	4.100s (+6.4% 🔺)	2.186s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.179s (+15.8% 🔺)	4.207s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.027s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.776s (+37.3% 🔺)	4.777s (+26.7% 🔺)	2.001s	10	1.45x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.660s (-2.8%)	11.018s (~)	0.359s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.757s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.266s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.805s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.219s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.901s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.124s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.916s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.917s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.946s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.077s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.590s (-1.4%)	18.674s (-2.1%)	2.084s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.131s (-4.1%)	19.017s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.887s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.240s (~)	19.160s (~)	1.920s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.996s (-4.6%)	14.421s (-4.0%)	0.425s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.300s (+1.2%)	15.029s (~)	0.729s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.549s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.477s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.567s (~)	15.025s (~)	0.459s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.710s (+1.0%)	15.028s (~)	0.318s	4	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	15.027s (~)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.505s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.055s (~)	16.032s (+3.2%)	0.977s	4	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.915s (-10.7% 🟢)	32.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.956s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.235s (-8.8% 🟢)	33.898s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.663s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.244s (-5.3% 🟢)	34.518s (-4.9%)	2.274s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	12.957s (-9.6% 🟢)	13.023s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.066s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.469s (+1.8%)	14.025s (~)	0.556s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.979s (-1.4%)	14.449s (-3.8%)	0.470s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.060s (+2.6%)	14.741s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.681s	7	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.121s (+3.4%)	16.864s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.743s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.800s (+1.4%)	17.198s (+1.0%)	0.397s	6	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.824s (+2.1%)	17.031s (~)	0.207s	6	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.225s (-10.4% 🟢)	51.098s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.872s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	51.242s (-11.7% 🟢)	53.662s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.420s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.371s (-8.1% 🟢)	55.518s (-7.7% 🟢)	2.147s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.781s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.272s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.738s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.312s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.694s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.522s (+1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.484s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.543s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.463s	15	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.561s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.445s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.145s (-2.6%)	3.808s (-0.8%)	1.663s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.362s (-2.2%)	4.126s (+2.8%)	1.764s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.411s (-18.2% 🟢)	4.035s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.624s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.268s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.741s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.321s (-2.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.688s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.474s (+3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.535s	10	1.09x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.568s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.008s (~)	0.440s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.636s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	2.986s (+4.6%)	3.677s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.691s	9	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.012s (+7.3% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.442s	9	1.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.167s (+14.8% 🔺)	5.012s (+16.3% 🔺)	1.845s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.184s (+6.5% 🔺)	4.504s (-4.2%)	1.321s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.501s (+29.7% 🔺)	5.228s (+16.6% 🔺)	1.727s	6	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.388s (-2.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.622s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.541s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.656s (-0.7%)	4.010s (~)	0.354s	8	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s (+4.6%)	4.869s (+13.3% 🔺)	0.734s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.924s (+39.2% 🔺)	8.518s (+41.6% 🔺)	0.594s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.054s (+2.0%)	8.774s (+6.1% 🔺)	0.720s	4	2.38x
💻 Local	Express	8.555s (+4.2%)	9.024s (+2.9%)	0.469s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.751s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.343s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.123s (+1.2%)	4.736s (-3.2%)	1.613s	7	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.542s (-1.8%)	5.378s (+0.7%)	1.836s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.197s (-5.0%)	2.008s (~)	0.811s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s (-0.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.790s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.252s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.756s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.337s (+4.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.669s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s (-4.2%)	2.006s (-3.2%)	0.518s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.557s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.449s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.571s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.435s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-3.7%)	3.874s (-2.6%)	1.859s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.030s (-2.8%)	3.882s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.852s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.262s (+4.2%)	3.984s (+2.2%)	1.721s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.299s (-1.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.709s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.327s (-1.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.683s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s (-0.9%)	3.009s (~)	0.635s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.551s (+3.9%)	3.008s (~)	0.457s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.014s (-4.2%)	3.676s (+3.1%)	0.662s	9	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.154s (+4.1%)	3.884s (+3.3%)	0.729s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.268s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.009s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.741s	8	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.385s (-7.2% 🟢)	3.807s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.459s (+5.6% 🔺)	3.958s (+0.6%)	1.499s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s (+3.9%)	4.561s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.918s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.402s (-1.2%)	4.008s (~)	0.606s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.494s (+1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.517s	8	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.638s (-0.5%)	4.012s (~)	0.374s	8	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.136s (+2.7%)	4.867s (+6.2% 🔺)	0.731s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.029s (+3.6%)	8.518s (+3.0%)	0.489s	4	2.36x
💻 Local	Express	9.146s (+6.3% 🔺)	9.773s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.627s	4	2.69x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.707s (+14.6% 🔺)	10.357s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.650s	3	2.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.991s (+5.2% 🔺)	4.445s (+2.8%)	1.454s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.997s (+10.0% 🔺)	4.650s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.653s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.348s (-11.0% 🟢)	5.247s (-4.9%)	1.899s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.607s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.398s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.712s (+12.0% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.292s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.847s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.194s	58	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.856s (+3.2%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.167s	59	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.930s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.116s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.186s	54	1.53x
💻 Local	Express	1.005s (+2.9%)	1.401s (+25.6% 🔺)	0.396s	43	1.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.033s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.973s	30	1.70x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	8.582s (-11.9% 🟢)	10.469s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.886s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	8.809s (-13.0% 🟢)	11.301s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.492s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.135s (-27.0% 🟢)	10.981s (-21.9% 🟢)	1.846s	6	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.464s (-27.1% 🟢)	2.007s (-20.8% 🟢)	0.543s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.684s (+16.1% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.322s	45	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.003s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.376s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.374s	38	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.082s (+4.0%)	2.685s (+11.8% 🔺)	0.603s	34	1.42x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.651s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.357s	30	1.81x
💻 Local	Express	3.065s (~)	3.801s (~)	0.736s	24	2.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.082s (+0.8%)	4.010s (+2.2%)	0.928s	23	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.805s (-8.1% 🟢)	28.789s (-8.0% 🟢)	1.984s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.106s (-9.2% 🟢)	28.561s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.455s	4	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.753s (-6.4% 🟢)	29.833s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.080s	4	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.050s (-27.2% 🟢)	3.370s (-32.7% 🟢)	0.320s	36	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.417s (+13.3% 🔺)	4.009s (+15.7% 🔺)	0.592s	30	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.087s (+8.3% 🔺)	4.743s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.656s	26	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.159s (+2.6%)	4.892s (+2.3%)	0.732s	25	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.712s (+2.2%)	9.017s (~)	0.305s	14	2.86x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.104s (+2.1%)	9.942s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.838s	13	2.99x
💻 Local	Express	9.303s (+1.6%)	10.018s (+2.4%)	0.716s	12	3.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	70.956s (~)	73.054s (~)	2.098s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.172s (-9.0% 🟢)	76.284s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.112s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	78.647s (-8.6% 🟢)	80.361s (-8.6% 🟢)	1.714s	2	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.225s (-22.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.781s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.258s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.008s (~)	0.750s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.290s (+4.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.717s	60	1.29x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s (+11.8% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.555s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.450s	60	2.46x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.586s (+4.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.419s	60	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	0.591s (+0.5%)	1.005s (~)	0.414s	60	2.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.324s (-33.2% 🟢)	2.785s (-22.1% 🟢)	1.462s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.485s (-21.5% 🟢)	3.267s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.782s	19	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.719s (-3.9%)	3.216s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.497s	19	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.363s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.642s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+2.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.509s	90	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.501s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.505s	90	1.38x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.179s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+17.7% 🔺)	0.826s	45	3.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.585s (+4.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.425s	30	7.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.602s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.407s	30	7.16x
💻 Local	Express	2.643s (+4.4%)	3.010s (~)	0.367s	30	7.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.555s (-13.2% 🟢)	4.158s (-12.2% 🟢)	1.602s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.112s (-12.5% 🟢)	4.800s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.688s	19	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.299s (+23.6% 🔺)	5.177s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.878s	18	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.574s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.432s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.799s (+4.2%)	1.025s (+1.8%)	0.226s	118	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.803s (+1.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.205s	120	1.40x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.830s (+2.1%)	3.084s (+1.7%)	0.255s	39	4.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.621s (+3.1%)	11.208s (+4.0%)	0.587s	11	18.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.386s (+9.5% 🔺)	12.032s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.646s	10	19.83x
💻 Local	Express	11.560s (+5.8% 🔺)	12.029s (+3.9%)	0.469s	10	20.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.275s (-9.1% 🟢)	7.871s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.596s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.409s (+17.5% 🔺)	9.397s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.988s	13	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.742s (+257.6% 🔺)	23.522s (+202.2% 🔺)	1.780s	11	3.46x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.157s (-27.2% 🟢)	0.999s (~)	0.001s (+10.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.854s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.174s (+2.9%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.844s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.200s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.000s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.810s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.208s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+17.3% 🔺)	1.019s (~)	0.811s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.213s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.013s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.806s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.217s (+2.5%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.793s	10	1.39x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.042s (+2370.6% 🔺)	1.048s (+4.0%)	0.799s	10	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.470s (-13.4% 🟢)	2.527s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.887s (+69.0% 🔺)	3.885s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.415s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.587s (+4.6%)	2.519s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.851s (+11.2% 🔺)	3.861s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.274s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.630s (-3.8%)	2.978s (-6.8% 🟢)	0.630s (-34.1% 🟢)	4.037s (-12.6% 🟢)	2.407s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+18.7% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.003s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.505s (-21.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.003s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.020s (~)	0.514s	59	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.620s (-0.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.402s	59	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.642s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.381s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.748s (+11.5% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.109s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.361s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	0.748s (+4.6%)	1.014s (~)	0.010s (+2.9%)	1.025s (~)	0.277s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.836s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.117s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.281s	54	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.133s (-7.7% 🟢)	5.540s (-9.5% 🟢)	0.455s (+127.5% 🔺)	6.456s (-4.3%)	2.323s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.218s (~)	5.662s (+0.9%)	0.687s (+158.3% 🔺)	6.838s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.620s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.265s (+30.5% 🔺)	6.659s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.401s (+60.8% 🔺)	7.509s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.244s	10	1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.927s (+4.9%)	1.053s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.057s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.130s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.934s (-1.2%)	1.152s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.161s (+3.9%)	0.227s	52	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.945s (+2.0%)	1.225s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.233s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.287s	49	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.991s (+2.3%)	1.271s (+4.4%)	0.000s (+108.5% 🔺)	1.297s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.306s	47	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.254s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.769s	30	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s (+1.7%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.750s	30	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	1.478s (+20.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-46.4% 🟢)	2.203s (+8.9% 🔺)	0.725s	28	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.713s (-4.0%)	3.823s (-3.1%)	0.000s (-53.3% 🟢)	4.272s (-3.1%)	1.558s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.721s (+2.2%)	3.848s (-2.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.338s (-0.8%)	1.617s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.122s (-30.4% 🟢)	4.435s (-25.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-48.7% 🟢)	4.915s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.793s	13	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.670s (-4.5%)	2.033s (-3.3%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.065s (-3.2%)	0.395s	30	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.734s (-1.6%)	2.071s (+3.5%)	0.000s (+3.4%)	2.075s (+3.4%)	0.342s	29	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.797s (+2.2%)	2.140s (+3.6%)	0.000s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.154s (+3.5%)	0.357s	28	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.859s (+1.0%)	2.146s (+0.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.161s (~)	0.303s	28	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.458s (-4.2%)	4.031s (-3.2%)	0.001s (~)	4.035s (-3.2%)	0.576s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.593s (+3.2%)	4.033s (~)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	4.036s (~)	0.443s	15	2.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.606s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+1.6%)	0.000s (+6.7% 🔺)	4.036s (+1.6%)	0.430s	15	2.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.788s (-10.4% 🟢)	4.979s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.001s (+600.0% 🔺)	5.501s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.713s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.835s	5.212s	0.001s	5.671s	1.836s	11	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.161s (-21.7% 🟢)	5.476s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.960s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.799s	11	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	18/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	21/21
▲ Vercel	Express	13/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Follow-up fixes to the @workflow/swc-plugin SWC transform to fully support synchronous "use step" functions while preserving "use workflow" async-only behavior, including stricter module-level export validation to prevent Node-only code from leaking into workflow/client bundles.

