refactor(swc-plugin): remove client transform mode, merge into step mode

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
• The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
• All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

• DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
• Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
• IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package	Change
@workflow/swc-plugin	Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next	loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders	base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli	Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm	Removed client output from batch transform

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	994	0	86	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	90	0	0	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	98	0	231
✅ 📋 Other	252	0	18	270
Total	4380	98	343	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (98 failed)

mongodb (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

redis (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

turso (68 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KPC4AGDR3W8R8RXJT4B0AAA1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49C06JB8S19BQWT39ZGY3
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49GDW34C2CAXQED5GQ5HD
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49JF67R2674SKNT0B531G
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATXWJTKEXDX5AZ5QQ00W
• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4A08KB58ENADF0R99QWRK
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATTECEVNJQ03J54ZFBVM
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4B757NA7GCQPA911F04ZY
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BBA9SENAQ2793T64G2HD
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BD6G7ZV66PGPFA4QPD88
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4EB2BAVKDBD6MS0ZQ6EA2
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KPC4HQX6G61Z1EVG4JNP930D
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KPC4JYZ7FS1R557Y32RKYX4X
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KPC4KHC0489EJS7TH6H8C1FP
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KPC4KSEB6GVW9G0XXRPWE3J8
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KPC4KYK1XY4DHRRTHJ2T1M21
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KPC4M0KZH3ASYEG5R6JBWENC
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KPC4MB45KDRW8N8D6WN06XEQ
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KPC4MS5KHDWDK2F94N22ZFQW
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KPC4MZ6PEQNSM56KWF9FJX1E
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KPC4N5GZH4ZFPZPW62YEP6KV
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KPC4NBR68W7CSHPE7R7M4EK3
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KPC4NHS0ARKDVB77N2MX3CAC
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KPC4NQW6FWS4MXN0R48DA026
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4NZ0FPXKMQX3X2CQ04PBG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KPC4P9N2G26Q97QRYDQ0Y9YK
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KPC4PGZWQE4GQXWWGY0QH4J7
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4PR5VZ7PAPEH1FB5DTEBH
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4Q0WDH365KZXRFP7S3YXX
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KPC4QC7VC0XAK4HG5DG72TYK
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KPC4QZCT792E4TFQ8YN5Q6BV
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KPC4R9ARDE36CTKSVKBD0BV7
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KPC4RF7T0AJ9JST4ZEVXQBYY
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KPC4RH3HCX2FND5E2Q3889HY
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4RP4RG6MQ9C0QJJXPXG6F

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	90	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	15	0
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	15	0
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	68	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	84	0	6