Changes:

• Restore/extend file-level "use step" export validation (allow only function exports; reject non-function exports and re-exports) and refine InvalidExport messaging to distinguish step vs workflow rules.
• Add/adjust SWC plugin fixtures to cover sync step usage (including class static methods and var/let function expressions) and to assert sync "use workflow" still errors.
• Update spec.md error table + supported forms docs, and add a patch changeset for @workflow/swc-plugin.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 17 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Adjusts InvalidExport messaging and reintroduces file-level "use step" export validation logic.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Documents sync step support and clarifies export restrictions for "use step" vs "use workflow".
.changeset/sync-step-followup.md	Publishes the export-validation behavior change as a patch.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/input.js	New fixture input covering sync step usage in class + function-expression contexts.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-step.js	Expected step-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Expected client-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/input.js	New error fixture asserting sync "use workflow" errors while sync "use step" passes.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.js	Expected step-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Expected client-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.stderr	Expected workflow-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.stderr	Expected step-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.stderr	Expected client-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-workflow.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-step.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

AI review: no blocking issues

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Addresses review feedback from #1633 (already merged):

• Remove dangling incomplete comment left over from validate_async_function removal
• Restore export validation for file-level "use step" files: sync/async function exports are allowed, but non-function exports (constants, classes, re-exports) emit an error since they can pull Node-only code into the workflow/client bundles
• Fix InvalidExport error message to say "Only functions can be exported" for step files vs "Only async functions can be exported" for workflow files
• Update spec.md error table and supported function forms to document sync step support
• Add sync-step-class test fixture covering sync static class methods and sync function expressions (var/let)
• Add sync-workflow error test verifying sync "use workflow" still errors while sync "use step" passes

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	137	64	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3923	64	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (64 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNRGNG1XKVANAQYDRTGSC4N1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMAVYSATMQ4TS5CWNHTQ8
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMF8MDPMJ3GZ9Z6W3TG4S
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMHAK8R4V1B8ZBGA97KF2
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNWTJPDVT00RDTVMZMQ7X
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMX5NKQ8538VF2BCF6HF9
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNHT5BWW0ACN2Q81RAGM3
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNR112R2D319N62PS8REN
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP4S36PZB0PEPDKEY26K8
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP80J75VQ2BSAR3MFEEME
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGPADXWR573SN3549ZYV61
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSG4PW1RZPSSD6GC1PCDZ
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSKGGHNF5Q29X6HA9A0XR
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNRGX4CCR5J9M1FANEW2910M
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNRGYFAB5P51S4H62Z2M9NY5
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNRGZ4S177GJK1J5RHX66NEG
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNRGZDQQGM4Q2JNMWHWAP6Z4
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNRGZK7PT9STJH2V5QZHMFZE
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNRGZNBZYTHVD5XW7HYVCCB1
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNRH041H5H7HXRP4G26JE6AX
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNRH09PMVCMAZVRW2A7GY423
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNRH0FZ94Y7SVB2GWJZNX9KK
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNRH0QP99Z9AHYR6HDBR3ZNG
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNRH0YCMHMKJ7B9BHDQT2B2K
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNRH152JJ5MGCPEHXW7NX5FX
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH1BNRNHHDHR8V1B02D493
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNRH1PT2KTYDGHG6M360S288
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNRH1YSP57GWKSKHJD21XQER
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH25DX2Z6237RR0DGN047G
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH2ENBE8W7S75WB2GTQGJH
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNRH2TWF0TP8106WATWXATP6
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNRH3H40WB9DKTPDJRDV6YDT
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNRH3V8X4MJJ2FH087R7XRF3
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNRH423PPCBFZ3F2RF5SRTPP
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNRH446DH05N3HM1HM66VYYF
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH4AW9014CJH00DZDMVE73

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	59	3	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 02d6d56

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (-3.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.043s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.966s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s (+3.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.958s	10	1.14x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.953s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.060s (+0.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.41x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+2.5%)	1.011s (~)	0.949s	10	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.259s (-32.5% 🟢)	2.105s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.846s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.260s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.308s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.048s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s (-25.4% 🟢)	2.425s (+1.2%)	2.125s	10	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.114s (-3.4%)	2.010s (~)	0.896s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.891s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.128s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.129s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.873s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.145s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.146s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.914s (+1.1%)	4.100s (+6.4% 🔺)	2.186s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.179s (+15.8% 🔺)	4.207s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.027s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.776s (+37.3% 🔺)	4.777s (+26.7% 🔺)	2.001s	10	1.45x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.660s (-2.8%)	11.018s (~)	0.359s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.757s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.266s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.805s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.219s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.901s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.124s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.916s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.917s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.946s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.077s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.590s (-1.4%)	18.674s (-2.1%)	2.084s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.131s (-4.1%)	19.017s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.887s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.240s (~)	19.160s (~)	1.920s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.996s (-4.6%)	14.421s (-4.0%)	0.425s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.300s (+1.2%)	15.029s (~)	0.729s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.549s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.477s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.567s (~)	15.025s (~)	0.459s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.710s (+1.0%)	15.028s (~)	0.318s	4	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	15.027s (~)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.505s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.055s (~)	16.032s (+3.2%)	0.977s	4	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.915s (-10.7% 🟢)	32.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.956s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.235s (-8.8% 🟢)	33.898s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.663s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.244s (-5.3% 🟢)	34.518s (-4.9%)	2.274s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	12.957s (-9.6% 🟢)	13.023s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.066s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.469s (+1.8%)	14.025s (~)	0.556s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.979s (-1.4%)	14.449s (-3.8%)	0.470s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.060s (+2.6%)	14.741s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.681s	7	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.121s (+3.4%)	16.864s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.743s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.800s (+1.4%)	17.198s (+1.0%)	0.397s	6	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.824s (+2.1%)	17.031s (~)	0.207s	6	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.225s (-10.4% 🟢)	51.098s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.872s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	51.242s (-11.7% 🟢)	53.662s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.420s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.371s (-8.1% 🟢)	55.518s (-7.7% 🟢)	2.147s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.781s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.272s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.738s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.312s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.694s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.522s (+1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.484s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.543s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.463s	15	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.561s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.445s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.145s (-2.6%)	3.808s (-0.8%)	1.663s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.362s (-2.2%)	4.126s (+2.8%)	1.764s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.411s (-18.2% 🟢)	4.035s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.624s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.268s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.741s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.321s (-2.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.688s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.474s (+3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.535s	10	1.09x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.568s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.008s (~)	0.440s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.636s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	2.986s (+4.6%)	3.677s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.691s	9	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.012s (+7.3% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.442s	9	1.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.167s (+14.8% 🔺)	5.012s (+16.3% 🔺)	1.845s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.184s (+6.5% 🔺)	4.504s (-4.2%)	1.321s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.501s (+29.7% 🔺)	5.228s (+16.6% 🔺)	1.727s	6	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.388s (-2.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.622s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.541s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.656s (-0.7%)	4.010s (~)	0.354s	8	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s (+4.6%)	4.869s (+13.3% 🔺)	0.734s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.924s (+39.2% 🔺)	8.518s (+41.6% 🔺)	0.594s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.054s (+2.0%)	8.774s (+6.1% 🔺)	0.720s	4	2.38x
💻 Local	Express	8.555s (+4.2%)	9.024s (+2.9%)	0.469s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.751s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.343s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.123s (+1.2%)	4.736s (-3.2%)	1.613s	7	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.542s (-1.8%)	5.378s (+0.7%)	1.836s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.197s (-5.0%)	2.008s (~)	0.811s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s (-0.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.790s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.252s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.756s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.337s (+4.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.669s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s (-4.2%)	2.006s (-3.2%)	0.518s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.557s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.449s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.571s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.435s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-3.7%)	3.874s (-2.6%)	1.859s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.030s (-2.8%)	3.882s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.852s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.262s (+4.2%)	3.984s (+2.2%)	1.721s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.299s (-1.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.709s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.327s (-1.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.683s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s (-0.9%)	3.009s (~)	0.635s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.551s (+3.9%)	3.008s (~)	0.457s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.014s (-4.2%)	3.676s (+3.1%)	0.662s	9	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.154s (+4.1%)	3.884s (+3.3%)	0.729s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.268s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.009s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.741s	8	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.385s (-7.2% 🟢)	3.807s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.459s (+5.6% 🔺)	3.958s (+0.6%)	1.499s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s (+3.9%)	4.561s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.918s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.402s (-1.2%)	4.008s (~)	0.606s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.494s (+1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.517s	8	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.638s (-0.5%)	4.012s (~)	0.374s	8	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.136s (+2.7%)	4.867s (+6.2% 🔺)	0.731s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.029s (+3.6%)	8.518s (+3.0%)	0.489s	4	2.36x
💻 Local	Express	9.146s (+6.3% 🔺)	9.773s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.627s	4	2.69x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.707s (+14.6% 🔺)	10.357s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.650s	3	2.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.991s (+5.2% 🔺)	4.445s (+2.8%)	1.454s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.997s (+10.0% 🔺)	4.650s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.653s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.348s (-11.0% 🟢)	5.247s (-4.9%)	1.899s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.607s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.398s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.712s (+12.0% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.292s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.847s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.194s	58	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.856s (+3.2%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.167s	59	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.930s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.116s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.186s	54	1.53x
💻 Local	Express	1.005s (+2.9%)	1.401s (+25.6% 🔺)	0.396s	43	1.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.033s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.973s	30	1.70x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	8.582s (-11.9% 🟢)	10.469s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.886s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	8.809s (-13.0% 🟢)	11.301s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.492s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.135s (-27.0% 🟢)	10.981s (-21.9% 🟢)	1.846s	6	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.464s (-27.1% 🟢)	2.007s (-20.8% 🟢)	0.543s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.684s (+16.1% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.322s	45	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.003s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.376s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.374s	38	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.082s (+4.0%)	2.685s (+11.8% 🔺)	0.603s	34	1.42x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.651s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.357s	30	1.81x
💻 Local	Express	3.065s (~)	3.801s (~)	0.736s	24	2.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.082s (+0.8%)	4.010s (+2.2%)	0.928s	23	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.805s (-8.1% 🟢)	28.789s (-8.0% 🟢)	1.984s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.106s (-9.2% 🟢)	28.561s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.455s	4	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.753s (-6.4% 🟢)	29.833s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.080s	4	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.050s (-27.2% 🟢)	3.370s (-32.7% 🟢)	0.320s	36	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.417s (+13.3% 🔺)	4.009s (+15.7% 🔺)	0.592s	30	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.087s (+8.3% 🔺)	4.743s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.656s	26	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.159s (+2.6%)	4.892s (+2.3%)	0.732s	25	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.712s (+2.2%)	9.017s (~)	0.305s	14	2.86x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.104s (+2.1%)	9.942s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.838s	13	2.99x
💻 Local	Express	9.303s (+1.6%)	10.018s (+2.4%)	0.716s	12	3.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	70.956s (~)	73.054s (~)	2.098s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.172s (-9.0% 🟢)	76.284s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.112s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	78.647s (-8.6% 🟢)	80.361s (-8.6% 🟢)	1.714s	2	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.225s (-22.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.781s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.258s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.008s (~)	0.750s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.290s (+4.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.717s	60	1.29x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s (+11.8% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.555s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.450s	60	2.46x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.586s (+4.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.419s	60	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	0.591s (+0.5%)	1.005s (~)	0.414s	60	2.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.324s (-33.2% 🟢)	2.785s (-22.1% 🟢)	1.462s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.485s (-21.5% 🟢)	3.267s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.782s	19	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.719s (-3.9%)	3.216s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.497s	19	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.363s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.642s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+2.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.509s	90	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.501s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.505s	90	1.38x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.179s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+17.7% 🔺)	0.826s	45	3.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.585s (+4.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.425s	30	7.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.602s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.407s	30	7.16x
💻 Local	Express	2.643s (+4.4%)	3.010s (~)	0.367s	30	7.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.555s (-13.2% 🟢)	4.158s (-12.2% 🟢)	1.602s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.112s (-12.5% 🟢)	4.800s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.688s	19	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.299s (+23.6% 🔺)	5.177s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.878s	18	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.574s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.432s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.799s (+4.2%)	1.025s (+1.8%)	0.226s	118	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.803s (+1.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.205s	120	1.40x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.830s (+2.1%)	3.084s (+1.7%)	0.255s	39	4.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.621s (+3.1%)	11.208s (+4.0%)	0.587s	11	18.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.386s (+9.5% 🔺)	12.032s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.646s	10	19.83x
💻 Local	Express	11.560s (+5.8% 🔺)	12.029s (+3.9%)	0.469s	10	20.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.275s (-9.1% 🟢)	7.871s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.596s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.409s (+17.5% 🔺)	9.397s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.988s	13	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.742s (+257.6% 🔺)	23.522s (+202.2% 🔺)	1.780s	11	3.46x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.157s (-27.2% 🟢)	0.999s (~)	0.001s (+10.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.854s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.174s (+2.9%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.844s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.200s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.000s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.810s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.208s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+17.3% 🔺)	1.019s (~)	0.811s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.213s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.013s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.806s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.217s (+2.5%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.793s	10	1.39x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.042s (+2370.6% 🔺)	1.048s (+4.0%)	0.799s	10	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.470s (-13.4% 🟢)	2.527s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.887s (+69.0% 🔺)	3.885s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.415s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.587s (+4.6%)	2.519s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.851s (+11.2% 🔺)	3.861s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.274s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.630s (-3.8%)	2.978s (-6.8% 🟢)	0.630s (-34.1% 🟢)	4.037s (-12.6% 🟢)	2.407s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+18.7% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.003s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.505s (-21.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.003s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.020s (~)	0.514s	59	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.620s (-0.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.402s	59	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.642s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.381s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.748s (+11.5% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.109s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.361s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	0.748s (+4.6%)	1.014s (~)	0.010s (+2.9%)	1.025s (~)	0.277s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.836s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.117s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.281s	54	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.133s (-7.7% 🟢)	5.540s (-9.5% 🟢)	0.455s (+127.5% 🔺)	6.456s (-4.3%)	2.323s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.218s (~)	5.662s (+0.9%)	0.687s (+158.3% 🔺)	6.838s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.620s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.265s (+30.5% 🔺)	6.659s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.401s (+60.8% 🔺)	7.509s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.244s	10	1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.927s (+4.9%)	1.053s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.057s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.130s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.934s (-1.2%)	1.152s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.161s (+3.9%)	0.227s	52	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.945s (+2.0%)	1.225s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.233s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.287s	49	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.991s (+2.3%)	1.271s (+4.4%)	0.000s (+108.5% 🔺)	1.297s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.306s	47	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.254s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.769s	30	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s (+1.7%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.750s	30	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	1.478s (+20.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-46.4% 🟢)	2.203s (+8.9% 🔺)	0.725s	28	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.713s (-4.0%)	3.823s (-3.1%)	0.000s (-53.3% 🟢)	4.272s (-3.1%)	1.558s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.721s (+2.2%)	3.848s (-2.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.338s (-0.8%)	1.617s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.122s (-30.4% 🟢)	4.435s (-25.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-48.7% 🟢)	4.915s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.793s	13	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.670s (-4.5%)	2.033s (-3.3%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.065s (-3.2%)	0.395s	30	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.734s (-1.6%)	2.071s (+3.5%)	0.000s (+3.4%)	2.075s (+3.4%)	0.342s	29	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.797s (+2.2%)	2.140s (+3.6%)	0.000s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.154s (+3.5%)	0.357s	28	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.859s (+1.0%)	2.146s (+0.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.161s (~)	0.303s	28	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.458s (-4.2%)	4.031s (-3.2%)	0.001s (~)	4.035s (-3.2%)	0.576s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.593s (+3.2%)	4.033s (~)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	4.036s (~)	0.443s	15	2.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.606s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+1.6%)	0.000s (+6.7% 🔺)	4.036s (+1.6%)	0.430s	15	2.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.788s (-10.4% 🟢)	4.979s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.001s (+600.0% 🔺)	5.501s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.713s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.835s	5.212s	0.001s	5.671s	1.836s	11	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.161s (-21.7% 🟢)	5.476s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.960s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.799s	11	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	18/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	21/21
▲ Vercel	Express	13/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Follow-up fixes to the @workflow/swc-plugin SWC transform to fully support synchronous "use step" functions while preserving "use workflow" async-only behavior, including stricter module-level export validation to prevent Node-only code from leaking into workflow/client bundles.

Changes:

• Restore/extend file-level "use step" export validation (allow only function exports; reject non-function exports and re-exports) and refine InvalidExport messaging to distinguish step vs workflow rules.
• Add/adjust SWC plugin fixtures to cover sync step usage (including class static methods and var/let function expressions) and to assert sync "use workflow" still errors.
• Update spec.md error table + supported forms docs, and add a patch changeset for @workflow/swc-plugin.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 17 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Adjusts InvalidExport messaging and reintroduces file-level "use step" export validation logic.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Documents sync step support and clarifies export restrictions for "use step" vs "use workflow".
.changeset/sync-step-followup.md	Publishes the export-validation behavior change as a patch.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/input.js	New fixture input covering sync step usage in class + function-expression contexts.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-step.js	Expected step-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Expected client-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/input.js	New error fixture asserting sync "use workflow" errors while sync "use step" passes.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.js	Expected step-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Expected client-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.stderr	Expected workflow-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.stderr	Expected step-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.stderr	Expected client-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-workflow.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-step.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

AI review: no blocking issues

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Addresses review feedback from #1633 (already merged):

• Remove dangling incomplete comment left over from validate_async_function removal
• Restore export validation for file-level "use step" files: sync/async function exports are allowed, but non-function exports (constants, classes, re-exports) emit an error since they can pull Node-only code into the workflow/client bundles
• Fix InvalidExport error message to say "Only functions can be exported" for step files vs "Only async functions can be exported" for workflow files
• Update spec.md error table and supported function forms to document sync step support
• Add sync-step-class test fixture covering sync static class methods and sync function expressions (var/let)
• Add sync-workflow error test verifying sync "use workflow" still errors while sync "use step" passes

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	137	64	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3923	64	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (64 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNRGNG1XKVANAQYDRTGSC4N1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMAVYSATMQ4TS5CWNHTQ8
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMF8MDPMJ3GZ9Z6W3TG4S
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMHAK8R4V1B8ZBGA97KF2
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNWTJPDVT00RDTVMZMQ7X
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMX5NKQ8538VF2BCF6HF9
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNHT5BWW0ACN2Q81RAGM3
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNR112R2D319N62PS8REN
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP4S36PZB0PEPDKEY26K8
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP80J75VQ2BSAR3MFEEME
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGPADXWR573SN3549ZYV61
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSG4PW1RZPSSD6GC1PCDZ
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSKGGHNF5Q29X6HA9A0XR
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNRGX4CCR5J9M1FANEW2910M
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNRGYFAB5P51S4H62Z2M9NY5
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNRGZ4S177GJK1J5RHX66NEG
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNRGZDQQGM4Q2JNMWHWAP6Z4
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNRGZK7PT9STJH2V5QZHMFZE
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNRGZNBZYTHVD5XW7HYVCCB1
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNRH041H5H7HXRP4G26JE6AX
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNRH09PMVCMAZVRW2A7GY423
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNRH0FZ94Y7SVB2GWJZNX9KK
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNRH0QP99Z9AHYR6HDBR3ZNG
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNRH0YCMHMKJ7B9BHDQT2B2K
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNRH152JJ5MGCPEHXW7NX5FX
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH1BNRNHHDHR8V1B02D493
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNRH1PT2KTYDGHG6M360S288
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNRH1YSP57GWKSKHJD21XQER
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH25DX2Z6237RR0DGN047G
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH2ENBE8W7S75WB2GTQGJH
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNRH2TWF0TP8106WATWXATP6
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNRH3H40WB9DKTPDJRDV6YDT
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNRH3V8X4MJJ2FH087R7XRF3
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNRH423PPCBFZ3F2RF5SRTPP
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNRH446DH05N3HM1HM66VYYF
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH4AW9014CJH00DZDMVE73

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	59	3	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 02d6d56