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.047s	1.005s	0.958s	10	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.053s (-44.2% 🟢)	1.011s (-3.1%)	0.957s	10	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.010s	0.954s	10	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.057s (-1.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.232s (-43.5% 🟢)	2.120s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.888s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.265s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.026s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.760s	10	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.124s (-1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.885s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (+0.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.011s	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.154s (+0.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.856s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.948s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.730s (-36.9% 🟢)	1.782s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.978s (-2.8%)	3.253s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.275s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.738s (-1.2%)	11.025s (~)	0.287s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.830s	11.023s	0.193s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.894s (-0.6%)	11.025s (~)	0.131s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.102s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.927s	11.018s	0.091s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.947s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.078s	3	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	17.104s (-27.9% 🟢)	19.463s (-22.5% 🟢)	2.360s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.338s (~)	18.457s (-4.9%)	1.119s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.143s (-3.1%)	15.027s (~)	0.884s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.476s	15.029s	0.553s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.575s	15.028s	0.454s	4	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.575s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.451s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.924s (-0.9%)	15.029s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.104s	4	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	15.108s (+0.9%)	16.032s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.924s	4	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	32.373s (-49.8% 🟢)	34.553s (-48.1% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	33.318s (-36.6% 🟢)	34.394s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.076s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.235s (-5.2% 🟢)	13.880s (-3.0%)	0.645s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.877s (-0.9%)	14.022s (-3.9%)	0.145s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.974s	14.455s	0.481s	7	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.884s	16.196s	0.312s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.479s (-1.8%)	17.030s (~)	0.552s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.807s (+1.2%)	17.031s (~)	0.224s	6	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	55.193s (-86.9% 🟢)	57.639s (-86.4% 🟢)	2.446s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	59.836s (-84.8% 🟢)	60.966s (-84.6% 🟢)	1.130s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.223s (-4.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.787s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.251s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.760s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.252s	2.009s	0.756s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s	2.005s	0.517s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.498s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.507s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	1.528s (+2.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.477s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.389s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.777s (-12.6% 🟢)	1.388s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.457s (-27.7% 🟢)	3.702s (-25.0% 🟢)	1.244s	9	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.320s (-1.3%)	3.009s (~)	0.689s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.335s (-1.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.010s	0.617s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.874s	3.309s	0.435s	10	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.898s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.453s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.555s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	3.040s (+3.0%)	3.759s (+8.8% 🔺)	0.719s	8	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.873s (-29.1% 🟢)	4.645s (-21.5% 🟢)	1.772s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.637s (-48.8% 🟢)	5.185s (-41.8% 🟢)	1.548s	6	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.426s (-1.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.583s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.459s (-0.8%)	4.010s (~)	0.551s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.689s	4.010s	0.321s	8	1.08x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.497s	8.019s	0.522s	4	2.19x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.051s (-3.6%)	8.772s (-2.8%)	0.721s	4	2.35x
💻 Local	Express	8.203s (-1.6%)	9.020s (~)	0.817s	4	2.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.559s (+1.0%)	5.051s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.492s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.803s (-23.7% 🟢)	8.029s (-26.7% 🟢)	1.226s	4	1.91x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-3.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s	2.010s	0.782s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.267s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.741s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.515s (-18.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.490s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.475s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.544s (-18.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.462s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.037s (-17.2% 🟢)	3.718s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.681s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.401s (-18.1% 🟢)	3.792s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.391s	8	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.327s (-0.5%)	3.010s (~)	0.683s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.010s (~)	0.674s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.008s	0.616s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s	3.452s	0.665s	9	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.836s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.309s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.473s	10	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	3.261s (+4.1%)	4.011s (+6.6% 🔺)	0.750s	8	1.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.598s (-19.7% 🟢)	4.042s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.444s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-11.3% 🟢)	4.209s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (-0.7%)	4.011s (~)	0.555s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.480s (-0.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.530s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.617s	4.012s	0.395s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.510s	8.018s	0.507s	4	2.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.662s (-5.3% 🟢)	9.275s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.613s	4	2.51x
💻 Local	Express	8.993s (+2.2%)	9.273s (~)	0.279s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.764s (-45.7% 🟢)	4.520s (-33.7% 🟢)	1.756s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.827s (-28.6% 🟢)	6.399s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.572s	5	1.75x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.624s (-23.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.382s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s	1.023s	0.237s	59	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.808s (-3.7%)	1.022s (~)	0.214s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.852s	1.039s	0.187s	58	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.988s (+0.8%)	1.158s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.170s	52	1.58x