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (-3.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.043s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.966s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s (+3.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.958s	10	1.14x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.953s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.060s (+0.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.41x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+2.5%)	1.011s (~)	0.949s	10	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.259s (-32.5% 🟢)	2.105s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.846s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.260s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.308s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.048s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s (-25.4% 🟢)	2.425s (+1.2%)	2.125s	10	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.114s (-3.4%)	2.010s (~)	0.896s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.891s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.128s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.129s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.873s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.145s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.146s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.914s (+1.1%)	4.100s (+6.4% 🔺)	2.186s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.179s (+15.8% 🔺)	4.207s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.027s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.776s (+37.3% 🔺)	4.777s (+26.7% 🔺)	2.001s	10	1.45x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.660s (-2.8%)	11.018s (~)	0.359s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.757s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.266s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.805s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.219s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.901s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.124s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.916s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.917s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.946s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.077s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.590s (-1.4%)	18.674s (-2.1%)	2.084s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.131s (-4.1%)	19.017s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.887s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.240s (~)	19.160s (~)	1.920s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.996s (-4.6%)	14.421s (-4.0%)	0.425s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.300s (+1.2%)	15.029s (~)	0.729s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.549s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.477s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.567s (~)	15.025s (~)	0.459s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.710s (+1.0%)	15.028s (~)	0.318s	4	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	15.027s (~)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.505s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.055s (~)	16.032s (+3.2%)	0.977s	4	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.915s (-10.7% 🟢)	32.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.956s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.235s (-8.8% 🟢)	33.898s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.663s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.244s (-5.3% 🟢)	34.518s (-4.9%)	2.274s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	12.957s (-9.6% 🟢)	13.023s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.066s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.469s (+1.8%)	14.025s (~)	0.556s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.979s (-1.4%)	14.449s (-3.8%)	0.470s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.060s (+2.6%)	14.741s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.681s	7	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.121s (+3.4%)	16.864s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.743s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.800s (+1.4%)	17.198s (+1.0%)	0.397s	6	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.824s (+2.1%)	17.031s (~)	0.207s	6	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.225s (-10.4% 🟢)	51.098s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.872s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	51.242s (-11.7% 🟢)	53.662s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.420s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.371s (-8.1% 🟢)	55.518s (-7.7% 🟢)	2.147s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.781s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.272s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.738s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.312s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.694s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.522s (+1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.484s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.543s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.463s	15	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.561s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.445s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.145s (-2.6%)	3.808s (-0.8%)	1.663s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.362s (-2.2%)	4.126s (+2.8%)	1.764s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.411s (-18.2% 🟢)	4.035s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.624s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.268s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.741s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.321s (-2.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.688s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.474s (+3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.535s	10	1.09x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.568s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.008s (~)	0.440s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.636s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	2.986s (+4.6%)	3.677s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.691s	9	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.012s (+7.3% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.442s	9	1.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.167s (+14.8% 🔺)	5.012s (+16.3% 🔺)	1.845s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.184s (+6.5% 🔺)	4.504s (-4.2%)	1.321s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.501s (+29.7% 🔺)	5.228s (+16.6% 🔺)	1.727s	6	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.388s (-2.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.622s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.541s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.656s (-0.7%)	4.010s (~)	0.354s	8	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s (+4.6%)	4.869s (+13.3% 🔺)	0.734s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.924s (+39.2% 🔺)	8.518s (+41.6% 🔺)	0.594s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.054s (+2.0%)	8.774s (+6.1% 🔺)	0.720s	4	2.38x
💻 Local	Express	8.555s (+4.2%)	9.024s (+2.9%)	0.469s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.751s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.343s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.123s (+1.2%)	4.736s (-3.2%)	1.613s	7	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.542s (-1.8%)	5.378s (+0.7%)	1.836s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.197s (-5.0%)	2.008s (~)	0.811s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s (-0.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.790s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.252s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.756s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.337s (+4.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.669s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s (-4.2%)	2.006s (-3.2%)	0.518s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.557s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.449s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.571s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.435s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-3.7%)	3.874s (-2.6%)	1.859s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.030s (-2.8%)	3.882s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.852s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.262s (+4.2%)	3.984s (+2.2%)	1.721s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.299s (-1.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.709s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.327s (-1.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.683s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s (-0.9%)	3.009s (~)	0.635s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.551s (+3.9%)	3.008s (~)	0.457s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.014s (-4.2%)	3.676s (+3.1%)	0.662s	9	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.154s (+4.1%)	3.884s (+3.3%)	0.729s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.268s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.009s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.741s	8	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.385s (-7.2% 🟢)	3.807s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.459s (+5.6% 🔺)	3.958s (+0.6%)	1.499s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s (+3.9%)	4.561s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.918s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.402s (-1.2%)	4.008s (~)	0.606s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.494s (+1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.517s	8	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.638s (-0.5%)	4.012s (~)	0.374s	8	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.136s (+2.7%)	4.867s (+6.2% 🔺)	0.731s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.029s (+3.6%)	8.518s (+3.0%)	0.489s	4	2.36x
💻 Local	Express	9.146s (+6.3% 🔺)	9.773s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.627s	4	2.69x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.707s (+14.6% 🔺)	10.357s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.650s	3	2.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.991s (+5.2% 🔺)	4.445s (+2.8%)	1.454s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.997s (+10.0% 🔺)	4.650s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.653s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.348s (-11.0% 🟢)	5.247s (-4.9%)	1.899s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.607s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.398s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.712s (+12.0% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.292s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.847s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.194s	58	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.856s (+3.2%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.167s	59	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.930s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.116s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.186s	54	1.53x
💻 Local	Express	1.005s (+2.9%)	1.401s (+25.6% 🔺)	0.396s	43	1.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.033s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.973s	30	1.70x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	8.582s (-11.9% 🟢)	10.469s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.886s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	8.809s (-13.0% 🟢)	11.301s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.492s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.135s (-27.0% 🟢)	10.981s (-21.9% 🟢)	1.846s	6	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.464s (-27.1% 🟢)	2.007s (-20.8% 🟢)	0.543s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.684s (+16.1% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.322s	45	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.003s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.376s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.374s	38	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.082s (+4.0%)	2.685s (+11.8% 🔺)	0.603s	34	1.42x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.651s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.357s	30	1.81x
💻 Local	Express	3.065s (~)	3.801s (~)	0.736s	24	2.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.082s (+0.8%)	4.010s (+2.2%)	0.928s	23	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.805s (-8.1% 🟢)	28.789s (-8.0% 🟢)	1.984s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.106s (-9.2% 🟢)	28.561s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.455s	4	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.753s (-6.4% 🟢)	29.833s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.080s	4	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.050s (-27.2% 🟢)	3.370s (-32.7% 🟢)	0.320s	36	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.417s (+13.3% 🔺)	4.009s (+15.7% 🔺)	0.592s	30	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.087s (+8.3% 🔺)	4.743s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.656s	26	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.159s (+2.6%)	4.892s (+2.3%)	0.732s	25	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.712s (+2.2%)	9.017s (~)	0.305s	14	2.86x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.104s (+2.1%)	9.942s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.838s	13	2.99x
💻 Local	Express	9.303s (+1.6%)	10.018s (+2.4%)	0.716s	12	3.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	70.956s (~)	73.054s (~)	2.098s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.172s (-9.0% 🟢)	76.284s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.112s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	78.647s (-8.6% 🟢)	80.361s (-8.6% 🟢)	1.714s	2	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.225s (-22.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.781s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.258s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.008s (~)	0.750s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.290s (+4.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.717s	60	1.29x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s (+11.8% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.555s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.450s	60	2.46x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.586s (+4.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.419s	60	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	0.591s (+0.5%)	1.005s (~)	0.414s	60	2.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.324s (-33.2% 🟢)	2.785s (-22.1% 🟢)	1.462s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.485s (-21.5% 🟢)	3.267s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.782s	19	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.719s (-3.9%)	3.216s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.497s	19	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.363s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.642s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+2.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.509s	90	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.501s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.505s	90	1.38x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.179s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+17.7% 🔺)	0.826s	45	3.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.585s (+4.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.425s	30	7.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.602s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.407s	30	7.16x
💻 Local	Express	2.643s (+4.4%)	3.010s (~)	0.367s	30	7.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.555s (-13.2% 🟢)	4.158s (-12.2% 🟢)	1.602s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.112s (-12.5% 🟢)	4.800s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.688s	19	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.299s (+23.6% 🔺)	5.177s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.878s	18	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.574s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.432s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.799s (+4.2%)	1.025s (+1.8%)	0.226s	118	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.803s (+1.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.205s	120	1.40x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.830s (+2.1%)	3.084s (+1.7%)	0.255s	39	4.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.621s (+3.1%)	11.208s (+4.0%)	0.587s	11	18.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.386s (+9.5% 🔺)	12.032s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.646s	10	19.83x
💻 Local	Express	11.560s (+5.8% 🔺)	12.029s (+3.9%)	0.469s	10	20.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.275s (-9.1% 🟢)	7.871s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.596s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.409s (+17.5% 🔺)	9.397s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.988s	13	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.742s (+257.6% 🔺)	23.522s (+202.2% 🔺)	1.780s	11	3.46x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.157s (-27.2% 🟢)	0.999s (~)	0.001s (+10.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.854s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.174s (+2.9%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.844s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.200s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.000s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.810s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.208s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+17.3% 🔺)	1.019s (~)	0.811s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.213s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.013s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.806s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.217s (+2.5%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.793s	10	1.39x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.042s (+2370.6% 🔺)	1.048s (+4.0%)	0.799s	10	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.470s (-13.4% 🟢)	2.527s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.887s (+69.0% 🔺)	3.885s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.415s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.587s (+4.6%)	2.519s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.851s (+11.2% 🔺)	3.861s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.274s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.630s (-3.8%)	2.978s (-6.8% 🟢)	0.630s (-34.1% 🟢)	4.037s (-12.6% 🟢)	2.407s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+18.7% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.003s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.505s (-21.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.003s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.020s (~)	0.514s	59	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.620s (-0.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.402s	59	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.642s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.381s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.748s (+11.5% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.109s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.361s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	0.748s (+4.6%)	1.014s (~)	0.010s (+2.9%)	1.025s (~)	0.277s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.836s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.117s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.281s	54	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.133s (-7.7% 🟢)	5.540s (-9.5% 🟢)	0.455s (+127.5% 🔺)	6.456s (-4.3%)	2.323s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.218s (~)	5.662s (+0.9%)	0.687s (+158.3% 🔺)	6.838s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.620s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.265s (+30.5% 🔺)	6.659s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.401s (+60.8% 🔺)	7.509s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.244s	10	1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.927s (+4.9%)	1.053s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.057s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.130s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.934s (-1.2%)	1.152s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.161s (+3.9%)	0.227s	52	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.945s (+2.0%)	1.225s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.233s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.287s	49	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.991s (+2.3%)	1.271s (+4.4%)	0.000s (+108.5% 🔺)	1.297s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.306s	47	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.254s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.769s	30	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s (+1.7%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.750s	30	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	1.478s (+20.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-46.4% 🟢)	2.203s (+8.9% 🔺)	0.725s	28	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.713s (-4.0%)	3.823s (-3.1%)	0.000s (-53.3% 🟢)	4.272s (-3.1%)	1.558s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.721s (+2.2%)	3.848s (-2.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.338s (-0.8%)	1.617s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.122s (-30.4% 🟢)	4.435s (-25.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-48.7% 🟢)	4.915s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.793s	13	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.670s (-4.5%)	2.033s (-3.3%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.065s (-3.2%)	0.395s	30	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.734s (-1.6%)	2.071s (+3.5%)	0.000s (+3.4%)	2.075s (+3.4%)	0.342s	29	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.797s (+2.2%)	2.140s (+3.6%)	0.000s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.154s (+3.5%)	0.357s	28	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.859s (+1.0%)	2.146s (+0.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.161s (~)	0.303s	28	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.458s (-4.2%)	4.031s (-3.2%)	0.001s (~)	4.035s (-3.2%)	0.576s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.593s (+3.2%)	4.033s (~)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	4.036s (~)	0.443s	15	2.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.606s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+1.6%)	0.000s (+6.7% 🔺)	4.036s (+1.6%)	0.430s	15	2.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.788s (-10.4% 🟢)	4.979s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.001s (+600.0% 🔺)	5.501s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.713s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.835s	5.212s	0.001s	5.671s	1.836s	11	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.161s (-21.7% 🟢)	5.476s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.960s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.799s	11	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	18/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	21/21
▲ Vercel	Express	13/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Follow-up fixes to the @workflow/swc-plugin SWC transform to fully support synchronous "use step" functions while preserving "use workflow" async-only behavior, including stricter module-level export validation to prevent Node-only code from leaking into workflow/client bundles.

Changes:

• Restore/extend file-level "use step" export validation (allow only function exports; reject non-function exports and re-exports) and refine InvalidExport messaging to distinguish step vs workflow rules.
• Add/adjust SWC plugin fixtures to cover sync step usage (including class static methods and var/let function expressions) and to assert sync "use workflow" still errors.
• Update spec.md error table + supported forms docs, and add a patch changeset for @workflow/swc-plugin.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 17 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Adjusts InvalidExport messaging and reintroduces file-level "use step" export validation logic.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Documents sync step support and clarifies export restrictions for "use step" vs "use workflow".
.changeset/sync-step-followup.md	Publishes the export-validation behavior change as a patch.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/input.js	New fixture input covering sync step usage in class + function-expression contexts.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-step.js	Expected step-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Expected client-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/input.js	New error fixture asserting sync "use workflow" errors while sync "use step" passes.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.js	Expected step-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Expected client-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.stderr	Expected workflow-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.stderr	Expected step-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.stderr	Expected client-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-workflow.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-step.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

AI review: no blocking issues

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Addresses review feedback from #1633 (already merged):

• Remove dangling incomplete comment left over from validate_async_function removal
• Restore export validation for file-level "use step" files: sync/async function exports are allowed, but non-function exports (constants, classes, re-exports) emit an error since they can pull Node-only code into the workflow/client bundles
• Fix InvalidExport error message to say "Only functions can be exported" for step files vs "Only async functions can be exported" for workflow files
• Update spec.md error table and supported function forms to document sync step support
• Add sync-step-class test fixture covering sync static class methods and sync function expressions (var/let)
• Add sync-workflow error test verifying sync "use workflow" still errors while sync "use step" passes

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	137	64	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3923	64	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (64 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNRGNG1XKVANAQYDRTGSC4N1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMAVYSATMQ4TS5CWNHTQ8
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMF8MDPMJ3GZ9Z6W3TG4S
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMHAK8R4V1B8ZBGA97KF2
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNWTJPDVT00RDTVMZMQ7X
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMX5NKQ8538VF2BCF6HF9
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNHT5BWW0ACN2Q81RAGM3
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNR112R2D319N62PS8REN
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP4S36PZB0PEPDKEY26K8
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP80J75VQ2BSAR3MFEEME
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGPADXWR573SN3549ZYV61
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSG4PW1RZPSSD6GC1PCDZ
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSKGGHNF5Q29X6HA9A0XR
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNRGX4CCR5J9M1FANEW2910M
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNRGYFAB5P51S4H62Z2M9NY5
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNRGZ4S177GJK1J5RHX66NEG
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNRGZDQQGM4Q2JNMWHWAP6Z4
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNRGZK7PT9STJH2V5QZHMFZE
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNRGZNBZYTHVD5XW7HYVCCB1
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNRH041H5H7HXRP4G26JE6AX
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNRH09PMVCMAZVRW2A7GY423
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNRH0FZ94Y7SVB2GWJZNX9KK
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNRH0QP99Z9AHYR6HDBR3ZNG
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNRH0YCMHMKJ7B9BHDQT2B2K
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNRH152JJ5MGCPEHXW7NX5FX
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH1BNRNHHDHR8V1B02D493
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNRH1PT2KTYDGHG6M360S288
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNRH1YSP57GWKSKHJD21XQER
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH25DX2Z6237RR0DGN047G
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH2ENBE8W7S75WB2GTQGJH
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNRH2TWF0TP8106WATWXATP6
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNRH3H40WB9DKTPDJRDV6YDT
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNRH3V8X4MJJ2FH087R7XRF3
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNRH423PPCBFZ3F2RF5SRTPP
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNRH446DH05N3HM1HM66VYYF
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH4AW9014CJH00DZDMVE73

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	59	3	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 02d6d56

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (-3.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.043s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.966s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s (+3.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.958s	10	1.14x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.953s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.060s (+0.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.41x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+2.5%)	1.011s (~)	0.949s	10	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.259s (-32.5% 🟢)	2.105s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.846s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.260s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.308s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.048s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s (-25.4% 🟢)	2.425s (+1.2%)	2.125s	10	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.114s (-3.4%)	2.010s (~)	0.896s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.891s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.128s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.129s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.873s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.145s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.146s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.914s (+1.1%)	4.100s (+6.4% 🔺)	2.186s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.179s (+15.8% 🔺)	4.207s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.027s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.776s (+37.3% 🔺)	4.777s (+26.7% 🔺)	2.001s	10	1.45x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.660s (-2.8%)	11.018s (~)	0.359s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.757s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.266s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.805s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.219s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.901s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.124s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.916s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.917s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.946s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.077s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.590s (-1.4%)	18.674s (-2.1%)	2.084s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.131s (-4.1%)	19.017s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.887s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.240s (~)	19.160s (~)	1.920s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.996s (-4.6%)	14.421s (-4.0%)	0.425s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.300s (+1.2%)	15.029s (~)	0.729s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.549s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.477s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.567s (~)	15.025s (~)	0.459s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.710s (+1.0%)	15.028s (~)	0.318s	4	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	15.027s (~)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.505s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.055s (~)	16.032s (+3.2%)	0.977s	4	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.915s (-10.7% 🟢)	32.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.956s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.235s (-8.8% 🟢)	33.898s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.663s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.244s (-5.3% 🟢)	34.518s (-4.9%)	2.274s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	12.957s (-9.6% 🟢)	13.023s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.066s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.469s (+1.8%)	14.025s (~)	0.556s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.979s (-1.4%)	14.449s (-3.8%)	0.470s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.060s (+2.6%)	14.741s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.681s	7	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.121s (+3.4%)	16.864s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.743s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.800s (+1.4%)	17.198s (+1.0%)	0.397s	6	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.824s (+2.1%)	17.031s (~)	0.207s	6	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.225s (-10.4% 🟢)	51.098s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.872s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	51.242s (-11.7% 🟢)	53.662s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.420s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.371s (-8.1% 🟢)	55.518s (-7.7% 🟢)	2.147s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.781s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.272s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.738s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.312s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.694s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.522s (+1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.484s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.543s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.463s	15	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.561s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.445s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.145s (-2.6%)	3.808s (-0.8%)	1.663s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.362s (-2.2%)	4.126s (+2.8%)	1.764s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.411s (-18.2% 🟢)	4.035s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.624s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.268s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.741s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.321s (-2.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.688s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.474s (+3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.535s	10	1.09x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.568s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.008s (~)	0.440s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.636s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	2.986s (+4.6%)	3.677s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.691s	9	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.012s (+7.3% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.442s	9	1.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.167s (+14.8% 🔺)	5.012s (+16.3% 🔺)	1.845s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.184s (+6.5% 🔺)	4.504s (-4.2%)	1.321s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.501s (+29.7% 🔺)	5.228s (+16.6% 🔺)	1.727s	6	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.388s (-2.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.622s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.541s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.656s (-0.7%)	4.010s (~)	0.354s	8	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s (+4.6%)	4.869s (+13.3% 🔺)	0.734s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.924s (+39.2% 🔺)	8.518s (+41.6% 🔺)	0.594s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.054s (+2.0%)	8.774s (+6.1% 🔺)	0.720s	4	2.38x
💻 Local	Express	8.555s (+4.2%)	9.024s (+2.9%)	0.469s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.751s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.343s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.123s (+1.2%)	4.736s (-3.2%)	1.613s	7	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.542s (-1.8%)	5.378s (+0.7%)	1.836s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.197s (-5.0%)	2.008s (~)	0.811s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s (-0.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.790s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.252s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.756s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.337s (+4.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.669s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s (-4.2%)	2.006s (-3.2%)	0.518s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.557s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.449s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.571s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.435s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-3.7%)	3.874s (-2.6%)	1.859s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.030s (-2.8%)	3.882s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.852s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.262s (+4.2%)	3.984s (+2.2%)	1.721s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.299s (-1.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.709s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.327s (-1.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.683s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s (-0.9%)	3.009s (~)	0.635s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.551s (+3.9%)	3.008s (~)	0.457s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.014s (-4.2%)	3.676s (+3.1%)	0.662s	9	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.154s (+4.1%)	3.884s (+3.3%)	0.729s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.268s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.009s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.741s	8	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.385s (-7.2% 🟢)	3.807s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.459s (+5.6% 🔺)	3.958s (+0.6%)	1.499s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s (+3.9%)	4.561s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.918s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.402s (-1.2%)	4.008s (~)	0.606s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.494s (+1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.517s	8	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.638s (-0.5%)	4.012s (~)	0.374s	8	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.136s (+2.7%)	4.867s (+6.2% 🔺)	0.731s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.029s (+3.6%)	8.518s (+3.0%)	0.489s	4	2.36x
💻 Local	Express	9.146s (+6.3% 🔺)	9.773s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.627s	4	2.69x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.707s (+14.6% 🔺)	10.357s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.650s	3	2.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.991s (+5.2% 🔺)	4.445s (+2.8%)	1.454s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.997s (+10.0% 🔺)	4.650s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.653s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.348s (-11.0% 🟢)	5.247s (-4.9%)	1.899s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.607s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.398s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.712s (+12.0% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.292s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.847s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.194s	58	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.856s (+3.2%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.167s	59	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.930s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.116s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.186s	54	1.53x
💻 Local	Express	1.005s (+2.9%)	1.401s (+25.6% 🔺)	0.396s	43	1.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.033s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.973s	30	1.70x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	8.582s (-11.9% 🟢)	10.469s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.886s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	8.809s (-13.0% 🟢)	11.301s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.492s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.135s (-27.0% 🟢)	10.981s (-21.9% 🟢)	1.846s	6	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.464s (-27.1% 🟢)	2.007s (-20.8% 🟢)	0.543s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.684s (+16.1% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.322s	45	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.003s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.376s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.374s	38	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.082s (+4.0%)	2.685s (+11.8% 🔺)	0.603s	34	1.42x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.651s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.357s	30	1.81x
💻 Local	Express	3.065s (~)	3.801s (~)	0.736s	24	2.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.082s (+0.8%)	4.010s (+2.2%)	0.928s	23	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.805s (-8.1% 🟢)	28.789s (-8.0% 🟢)	1.984s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.106s (-9.2% 🟢)	28.561s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.455s	4	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.753s (-6.4% 🟢)	29.833s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.080s	4	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.050s (-27.2% 🟢)	3.370s (-32.7% 🟢)	0.320s	36	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.417s (+13.3% 🔺)	4.009s (+15.7% 🔺)	0.592s	30	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.087s (+8.3% 🔺)	4.743s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.656s	26	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.159s (+2.6%)	4.892s (+2.3%)	0.732s	25	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.712s (+2.2%)	9.017s (~)	0.305s	14	2.86x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.104s (+2.1%)	9.942s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.838s	13	2.99x
💻 Local	Express	9.303s (+1.6%)	10.018s (+2.4%)	0.716s	12	3.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	70.956s (~)	73.054s (~)	2.098s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.172s (-9.0% 🟢)	76.284s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.112s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	78.647s (-8.6% 🟢)	80.361s (-8.6% 🟢)	1.714s	2	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.225s (-22.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.781s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.258s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.008s (~)	0.750s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.290s (+4.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.717s	60	1.29x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s (+11.8% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.555s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.450s	60	2.46x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.586s (+4.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.419s	60	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	0.591s (+0.5%)	1.005s (~)	0.414s	60	2.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.324s (-33.2% 🟢)	2.785s (-22.1% 🟢)	1.462s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.485s (-21.5% 🟢)	3.267s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.782s	19	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.719s (-3.9%)	3.216s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.497s	19	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.363s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.642s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+2.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.509s	90	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.501s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.505s	90	1.38x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.179s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+17.7% 🔺)	0.826s	45	3.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.585s (+4.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.425s	30	7.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.602s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.407s	30	7.16x
💻 Local	Express	2.643s (+4.4%)	3.010s (~)	0.367s	30	7.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.555s (-13.2% 🟢)	4.158s (-12.2% 🟢)	1.602s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.112s (-12.5% 🟢)	4.800s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.688s	19	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.299s (+23.6% 🔺)	5.177s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.878s	18	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.574s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.432s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.799s (+4.2%)	1.025s (+1.8%)	0.226s	118	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.803s (+1.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.205s	120	1.40x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.830s (+2.1%)	3.084s (+1.7%)	0.255s	39	4.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.621s (+3.1%)	11.208s (+4.0%)	0.587s	11	18.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.386s (+9.5% 🔺)	12.032s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.646s	10	19.83x
💻 Local	Express	11.560s (+5.8% 🔺)	12.029s (+3.9%)	0.469s	10	20.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.275s (-9.1% 🟢)	7.871s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.596s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.409s (+17.5% 🔺)	9.397s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.988s	13	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.742s (+257.6% 🔺)	23.522s (+202.2% 🔺)	1.780s	11	3.46x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.157s (-27.2% 🟢)	0.999s (~)	0.001s (+10.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.854s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.174s (+2.9%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.844s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.200s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.000s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.810s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.208s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+17.3% 🔺)	1.019s (~)	0.811s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.213s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.013s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.806s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.217s (+2.5%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.793s	10	1.39x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.042s (+2370.6% 🔺)	1.048s (+4.0%)	0.799s	10	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.470s (-13.4% 🟢)	2.527s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.887s (+69.0% 🔺)	3.885s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.415s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.587s (+4.6%)	2.519s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.851s (+11.2% 🔺)	3.861s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.274s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.630s (-3.8%)	2.978s (-6.8% 🟢)	0.630s (-34.1% 🟢)	4.037s (-12.6% 🟢)	2.407s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+18.7% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.003s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.505s (-21.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.003s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.020s (~)	0.514s	59	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.620s (-0.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.402s	59	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.642s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.381s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.748s (+11.5% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.109s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.361s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	0.748s (+4.6%)	1.014s (~)	0.010s (+2.9%)	1.025s (~)	0.277s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.836s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.117s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.281s	54	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.133s (-7.7% 🟢)	5.540s (-9.5% 🟢)	0.455s (+127.5% 🔺)	6.456s (-4.3%)	2.323s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.218s (~)	5.662s (+0.9%)	0.687s (+158.3% 🔺)	6.838s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.620s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.265s (+30.5% 🔺)	6.659s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.401s (+60.8% 🔺)	7.509s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.244s	10	1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.927s (+4.9%)	1.053s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.057s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.130s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.934s (-1.2%)	1.152s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.161s (+3.9%)	0.227s	52	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.945s (+2.0%)	1.225s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.233s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.287s	49	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.991s (+2.3%)	1.271s (+4.4%)	0.000s (+108.5% 🔺)	1.297s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.306s	47	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.254s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.769s	30	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s (+1.7%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.750s	30	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	1.478s (+20.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-46.4% 🟢)	2.203s (+8.9% 🔺)	0.725s	28	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.713s (-4.0%)	3.823s (-3.1%)	0.000s (-53.3% 🟢)	4.272s (-3.1%)	1.558s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.721s (+2.2%)	3.848s (-2.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.338s (-0.8%)	1.617s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.122s (-30.4% 🟢)	4.435s (-25.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-48.7% 🟢)	4.915s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.793s	13	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.670s (-4.5%)	2.033s (-3.3%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.065s (-3.2%)	0.395s	30	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.734s (-1.6%)	2.071s (+3.5%)	0.000s (+3.4%)	2.075s (+3.4%)	0.342s	29	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.797s (+2.2%)	2.140s (+3.6%)	0.000s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.154s (+3.5%)	0.357s	28	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.859s (+1.0%)	2.146s (+0.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.161s (~)	0.303s	28	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.458s (-4.2%)	4.031s (-3.2%)	0.001s (~)	4.035s (-3.2%)	0.576s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.593s (+3.2%)	4.033s (~)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	4.036s (~)	0.443s	15	2.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.606s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+1.6%)	0.000s (+6.7% 🔺)	4.036s (+1.6%)	0.430s	15	2.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.788s (-10.4% 🟢)	4.979s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.001s (+600.0% 🔺)	5.501s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.713s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.835s	5.212s	0.001s	5.671s	1.836s	11	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.161s (-21.7% 🟢)	5.476s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.960s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.799s	11	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	18/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	21/21
▲ Vercel	Express	13/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Follow-up fixes to the @workflow/swc-plugin SWC transform to fully support synchronous "use step" functions while preserving "use workflow" async-only behavior, including stricter module-level export validation to prevent Node-only code from leaking into workflow/client bundles.