💻 Local	Express	0.989s (~)	1.250s (+16.1% 🔺)	0.261s	49	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.124s (-54.1% 🟢)	12.026s (-49.9% 🟢)	1.902s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.473s (-20.9% 🟢)	12.880s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.407s	5	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.503s (-22.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.504s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.918s (-3.0%)	2.100s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.183s	43	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.959s	2.203s	0.244s	41	1.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s	3.008s	0.381s	30	1.75x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.004s (-1.0%)	3.508s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.504s	26	2.00x
💻 Local	Express	3.039s (+0.8%)	3.690s (+2.9%)	0.651s	25	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.147s (-35.5% 🟢)	33.634s (-35.0% 🟢)	1.487s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	37.762s (-4.4%)	39.759s (-3.7%)	1.997s	3	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.164s (-22.9% 🟢)	3.824s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.660s	32	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.883s	4.147s	0.264s	29	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.890s (-2.5%)	4.110s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.219s	30	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.566s	9.018s	0.452s	14	2.71x
💻 Local	Express	9.269s (+0.6%)	10.019s (~)	0.749s	12	2.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.497s (+2.1%)	10.101s (+0.8%)	0.604s	12	3.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	77.978s (-19.5% 🟢)	79.827s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.850s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	89.255s (-16.7% 🟢)	90.555s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.300s	2	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.772s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.256s	1.008s	0.751s	60	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.285s (+0.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.723s	60	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.575s	1.004s	0.430s	60	2.44x
💻 Local	Express	0.615s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.022s (+1.7%)	0.407s	59	2.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.668s (+10.5% 🔺)	1.095s (+7.2% 🔺)	0.427s	55	2.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.858s (+11.9% 🔺)	3.442s (+2.7%)	1.584s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.248s (+159.5% 🔺)	6.681s (+76.1% 🔺)	1.432s	9	2.82x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.383s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.623s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.488s (-4.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.519s	90	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.503s	1.007s	0.503s	90	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.463s (-3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.546s	30	6.43x
💻 Local	Express	2.591s (+3.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.418s	30	6.76x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.594s	3.008s	0.414s	30	6.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.501s (+70.5% 🔺)	7.445s (+54.4% 🔺)	1.944s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.725s (+146.8% 🔺)	10.373s (+99.7% 🔺)	1.648s	9	1.59x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.614s (-22.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.393s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.800s	1.008s	0.208s	120	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.802s (-2.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.214s	119	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.669s	11.392s	0.723s	11	17.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.798s (-3.5%)	11.300s (-3.1%)	0.501s	11	17.59x
💻 Local	Express	11.456s (+2.4%)	12.032s (+0.8%)	0.576s	10	18.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	9.424s (+22.0% 🔺)	11.667s (+24.1% 🔺)	2.243s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.660s (+51.6% 🔺)	16.985s (+38.2% 🔺)	1.325s	8	1.66x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.177s (-13.8% 🟢)	0.997s (~)	0.001s (-20.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.834s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.188s	1.003s	0.011s	1.017s	0.830s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s	1.001s	0.002s	1.011s	0.818s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.201s (-6.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.817s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	0.204s (+2.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.816s	10	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.204s (~)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.806s	10	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.554s (-77.3% 🟢)	2.748s (-68.2% 🟢)	0.996s (+57.7% 🔺)	4.134s (-57.8% 🟢)	2.581s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.705s (-55.5% 🟢)	2.818s (-46.6% 🟢)	1.037s (+39.8% 🔺)	4.300s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.594s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.531s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.008s (~)	0.004s (-14.3% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.491s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.607s (-3.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.004s (+3.1%)	1.023s (~)	0.416s	59	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.617s	1.008s	0.003s	1.020s	0.402s	59	1.16x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.742s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-2.5%)	1.023s (-8.3% 🟢)	0.281s	59	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.806s	1.011s	0.013s	1.120s	0.313s	54	1.52x
💻 Local	Express	0.956s (+26.2% 🔺)	1.012s (-1.6%)	0.010s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.229s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.273s	49	1.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.889s (-83.4% 🟢)	6.748s (-78.1% 🟢)	0.465s (+315.1% 🔺)	7.635s (-76.0% 🟢)	2.746s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.674s (-13.3% 🟢)	15.526s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.211s (~)	16.076s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.403s	5	3.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.938s	1.112s	0.000s	1.119s	0.182s	54	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.944s (-2.6%)	1.177s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+41.2% 🔺)	1.190s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.246s	51	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.974s (+1.4%)	1.219s (-4.6%)	0.000s (+87.8% 🔺)	1.243s (-4.9%)	0.269s	49	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.214s (-0.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.808s	30	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	1.238s (+1.0%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.785s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.296s	2.019s	0.000s	2.023s	0.727s	30	1.38x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.050s (+98.3% 🔺)	7.665s (+74.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	8.112s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.062s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.695s (-24.4% 🟢)	7.641s (-33.7% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	9.028s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.333s	7	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.720s (-4.0%)	2.104s (-1.7%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.112s (-2.9%)	0.392s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.727s (-2.5%)	2.104s (-3.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.113s (-3.9%)	0.386s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.888s	2.182s	0.000s	2.189s	0.301s	28	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.502s (+3.4%)	4.035s (~)	0.001s (+50.0% 🔺)	4.038s (~)	0.536s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.589s (+3.5%)	4.030s (~)	0.000s (-58.3% 🟢)	4.033s (~)	0.444s	15	2.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.746s	4.166s	0.000s	4.170s	0.424s	15	2.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.451s (-3.0%)	6.756s (-3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.096s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.645s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	8.938s (+118.3% 🔺)	10.290s (+91.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	10.758s (+85.7% 🔺)	1.819s	6	1.64x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	18/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	19/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: dc6415b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Removes the SWC plugin’s client transform mode by merging its behavior into step mode, and updates all repository integrations, docs, and fixtures to use the new 3-mode model (Step/Workflow/Detect).