Changes:

• Restore/extend file-level "use step" export validation (allow only function exports; reject non-function exports and re-exports) and refine InvalidExport messaging to distinguish step vs workflow rules.
• Add/adjust SWC plugin fixtures to cover sync step usage (including class static methods and var/let function expressions) and to assert sync "use workflow" still errors.
• Update spec.md error table + supported forms docs, and add a patch changeset for @workflow/swc-plugin.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 17 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Adjusts InvalidExport messaging and reintroduces file-level "use step" export validation logic.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Documents sync step support and clarifies export restrictions for "use step" vs "use workflow".
.changeset/sync-step-followup.md	Publishes the export-validation behavior change as a patch.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/input.js	New fixture input covering sync step usage in class + function-expression contexts.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-step.js	Expected step-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Expected client-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/input.js	New error fixture asserting sync "use workflow" errors while sync "use step" passes.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.js	Expected step-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Expected client-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.stderr	Expected workflow-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.stderr	Expected step-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.stderr	Expected client-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-workflow.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-step.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

AI review: no blocking issues

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Addresses review feedback from #1633 (already merged):

• Remove dangling incomplete comment left over from validate_async_function removal
• Restore export validation for file-level "use step" files: sync/async function exports are allowed, but non-function exports (constants, classes, re-exports) emit an error since they can pull Node-only code into the workflow/client bundles
• Fix InvalidExport error message to say "Only functions can be exported" for step files vs "Only async functions can be exported" for workflow files
• Update spec.md error table and supported function forms to document sync step support
• Add sync-step-class test fixture covering sync static class methods and sync function expressions (var/let)
• Add sync-workflow error test verifying sync "use workflow" still errors while sync "use step" passes

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	137	64	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3923	64	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (64 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNRGNG1XKVANAQYDRTGSC4N1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMAVYSATMQ4TS5CWNHTQ8
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMF8MDPMJ3GZ9Z6W3TG4S
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMHAK8R4V1B8ZBGA97KF2
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNWTJPDVT00RDTVMZMQ7X
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMX5NKQ8538VF2BCF6HF9
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNHT5BWW0ACN2Q81RAGM3
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNR112R2D319N62PS8REN
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP4S36PZB0PEPDKEY26K8
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP80J75VQ2BSAR3MFEEME
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGPADXWR573SN3549ZYV61
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSG4PW1RZPSSD6GC1PCDZ
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSKGGHNF5Q29X6HA9A0XR
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNRGX4CCR5J9M1FANEW2910M
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNRGYFAB5P51S4H62Z2M9NY5
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNRGZ4S177GJK1J5RHX66NEG
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNRGZDQQGM4Q2JNMWHWAP6Z4
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNRGZK7PT9STJH2V5QZHMFZE
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNRGZNBZYTHVD5XW7HYVCCB1
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNRH041H5H7HXRP4G26JE6AX
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNRH09PMVCMAZVRW2A7GY423
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNRH0FZ94Y7SVB2GWJZNX9KK
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNRH0QP99Z9AHYR6HDBR3ZNG
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNRH0YCMHMKJ7B9BHDQT2B2K
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNRH152JJ5MGCPEHXW7NX5FX
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH1BNRNHHDHR8V1B02D493
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNRH1PT2KTYDGHG6M360S288
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNRH1YSP57GWKSKHJD21XQER
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH25DX2Z6237RR0DGN047G
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH2ENBE8W7S75WB2GTQGJH
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNRH2TWF0TP8106WATWXATP6
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNRH3H40WB9DKTPDJRDV6YDT
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNRH3V8X4MJJ2FH087R7XRF3
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNRH423PPCBFZ3F2RF5SRTPP
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNRH446DH05N3HM1HM66VYYF
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH4AW9014CJH00DZDMVE73

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	59	3	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 02d6d56

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (-3.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.043s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.966s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s (+3.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.958s	10	1.14x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.953s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.060s (+0.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.41x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+2.5%)	1.011s (~)	0.949s	10	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.259s (-32.5% 🟢)	2.105s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.846s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.260s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.308s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.048s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s (-25.4% 🟢)	2.425s (+1.2%)	2.125s	10	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.114s (-3.4%)	2.010s (~)	0.896s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.891s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.128s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.129s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.873s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.145s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.146s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.914s (+1.1%)	4.100s (+6.4% 🔺)	2.186s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.179s (+15.8% 🔺)	4.207s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.027s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.776s (+37.3% 🔺)	4.777s (+26.7% 🔺)	2.001s	10	1.45x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.660s (-2.8%)	11.018s (~)	0.359s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.757s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.266s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.805s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.219s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.901s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.124s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.916s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.917s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.946s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.077s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.590s (-1.4%)	18.674s (-2.1%)	2.084s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.131s (-4.1%)	19.017s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.887s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.240s (~)	19.160s (~)	1.920s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.996s (-4.6%)	14.421s (-4.0%)	0.425s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.300s (+1.2%)	15.029s (~)	0.729s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.549s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.477s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.567s (~)	15.025s (~)	0.459s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.710s (+1.0%)	15.028s (~)	0.318s	4	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	15.027s (~)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.505s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.055s (~)	16.032s (+3.2%)	0.977s	4	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.915s (-10.7% 🟢)	32.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.956s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.235s (-8.8% 🟢)	33.898s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.663s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.244s (-5.3% 🟢)	34.518s (-4.9%)	2.274s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	12.957s (-9.6% 🟢)	13.023s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.066s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.469s (+1.8%)	14.025s (~)	0.556s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.979s (-1.4%)	14.449s (-3.8%)	0.470s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.060s (+2.6%)	14.741s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.681s	7	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.121s (+3.4%)	16.864s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.743s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.800s (+1.4%)	17.198s (+1.0%)	0.397s	6	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.824s (+2.1%)	17.031s (~)	0.207s	6	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.225s (-10.4% 🟢)	51.098s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.872s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	51.242s (-11.7% 🟢)	53.662s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.420s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.371s (-8.1% 🟢)	55.518s (-7.7% 🟢)	2.147s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.781s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.272s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.738s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.312s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.694s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.522s (+1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.484s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.543s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.463s	15	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.561s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.445s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.145s (-2.6%)	3.808s (-0.8%)	1.663s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.362s (-2.2%)	4.126s (+2.8%)	1.764s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.411s (-18.2% 🟢)	4.035s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.624s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.268s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.741s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.321s (-2.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.688s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.474s (+3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.535s	10	1.09x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.568s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.008s (~)	0.440s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.636s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	2.986s (+4.6%)	3.677s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.691s	9	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.012s (+7.3% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.442s	9	1.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.167s (+14.8% 🔺)	5.012s (+16.3% 🔺)	1.845s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.184s (+6.5% 🔺)	4.504s (-4.2%)	1.321s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.501s (+29.7% 🔺)	5.228s (+16.6% 🔺)	1.727s	6	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.388s (-2.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.622s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.541s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.656s (-0.7%)	4.010s (~)	0.354s	8	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s (+4.6%)	4.869s (+13.3% 🔺)	0.734s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.924s (+39.2% 🔺)	8.518s (+41.6% 🔺)	0.594s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.054s (+2.0%)	8.774s (+6.1% 🔺)	0.720s	4	2.38x
💻 Local	Express	8.555s (+4.2%)	9.024s (+2.9%)	0.469s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.751s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.343s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.123s (+1.2%)	4.736s (-3.2%)	1.613s	7	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.542s (-1.8%)	5.378s (+0.7%)	1.836s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.197s (-5.0%)	2.008s (~)	0.811s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s (-0.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.790s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.252s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.756s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.337s (+4.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.669s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s (-4.2%)	2.006s (-3.2%)	0.518s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.557s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.449s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.571s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.435s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-3.7%)	3.874s (-2.6%)	1.859s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.030s (-2.8%)	3.882s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.852s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.262s (+4.2%)	3.984s (+2.2%)	1.721s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.299s (-1.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.709s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.327s (-1.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.683s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s (-0.9%)	3.009s (~)	0.635s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.551s (+3.9%)	3.008s (~)	0.457s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.014s (-4.2%)	3.676s (+3.1%)	0.662s	9	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.154s (+4.1%)	3.884s (+3.3%)	0.729s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.268s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.009s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.741s	8	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.385s (-7.2% 🟢)	3.807s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.459s (+5.6% 🔺)	3.958s (+0.6%)	1.499s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s (+3.9%)	4.561s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.918s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.402s (-1.2%)	4.008s (~)	0.606s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.494s (+1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.517s	8	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.638s (-0.5%)	4.012s (~)	0.374s	8	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.136s (+2.7%)	4.867s (+6.2% 🔺)	0.731s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.029s (+3.6%)	8.518s (+3.0%)	0.489s	4	2.36x
💻 Local	Express	9.146s (+6.3% 🔺)	9.773s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.627s	4	2.69x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.707s (+14.6% 🔺)	10.357s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.650s	3	2.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.991s (+5.2% 🔺)	4.445s (+2.8%)	1.454s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.997s (+10.0% 🔺)	4.650s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.653s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.348s (-11.0% 🟢)	5.247s (-4.9%)	1.899s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.607s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.398s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.712s (+12.0% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.292s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.847s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.194s	58	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.856s (+3.2%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.167s	59	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.930s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.116s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.186s	54	1.53x
💻 Local	Express	1.005s (+2.9%)	1.401s (+25.6% 🔺)	0.396s	43	1.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.033s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.973s	30	1.70x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	8.582s (-11.9% 🟢)	10.469s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.886s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	8.809s (-13.0% 🟢)	11.301s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.492s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.135s (-27.0% 🟢)	10.981s (-21.9% 🟢)	1.846s	6	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.464s (-27.1% 🟢)	2.007s (-20.8% 🟢)	0.543s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.684s (+16.1% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.322s	45	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.003s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.376s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.374s	38	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.082s (+4.0%)	2.685s (+11.8% 🔺)	0.603s	34	1.42x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.651s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.357s	30	1.81x
💻 Local	Express	3.065s (~)	3.801s (~)	0.736s	24	2.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.082s (+0.8%)	4.010s (+2.2%)	0.928s	23	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.805s (-8.1% 🟢)	28.789s (-8.0% 🟢)	1.984s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.106s (-9.2% 🟢)	28.561s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.455s	4	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.753s (-6.4% 🟢)	29.833s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.080s	4	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.050s (-27.2% 🟢)	3.370s (-32.7% 🟢)	0.320s	36	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.417s (+13.3% 🔺)	4.009s (+15.7% 🔺)	0.592s	30	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.087s (+8.3% 🔺)	4.743s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.656s	26	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.159s (+2.6%)	4.892s (+2.3%)	0.732s	25	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.712s (+2.2%)	9.017s (~)	0.305s	14	2.86x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.104s (+2.1%)	9.942s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.838s	13	2.99x
💻 Local	Express	9.303s (+1.6%)	10.018s (+2.4%)	0.716s	12	3.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	70.956s (~)	73.054s (~)	2.098s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.172s (-9.0% 🟢)	76.284s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.112s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	78.647s (-8.6% 🟢)	80.361s (-8.6% 🟢)	1.714s	2	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.225s (-22.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.781s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.258s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.008s (~)	0.750s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.290s (+4.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.717s	60	1.29x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s (+11.8% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.555s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.450s	60	2.46x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.586s (+4.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.419s	60	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	0.591s (+0.5%)	1.005s (~)	0.414s	60	2.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.324s (-33.2% 🟢)	2.785s (-22.1% 🟢)	1.462s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.485s (-21.5% 🟢)	3.267s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.782s	19	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.719s (-3.9%)	3.216s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.497s	19	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.363s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.642s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+2.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.509s	90	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.501s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.505s	90	1.38x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.179s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+17.7% 🔺)	0.826s	45	3.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.585s (+4.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.425s	30	7.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.602s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.407s	30	7.16x
💻 Local	Express	2.643s (+4.4%)	3.010s (~)	0.367s	30	7.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.555s (-13.2% 🟢)	4.158s (-12.2% 🟢)	1.602s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.112s (-12.5% 🟢)	4.800s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.688s	19	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.299s (+23.6% 🔺)	5.177s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.878s	18	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.574s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.432s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.799s (+4.2%)	1.025s (+1.8%)	0.226s	118	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.803s (+1.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.205s	120	1.40x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.830s (+2.1%)	3.084s (+1.7%)	0.255s	39	4.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.621s (+3.1%)	11.208s (+4.0%)	0.587s	11	18.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.386s (+9.5% 🔺)	12.032s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.646s	10	19.83x
💻 Local	Express	11.560s (+5.8% 🔺)	12.029s (+3.9%)	0.469s	10	20.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.275s (-9.1% 🟢)	7.871s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.596s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.409s (+17.5% 🔺)	9.397s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.988s	13	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.742s (+257.6% 🔺)	23.522s (+202.2% 🔺)	1.780s	11	3.46x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.157s (-27.2% 🟢)	0.999s (~)	0.001s (+10.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.854s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.174s (+2.9%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.844s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.200s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.000s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.810s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.208s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+17.3% 🔺)	1.019s (~)	0.811s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.213s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.013s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.806s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.217s (+2.5%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.793s	10	1.39x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.042s (+2370.6% 🔺)	1.048s (+4.0%)	0.799s	10	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.470s (-13.4% 🟢)	2.527s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.887s (+69.0% 🔺)	3.885s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.415s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.587s (+4.6%)	2.519s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.851s (+11.2% 🔺)	3.861s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.274s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.630s (-3.8%)	2.978s (-6.8% 🟢)	0.630s (-34.1% 🟢)	4.037s (-12.6% 🟢)	2.407s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+18.7% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.003s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.505s (-21.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.003s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.020s (~)	0.514s	59	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.620s (-0.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.402s	59	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.642s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.381s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.748s (+11.5% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.109s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.361s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	0.748s (+4.6%)	1.014s (~)	0.010s (+2.9%)	1.025s (~)	0.277s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.836s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.117s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.281s	54	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.133s (-7.7% 🟢)	5.540s (-9.5% 🟢)	0.455s (+127.5% 🔺)	6.456s (-4.3%)	2.323s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.218s (~)	5.662s (+0.9%)	0.687s (+158.3% 🔺)	6.838s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.620s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.265s (+30.5% 🔺)	6.659s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.401s (+60.8% 🔺)	7.509s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.244s	10	1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.927s (+4.9%)	1.053s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.057s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.130s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.934s (-1.2%)	1.152s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.161s (+3.9%)	0.227s	52	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.945s (+2.0%)	1.225s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.233s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.287s	49	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.991s (+2.3%)	1.271s (+4.4%)	0.000s (+108.5% 🔺)	1.297s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.306s	47	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.254s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.769s	30	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s (+1.7%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.750s	30	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	1.478s (+20.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-46.4% 🟢)	2.203s (+8.9% 🔺)	0.725s	28	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.713s (-4.0%)	3.823s (-3.1%)	0.000s (-53.3% 🟢)	4.272s (-3.1%)	1.558s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.721s (+2.2%)	3.848s (-2.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.338s (-0.8%)	1.617s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.122s (-30.4% 🟢)	4.435s (-25.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-48.7% 🟢)	4.915s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.793s	13	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.670s (-4.5%)	2.033s (-3.3%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.065s (-3.2%)	0.395s	30	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.734s (-1.6%)	2.071s (+3.5%)	0.000s (+3.4%)	2.075s (+3.4%)	0.342s	29	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.797s (+2.2%)	2.140s (+3.6%)	0.000s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.154s (+3.5%)	0.357s	28	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.859s (+1.0%)	2.146s (+0.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.161s (~)	0.303s	28	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.458s (-4.2%)	4.031s (-3.2%)	0.001s (~)	4.035s (-3.2%)	0.576s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.593s (+3.2%)	4.033s (~)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	4.036s (~)	0.443s	15	2.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.606s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+1.6%)	0.000s (+6.7% 🔺)	4.036s (+1.6%)	0.430s	15	2.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.788s (-10.4% 🟢)	4.979s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.001s (+600.0% 🔺)	5.501s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.713s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.835s	5.212s	0.001s	5.671s	1.836s	11	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.161s (-21.7% 🟢)	5.476s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.960s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.799s	11	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	18/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	21/21
▲ Vercel	Express	13/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Follow-up fixes to the @workflow/swc-plugin SWC transform to fully support synchronous "use step" functions while preserving "use workflow" async-only behavior, including stricter module-level export validation to prevent Node-only code from leaking into workflow/client bundles.

Changes:

• Restore/extend file-level "use step" export validation (allow only function exports; reject non-function exports and re-exports) and refine InvalidExport messaging to distinguish step vs workflow rules.
• Add/adjust SWC plugin fixtures to cover sync step usage (including class static methods and var/let function expressions) and to assert sync "use workflow" still errors.
• Update spec.md error table + supported forms docs, and add a patch changeset for @workflow/swc-plugin.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 17 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Adjusts InvalidExport messaging and reintroduces file-level "use step" export validation logic.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Documents sync step support and clarifies export restrictions for "use step" vs "use workflow".
.changeset/sync-step-followup.md	Publishes the export-validation behavior change as a patch.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/input.js	New fixture input covering sync step usage in class + function-expression contexts.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-step.js	Expected step-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Expected client-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/input.js	New error fixture asserting sync "use workflow" errors while sync "use step" passes.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.js	Expected step-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Expected client-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.stderr	Expected workflow-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.stderr	Expected step-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.stderr	Expected client-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-workflow.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-step.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

AI review: no blocking issues

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Addresses review feedback from #1633 (already merged):

• Remove dangling incomplete comment left over from validate_async_function removal
• Restore export validation for file-level "use step" files: sync/async function exports are allowed, but non-function exports (constants, classes, re-exports) emit an error since they can pull Node-only code into the workflow/client bundles
• Fix InvalidExport error message to say "Only functions can be exported" for step files vs "Only async functions can be exported" for workflow files
• Update spec.md error table and supported function forms to document sync step support
• Add sync-step-class test fixture covering sync static class methods and sync function expressions (var/let)
• Add sync-workflow error test verifying sync "use workflow" still errors while sync "use step" passes

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 9, 2026 7:00am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	890	0	67	957
✅ 💻 Local Development	866	0	178	1044
✅ 📦 Local Production	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	866	0	178	1044
✅ 🪟 Windows	79	0	8	87
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	137	64	24	225
✅ 📋 Other	219	0	42	261
Total	3923	64	675	4662

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (64 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

redis (3 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T

turso (58 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGM468ZVFMXRMGMYWZ45KR
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNRGNG1XKVANAQYDRTGSC4N1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMAVYSATMQ4TS5CWNHTQ8
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMF8MDPMJ3GZ9Z6W3TG4S
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMHAK8R4V1B8ZBGA97KF2
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNWTJPDVT00RDTVMZMQ7X
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGMX5NKQ8538VF2BCF6HF9
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNRGN8M1ZGG1HS8TG94RMH53
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNHT5BWW0ACN2Q81RAGM3
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGNR112R2D319N62PS8REN
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP4S36PZB0PEPDKEY26K8
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGP80J75VQ2BSAR3MFEEME
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGPADXWR573SN3549ZYV61
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSG4PW1RZPSSD6GC1PCDZ
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNRGSKGGHNF5Q29X6HA9A0XR
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNRGX4CCR5J9M1FANEW2910M
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNRGXSMPBFYVCC7SSBMCMG3W
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNRGYFAB5P51S4H62Z2M9NY5
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNRGZ4S177GJK1J5RHX66NEG
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNRGZDQQGM4Q2JNMWHWAP6Z4
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNRGZK7PT9STJH2V5QZHMFZE
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNRGZNBZYTHVD5XW7HYVCCB1
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNRH041H5H7HXRP4G26JE6AX
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNRH09PMVCMAZVRW2A7GY423
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNRH0FZ94Y7SVB2GWJZNX9KK
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNRH0QP99Z9AHYR6HDBR3ZNG
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNRH0YCMHMKJ7B9BHDQT2B2K
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNRH152JJ5MGCPEHXW7NX5FX
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH1BNRNHHDHR8V1B02D493
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNRH1PT2KTYDGHG6M360S288
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNRH1YSP57GWKSKHJD21XQER
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH25DX2Z6237RR0DGN047G
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNRH2ENBE8W7S75WB2GTQGJH
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNRH2TWF0TP8106WATWXATP6
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNRH3H40WB9DKTPDJRDV6YDT
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNRH3V8X4MJJ2FH087R7XRF3
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNRH423PPCBFZ3F2RF5SRTPP
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNRH446DH05N3HM1HM66VYYF
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNRH46EHFDT1NZFBYGEA9X0T
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNRH4AW9014CJH00DZDMVE73

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	80	0	7
✅ example	80	0	7
✅ express	80	0	7
✅ fastify	80	0	7
✅ hono	80	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	85	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	85	0	2
✅ nitro	80	0	7
✅ nuxt	80	0	7
✅ sveltekit	80	0	7
✅ vite	80	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	73	0	14
✅ express-stable	73	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	73	0	14
✅ hono-stable	73	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	62	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	79	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	73	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	73	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	73	0	14
✅ vite-stable	73	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	79	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	59	3	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	59	3	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	58	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	73	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	73	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 02d6d56