Changes:

• Dropped Client from TransformMode, updated step mode to include client-mode behaviors (notably DCE + object-property hoisting semantics), and removed client-mode fixture runners/outputs.
• Updated framework/tooling integrations (Next loader, Rollup, Nest CLI, Builders, CLI) to use mode: 'step' everywhere client was previously used.
• Updated docs/spec and the SWC playground (WASM + UI/types) to remove the client output/view.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 103 out of 103 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/swc-playground/wasm/src/lib.rs	Removes client from batch transform output and runs only workflow+step.
workbench/swc-playground/lib/transform.ts	Updates TS types to drop client transform result.
workbench/swc-playground/components/swc-playground.tsx	Removes client view/panel/state in the playground UI.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Removes Client mode and folds client behaviors into Step (DCE, hoisting/registration paths, etc.).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Updates specification to reflect 3 modes and step-mode DCE/hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture.rs	Removes the client-mode fixture test harness.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors.rs	Removes the client-mode errors fixture harness and updates imports.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-client-property/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/var-named-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/user-named-dunder-default/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new object-property hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-default-export/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-this-arguments-super/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/separate-export-statement/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce-native/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object getter/property behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-in-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/multiple-const-step-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/mixed-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/let-arrow-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/expr-fn-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-named/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous-step-only/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/destructuring/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-workflow-collision/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-workflow.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-step.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/input.js	Updates input fixture to be exported (aligning outputs).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-arrow-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect hoisted reference usage.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-namespace/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-destructured/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-local-const/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-imported/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-typescript-expressions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-new-expr-and-module-declarations/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name-step-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/anonymous-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/non-async-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-workflow-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-step-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-step.js	Updates step-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-function-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-default-exports-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/instance-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/getter-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/next/src/loader.ts	Switches all transforms to mode: 'step'.
packages/rollup/src/index.ts	Switches Rollup integration transform mode to step.
packages/nest/src/cli.ts	Updates generated .swcrc to use mode: 'step' and help text accordingly.
packages/cli/src/commands/transform.ts	Removes client from CLI transform modes/options.
packages/builders/src/apply-swc-transform.ts	Updates API type to drop client mode.
packages/builders/src/swc-esbuild-plugin.ts	Updates SwcPluginOptions.mode type to drop client.
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Updates builder SWC plugin usage from client to step.
packages/nuxt/src/module.ts	Forces Vite SSR bundling behavior for workflow packages and marks _vite for Nitro.
packages/nitro/src/index.ts	Adds dev-only rollup force-inline plugin and dev-time dynamic loading of generated workflow bundles.
packages/nitro/src/builders.ts	Writes workflow bundles to temp files first and renames into place.
.changeset/remove-client-mode.md	Adds changeset documenting the breaking removal of client mode and migration guidance.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming tests pass, we're only landing this on v5 right?

[TooTallNate]

@VaguelySerious correct

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
• The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
• All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

• DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
• Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
• IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package	Change
@workflow/swc-plugin	Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next	loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders	base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli	Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm	Removed client output from batch transform

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	994	0	86	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	90	0	0	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	98	0	231
✅ 📋 Other	252	0	18	270
Total	4380	98	343	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (98 failed)

mongodb (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

redis (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

turso (68 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KPC4AGDR3W8R8RXJT4B0AAA1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49C06JB8S19BQWT39ZGY3
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49GDW34C2CAXQED5GQ5HD
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49JF67R2674SKNT0B531G
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATXWJTKEXDX5AZ5QQ00W
• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4A08KB58ENADF0R99QWRK
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATTECEVNJQ03J54ZFBVM
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4B757NA7GCQPA911F04ZY
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BBA9SENAQ2793T64G2HD
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BD6G7ZV66PGPFA4QPD88
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4EB2BAVKDBD6MS0ZQ6EA2
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KPC4HQX6G61Z1EVG4JNP930D
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KPC4JYZ7FS1R557Y32RKYX4X
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KPC4KHC0489EJS7TH6H8C1FP
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KPC4KSEB6GVW9G0XXRPWE3J8
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KPC4KYK1XY4DHRRTHJ2T1M21
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KPC4M0KZH3ASYEG5R6JBWENC
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KPC4MB45KDRW8N8D6WN06XEQ
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KPC4MS5KHDWDK2F94N22ZFQW
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KPC4MZ6PEQNSM56KWF9FJX1E
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KPC4N5GZH4ZFPZPW62YEP6KV
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KPC4NBR68W7CSHPE7R7M4EK3
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KPC4NHS0ARKDVB77N2MX3CAC
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KPC4NQW6FWS4MXN0R48DA026
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4NZ0FPXKMQX3X2CQ04PBG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KPC4P9N2G26Q97QRYDQ0Y9YK
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KPC4PGZWQE4GQXWWGY0QH4J7
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4PR5VZ7PAPEH1FB5DTEBH
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4Q0WDH365KZXRFP7S3YXX
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KPC4QC7VC0XAK4HG5DG72TYK
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KPC4QZCT792E4TFQ8YN5Q6BV
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KPC4R9ARDE36CTKSVKBD0BV7
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KPC4RF7T0AJ9JST4ZEVXQBYY
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KPC4RH3HCX2FND5E2Q3889HY
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4RP4RG6MQ9C0QJJXPXG6F

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	90	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	15	0
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	15	0
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	68	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	84	0	6