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (-3.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.043s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.966s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s (+3.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.958s	10	1.14x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.052s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.953s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.060s (+0.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.41x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+2.5%)	1.011s (~)	0.949s	10	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.259s (-32.5% 🟢)	2.105s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.846s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.260s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.308s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.048s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.301s (-25.4% 🟢)	2.425s (+1.2%)	2.125s	10	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.114s (-3.4%)	2.010s (~)	0.896s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.115s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.891s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.128s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.129s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.873s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.145s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.146s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.865s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.914s (+1.1%)	4.100s (+6.4% 🔺)	2.186s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.179s (+15.8% 🔺)	4.207s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.027s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.776s (+37.3% 🔺)	4.777s (+26.7% 🔺)	2.001s	10	1.45x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.660s (-2.8%)	11.018s (~)	0.359s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.757s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.266s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.805s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.219s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.901s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.124s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.916s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.917s (~)	11.025s (~)	0.108s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.946s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.077s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.590s (-1.4%)	18.674s (-2.1%)	2.084s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.131s (-4.1%)	19.017s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.887s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.240s (~)	19.160s (~)	1.920s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.996s (-4.6%)	14.421s (-4.0%)	0.425s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.300s (+1.2%)	15.029s (~)	0.729s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.549s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.477s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.567s (~)	15.025s (~)	0.459s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.710s (+1.0%)	15.028s (~)	0.318s	4	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	15.027s (~)	15.532s (+3.3%)	0.505s	4	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	15.055s (~)	16.032s (+3.2%)	0.977s	4	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.915s (-10.7% 🟢)	32.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.956s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.235s (-8.8% 🟢)	33.898s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.663s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.244s (-5.3% 🟢)	34.518s (-4.9%)	2.274s	2	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	12.957s (-9.6% 🟢)	13.023s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.066s	7	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.469s (+1.8%)	14.025s (~)	0.556s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.979s (-1.4%)	14.449s (-3.8%)	0.470s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.060s (+2.6%)	14.741s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.681s	7	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.121s (+3.4%)	16.864s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.743s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.800s (+1.4%)	17.198s (+1.0%)	0.397s	6	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.824s (+2.1%)	17.031s (~)	0.207s	6	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.225s (-10.4% 🟢)	51.098s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.872s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	51.242s (-11.7% 🟢)	53.662s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.420s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.371s (-8.1% 🟢)	55.518s (-7.7% 🟢)	2.147s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.781s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.272s (-4.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.738s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.312s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.694s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.522s (+1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.484s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.543s (+4.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.463s	15	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.561s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.445s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.145s (-2.6%)	3.808s (-0.8%)	1.663s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.362s (-2.2%)	4.126s (+2.8%)	1.764s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.411s (-18.2% 🟢)	4.035s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.624s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.268s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.741s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.321s (-2.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.688s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.474s (+3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.535s	10	1.09x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.568s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.008s (~)	0.440s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.636s	9	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	2.986s (+4.6%)	3.677s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.691s	9	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.012s (+7.3% 🔺)	3.453s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.442s	9	1.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.167s (+14.8% 🔺)	5.012s (+16.3% 🔺)	1.845s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.184s (+6.5% 🔺)	4.504s (-4.2%)	1.321s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.501s (+29.7% 🔺)	5.228s (+16.6% 🔺)	1.727s	6	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.388s (-2.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.622s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.011s (~)	0.541s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.656s (-0.7%)	4.010s (~)	0.354s	8	1.08x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.135s (+4.6%)	4.869s (+13.3% 🔺)	0.734s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.924s (+39.2% 🔺)	8.518s (+41.6% 🔺)	0.594s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.054s (+2.0%)	8.774s (+6.1% 🔺)	0.720s	4	2.38x
💻 Local	Express	8.555s (+4.2%)	9.024s (+2.9%)	0.469s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.751s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.343s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.123s (+1.2%)	4.736s (-3.2%)	1.613s	7	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.542s (-1.8%)	5.378s (+0.7%)	1.836s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.197s (-5.0%)	2.008s (~)	0.811s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s (-0.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.790s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.252s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.756s	15	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.337s (+4.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.669s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s (-4.2%)	2.006s (-3.2%)	0.518s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.557s (+2.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.449s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.571s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.435s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-3.7%)	3.874s (-2.6%)	1.859s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.030s (-2.8%)	3.882s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.852s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.262s (+4.2%)	3.984s (+2.2%)	1.721s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.299s (-1.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.709s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.327s (-1.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.683s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s (-0.9%)	3.009s (~)	0.635s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.551s (+3.9%)	3.008s (~)	0.457s	10	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.014s (-4.2%)	3.676s (+3.1%)	0.662s	9	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.154s (+4.1%)	3.884s (+3.3%)	0.729s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.268s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.009s (+12.5% 🔺)	0.741s	8	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.385s (-7.2% 🟢)	3.807s (-9.4% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.459s (+5.6% 🔺)	3.958s (+0.6%)	1.499s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.642s (+3.9%)	4.561s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.918s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.402s (-1.2%)	4.008s (~)	0.606s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.494s (+1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.517s	8	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.638s (-0.5%)	4.012s (~)	0.374s	8	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.136s (+2.7%)	4.867s (+6.2% 🔺)	0.731s	7	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.029s (+3.6%)	8.518s (+3.0%)	0.489s	4	2.36x
💻 Local	Express	9.146s (+6.3% 🔺)	9.773s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.627s	4	2.69x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.707s (+14.6% 🔺)	10.357s (+14.8% 🔺)	0.650s	3	2.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.991s (+5.2% 🔺)	4.445s (+2.8%)	1.454s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.997s (+10.0% 🔺)	4.650s (+9.7% 🔺)	1.653s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.348s (-11.0% 🟢)	5.247s (-4.9%)	1.899s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.607s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.398s	60	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.712s (+12.0% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.292s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.847s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.194s	58	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.856s (+3.2%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.167s	59	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.930s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.116s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.186s	54	1.53x
💻 Local	Express	1.005s (+2.9%)	1.401s (+25.6% 🔺)	0.396s	43	1.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.033s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.973s	30	1.70x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	8.582s (-11.9% 🟢)	10.469s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.886s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	8.809s (-13.0% 🟢)	11.301s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.492s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.135s (-27.0% 🟢)	10.981s (-21.9% 🟢)	1.846s	6	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.464s (-27.1% 🟢)	2.007s (-20.8% 🟢)	0.543s	45	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.684s (+16.1% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.322s	45	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.003s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.376s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.374s	38	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.082s (+4.0%)	2.685s (+11.8% 🔺)	0.603s	34	1.42x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.651s (-2.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.357s	30	1.81x
💻 Local	Express	3.065s (~)	3.801s (~)	0.736s	24	2.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.082s (+0.8%)	4.010s (+2.2%)	0.928s	23	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.805s (-8.1% 🟢)	28.789s (-8.0% 🟢)	1.984s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.106s (-9.2% 🟢)	28.561s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.455s	4	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.753s (-6.4% 🟢)	29.833s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.080s	4	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.050s (-27.2% 🟢)	3.370s (-32.7% 🟢)	0.320s	36	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.417s (+13.3% 🔺)	4.009s (+15.7% 🔺)	0.592s	30	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.087s (+8.3% 🔺)	4.743s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.656s	26	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.159s (+2.6%)	4.892s (+2.3%)	0.732s	25	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.712s (+2.2%)	9.017s (~)	0.305s	14	2.86x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.104s (+2.1%)	9.942s (+5.7% 🔺)	0.838s	13	2.99x
💻 Local	Express	9.303s (+1.6%)	10.018s (+2.4%)	0.716s	12	3.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	70.956s (~)	73.054s (~)	2.098s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	74.172s (-9.0% 🟢)	76.284s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.112s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	78.647s (-8.6% 🟢)	80.361s (-8.6% 🟢)	1.714s	2	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.225s (-22.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.781s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.258s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.008s (~)	0.750s	60	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.290s (+4.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.717s	60	1.29x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s (+11.8% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.555s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.450s	60	2.46x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.586s (+4.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.419s	60	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	0.591s (+0.5%)	1.005s (~)	0.414s	60	2.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.324s (-33.2% 🟢)	2.785s (-22.1% 🟢)	1.462s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.485s (-21.5% 🟢)	3.267s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.782s	19	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.719s (-3.9%)	3.216s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.497s	19	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.363s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.642s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+2.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.509s	90	1.37x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.501s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.505s	90	1.38x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.179s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+17.7% 🔺)	0.826s	45	3.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.585s (+4.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.425s	30	7.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.602s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.407s	30	7.16x
💻 Local	Express	2.643s (+4.4%)	3.010s (~)	0.367s	30	7.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.555s (-13.2% 🟢)	4.158s (-12.2% 🟢)	1.602s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.112s (-12.5% 🟢)	4.800s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.688s	19	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.299s (+23.6% 🔺)	5.177s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.878s	18	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.574s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.432s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.799s (+4.2%)	1.025s (+1.8%)	0.226s	118	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.803s (+1.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.205s	120	1.40x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.830s (+2.1%)	3.084s (+1.7%)	0.255s	39	4.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.621s (+3.1%)	11.208s (+4.0%)	0.587s	11	18.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.386s (+9.5% 🔺)	12.032s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.646s	10	19.83x
💻 Local	Express	11.560s (+5.8% 🔺)	12.029s (+3.9%)	0.469s	10	20.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.275s (-9.1% 🟢)	7.871s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.596s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.409s (+17.5% 🔺)	9.397s (+17.1% 🔺)	1.988s	13	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.742s (+257.6% 🔺)	23.522s (+202.2% 🔺)	1.780s	11	3.46x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.157s (-27.2% 🟢)	0.999s (~)	0.001s (+10.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.854s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.174s (+2.9%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.844s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.200s (+5.1% 🔺)	1.000s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.810s	10	1.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.208s (~)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (+17.3% 🔺)	1.019s (~)	0.811s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.213s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.013s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.806s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.217s (+2.5%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.793s	10	1.39x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.042s (+2370.6% 🔺)	1.048s (+4.0%)	0.799s	10	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.470s (-13.4% 🟢)	2.527s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.887s (+69.0% 🔺)	3.885s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.415s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.587s (+4.6%)	2.519s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.851s (+11.2% 🔺)	3.861s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.274s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.630s (-3.8%)	2.978s (-6.8% 🟢)	0.630s (-34.1% 🟢)	4.037s (-12.6% 🟢)	2.407s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s (+18.7% 🔺)	1.002s (~)	0.003s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.505s (-21.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.003s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.020s (~)	0.514s	59	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.620s (-0.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.402s	59	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.642s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.381s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.748s (+11.5% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.109s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.361s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	0.748s (+4.6%)	1.014s (~)	0.010s (+2.9%)	1.025s (~)	0.277s	59	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.836s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.117s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.281s	54	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.133s (-7.7% 🟢)	5.540s (-9.5% 🟢)	0.455s (+127.5% 🔺)	6.456s (-4.3%)	2.323s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.218s (~)	5.662s (+0.9%)	0.687s (+158.3% 🔺)	6.838s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.620s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.265s (+30.5% 🔺)	6.659s (+15.8% 🔺)	0.401s (+60.8% 🔺)	7.509s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.244s	10	1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.927s (+4.9%)	1.053s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.057s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.130s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.934s (-1.2%)	1.152s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.161s (+3.9%)	0.227s	52	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.945s (+2.0%)	1.225s (+10.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.233s (+8.4% 🔺)	0.287s	49	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.991s (+2.3%)	1.271s (+4.4%)	0.000s (+108.5% 🔺)	1.297s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.306s	47	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.254s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-57.1% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.769s	30	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s (+1.7%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.750s	30	1.37x
💻 Local	Express	1.478s (+20.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.000s (-46.4% 🟢)	2.203s (+8.9% 🔺)	0.725s	28	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.713s (-4.0%)	3.823s (-3.1%)	0.000s (-53.3% 🟢)	4.272s (-3.1%)	1.558s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.721s (+2.2%)	3.848s (-2.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	4.338s (-0.8%)	1.617s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.122s (-30.4% 🟢)	4.435s (-25.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-48.7% 🟢)	4.915s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.793s	13	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.670s (-4.5%)	2.033s (-3.3%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.065s (-3.2%)	0.395s	30	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.734s (-1.6%)	2.071s (+3.5%)	0.000s (+3.4%)	2.075s (+3.4%)	0.342s	29	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.797s (+2.2%)	2.140s (+3.6%)	0.000s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.154s (+3.5%)	0.357s	28	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.859s (+1.0%)	2.146s (+0.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.161s (~)	0.303s	28	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.458s (-4.2%)	4.031s (-3.2%)	0.001s (~)	4.035s (-3.2%)	0.576s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.593s (+3.2%)	4.033s (~)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	4.036s (~)	0.443s	15	2.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.606s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+1.6%)	0.000s (+6.7% 🔺)	4.036s (+1.6%)	0.430s	15	2.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.788s (-10.4% 🟢)	4.979s (-8.6% 🟢)	0.001s (+600.0% 🔺)	5.501s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.713s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.835s	5.212s	0.001s	5.671s	1.836s	11	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.161s (-21.7% 🟢)	5.476s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.960s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.799s	11	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	18/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	21/21
▲ Vercel	Express	13/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Follow-up fixes to the @workflow/swc-plugin SWC transform to fully support synchronous "use step" functions while preserving "use workflow" async-only behavior, including stricter module-level export validation to prevent Node-only code from leaking into workflow/client bundles.

Changes:

• Restore/extend file-level "use step" export validation (allow only function exports; reject non-function exports and re-exports) and refine InvalidExport messaging to distinguish step vs workflow rules.
• Add/adjust SWC plugin fixtures to cover sync step usage (including class static methods and var/let function expressions) and to assert sync "use workflow" still errors.
• Update spec.md error table + supported forms docs, and add a patch changeset for @workflow/swc-plugin.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 17 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Adjusts InvalidExport messaging and reintroduces file-level "use step" export validation logic.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Documents sync step support and clarifies export restrictions for "use step" vs "use workflow".
.changeset/sync-step-followup.md	Publishes the export-validation behavior change as a patch.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/input.js	New fixture input covering sync step usage in class + function-expression contexts.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-step.js	Expected step-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Expected client-bundle output for the new sync-step-class fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/input.js	New error fixture asserting sync "use workflow" errors while sync "use step" passes.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.js	Expected workflow-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.js	Expected step-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Expected client-mode output for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-workflow.stderr	Expected workflow-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-step.stderr	Expected step-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.stderr	Expected client-mode stderr for sync-workflow error fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-workflow.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-step.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.stderr	Updates/records expected stderr for invalid exports in file-level "use step" files.

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