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.047s	1.005s	0.958s	10	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.053s (-44.2% 🟢)	1.011s (-3.1%)	0.957s	10	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.010s	0.954s	10	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.057s (-1.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.232s (-43.5% 🟢)	2.120s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.888s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.265s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.026s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.760s	10	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.124s (-1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.885s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (+0.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.011s	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.154s (+0.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.856s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.948s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.730s (-36.9% 🟢)	1.782s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.978s (-2.8%)	3.253s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.275s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.738s (-1.2%)	11.025s (~)	0.287s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.830s	11.023s	0.193s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.894s (-0.6%)	11.025s (~)	0.131s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.102s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.927s	11.018s	0.091s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.947s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.078s	3	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	17.104s (-27.9% 🟢)	19.463s (-22.5% 🟢)	2.360s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.338s (~)	18.457s (-4.9%)	1.119s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.143s (-3.1%)	15.027s (~)	0.884s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.476s	15.029s	0.553s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.575s	15.028s	0.454s	4	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.575s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.451s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.924s (-0.9%)	15.029s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.104s	4	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	15.108s (+0.9%)	16.032s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.924s	4	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	32.373s (-49.8% 🟢)	34.553s (-48.1% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	33.318s (-36.6% 🟢)	34.394s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.076s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.235s (-5.2% 🟢)	13.880s (-3.0%)	0.645s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.877s (-0.9%)	14.022s (-3.9%)	0.145s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.974s	14.455s	0.481s	7	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.884s	16.196s	0.312s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.479s (-1.8%)	17.030s (~)	0.552s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.807s (+1.2%)	17.031s (~)	0.224s	6	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	55.193s (-86.9% 🟢)	57.639s (-86.4% 🟢)	2.446s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	59.836s (-84.8% 🟢)	60.966s (-84.6% 🟢)	1.130s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.223s (-4.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.787s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.251s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.760s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.252s	2.009s	0.756s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s	2.005s	0.517s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.498s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.507s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	1.528s (+2.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.477s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.389s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.777s (-12.6% 🟢)	1.388s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.457s (-27.7% 🟢)	3.702s (-25.0% 🟢)	1.244s	9	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.320s (-1.3%)	3.009s (~)	0.689s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.335s (-1.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.010s	0.617s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.874s	3.309s	0.435s	10	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.898s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.453s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.555s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	3.040s (+3.0%)	3.759s (+8.8% 🔺)	0.719s	8	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.873s (-29.1% 🟢)	4.645s (-21.5% 🟢)	1.772s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.637s (-48.8% 🟢)	5.185s (-41.8% 🟢)	1.548s	6	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.426s (-1.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.583s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.459s (-0.8%)	4.010s (~)	0.551s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.689s	4.010s	0.321s	8	1.08x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.497s	8.019s	0.522s	4	2.19x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.051s (-3.6%)	8.772s (-2.8%)	0.721s	4	2.35x
💻 Local	Express	8.203s (-1.6%)	9.020s (~)	0.817s	4	2.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.559s (+1.0%)	5.051s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.492s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.803s (-23.7% 🟢)	8.029s (-26.7% 🟢)	1.226s	4	1.91x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-3.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s	2.010s	0.782s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.267s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.741s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.515s (-18.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.490s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.475s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.544s (-18.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.462s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.037s (-17.2% 🟢)	3.718s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.681s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.401s (-18.1% 🟢)	3.792s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.391s	8	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.327s (-0.5%)	3.010s (~)	0.683s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.010s (~)	0.674s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.008s	0.616s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s	3.452s	0.665s	9	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.836s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.309s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.473s	10	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	3.261s (+4.1%)	4.011s (+6.6% 🔺)	0.750s	8	1.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.598s (-19.7% 🟢)	4.042s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.444s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-11.3% 🟢)	4.209s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (-0.7%)	4.011s (~)	0.555s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.480s (-0.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.530s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.617s	4.012s	0.395s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.510s	8.018s	0.507s	4	2.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.662s (-5.3% 🟢)	9.275s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.613s	4	2.51x
💻 Local	Express	8.993s (+2.2%)	9.273s (~)	0.279s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.764s (-45.7% 🟢)	4.520s (-33.7% 🟢)	1.756s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.827s (-28.6% 🟢)	6.399s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.572s	5	1.75x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.624s (-23.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.382s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s	1.023s	0.237s	59	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.808s (-3.7%)	1.022s (~)	0.214s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.852s	1.039s	0.187s	58	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.988s (+0.8%)	1.158s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.170s	52	1.58x
💻 Local	Express	0.989s (~)	1.250s (+16.1% 🔺)	0.261s	49	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.124s (-54.1% 🟢)	12.026s (-49.9% 🟢)	1.902s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.473s (-20.9% 🟢)	12.880s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.407s	5	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.503s (-22.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.504s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.918s (-3.0%)	2.100s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.183s	43	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.959s	2.203s	0.244s	41	1.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s	3.008s	0.381s	30	1.75x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.004s (-1.0%)	3.508s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.504s	26	2.00x
💻 Local	Express	3.039s (+0.8%)	3.690s (+2.9%)	0.651s	25	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.147s (-35.5% 🟢)	33.634s (-35.0% 🟢)	1.487s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	37.762s (-4.4%)	39.759s (-3.7%)	1.997s	3	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.164s (-22.9% 🟢)	3.824s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.660s	32	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.883s	4.147s	0.264s	29	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.890s (-2.5%)	4.110s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.219s	30	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.566s	9.018s	0.452s	14	2.71x
💻 Local	Express	9.269s (+0.6%)	10.019s (~)	0.749s	12	2.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.497s (+2.1%)	10.101s (+0.8%)	0.604s	12	3.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	77.978s (-19.5% 🟢)	79.827s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.850s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	89.255s (-16.7% 🟢)	90.555s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.300s	2	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.772s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.256s	1.008s	0.751s	60	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.285s (+0.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.723s	60	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.575s	1.004s	0.430s	60	2.44x
💻 Local	Express	0.615s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.022s (+1.7%)	0.407s	59	2.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.668s (+10.5% 🔺)	1.095s (+7.2% 🔺)	0.427s	55	2.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.858s (+11.9% 🔺)	3.442s (+2.7%)	1.584s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.248s (+159.5% 🔺)	6.681s (+76.1% 🔺)	1.432s	9	2.82x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.383s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.623s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.488s (-4.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.519s	90	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.503s	1.007s	0.503s	90	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.463s (-3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.546s	30	6.43x
💻 Local	Express	2.591s (+3.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.418s	30	6.76x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.594s	3.008s	0.414s	30	6.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.501s (+70.5% 🔺)	7.445s (+54.4% 🔺)	1.944s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.725s (+146.8% 🔺)	10.373s (+99.7% 🔺)	1.648s	9	1.59x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.614s (-22.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.393s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.800s	1.008s	0.208s	120	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.802s (-2.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.214s	119	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.669s	11.392s	0.723s	11	17.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.798s (-3.5%)	11.300s (-3.1%)	0.501s	11	17.59x
💻 Local	Express	11.456s (+2.4%)	12.032s (+0.8%)	0.576s	10	18.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	9.424s (+22.0% 🔺)	11.667s (+24.1% 🔺)	2.243s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.660s (+51.6% 🔺)	16.985s (+38.2% 🔺)	1.325s	8	1.66x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.177s (-13.8% 🟢)	0.997s (~)	0.001s (-20.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.834s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.188s	1.003s	0.011s	1.017s	0.830s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s	1.001s	0.002s	1.011s	0.818s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.201s (-6.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.817s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	0.204s (+2.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.816s	10	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.204s (~)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.806s	10	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.554s (-77.3% 🟢)	2.748s (-68.2% 🟢)	0.996s (+57.7% 🔺)	4.134s (-57.8% 🟢)	2.581s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.705s (-55.5% 🟢)	2.818s (-46.6% 🟢)	1.037s (+39.8% 🔺)	4.300s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.594s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.531s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.008s (~)	0.004s (-14.3% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.491s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.607s (-3.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.004s (+3.1%)	1.023s (~)	0.416s	59	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.617s	1.008s	0.003s	1.020s	0.402s	59	1.16x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.742s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-2.5%)	1.023s (-8.3% 🟢)	0.281s	59	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.806s	1.011s	0.013s	1.120s	0.313s	54	1.52x
💻 Local	Express	0.956s (+26.2% 🔺)	1.012s (-1.6%)	0.010s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.229s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.273s	49	1.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.889s (-83.4% 🟢)	6.748s (-78.1% 🟢)	0.465s (+315.1% 🔺)	7.635s (-76.0% 🟢)	2.746s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.674s (-13.3% 🟢)	15.526s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.211s (~)	16.076s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.403s	5	3.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.938s	1.112s	0.000s	1.119s	0.182s	54	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.944s (-2.6%)	1.177s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+41.2% 🔺)	1.190s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.246s	51	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.974s (+1.4%)	1.219s (-4.6%)	0.000s (+87.8% 🔺)	1.243s (-4.9%)	0.269s	49	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.214s (-0.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.808s	30	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	1.238s (+1.0%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.785s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.296s	2.019s	0.000s	2.023s	0.727s	30	1.38x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.050s (+98.3% 🔺)	7.665s (+74.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	8.112s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.062s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.695s (-24.4% 🟢)	7.641s (-33.7% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	9.028s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.333s	7	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.720s (-4.0%)	2.104s (-1.7%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.112s (-2.9%)	0.392s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.727s (-2.5%)	2.104s (-3.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.113s (-3.9%)	0.386s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.888s	2.182s	0.000s	2.189s	0.301s	28	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.502s (+3.4%)	4.035s (~)	0.001s (+50.0% 🔺)	4.038s (~)	0.536s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.589s (+3.5%)	4.030s (~)	0.000s (-58.3% 🟢)	4.033s (~)	0.444s	15	2.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.746s	4.166s	0.000s	4.170s	0.424s	15	2.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.451s (-3.0%)	6.756s (-3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.096s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.645s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	8.938s (+118.3% 🔺)	10.290s (+91.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	10.758s (+85.7% 🔺)	1.819s	6	1.64x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	18/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	19/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

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[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: dc6415b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
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example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
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workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Removes the SWC plugin’s client transform mode by merging its behavior into step mode, and updates all repository integrations, docs, and fixtures to use the new 3-mode model (Step/Workflow/Detect).

Changes:

• Dropped Client from TransformMode, updated step mode to include client-mode behaviors (notably DCE + object-property hoisting semantics), and removed client-mode fixture runners/outputs.
• Updated framework/tooling integrations (Next loader, Rollup, Nest CLI, Builders, CLI) to use mode: 'step' everywhere client was previously used.
• Updated docs/spec and the SWC playground (WASM + UI/types) to remove the client output/view.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 103 out of 103 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/swc-playground/wasm/src/lib.rs	Removes client from batch transform output and runs only workflow+step.
workbench/swc-playground/lib/transform.ts	Updates TS types to drop client transform result.
workbench/swc-playground/components/swc-playground.tsx	Removes client view/panel/state in the playground UI.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Removes Client mode and folds client behaviors into Step (DCE, hoisting/registration paths, etc.).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Updates specification to reflect 3 modes and step-mode DCE/hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture.rs	Removes the client-mode fixture test harness.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors.rs	Removes the client-mode errors fixture harness and updates imports.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-client-property/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/var-named-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/user-named-dunder-default/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new object-property hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-default-export/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-this-arguments-super/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/separate-export-statement/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce-native/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object getter/property behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-in-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/multiple-const-step-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/mixed-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/let-arrow-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/expr-fn-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-named/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous-step-only/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/destructuring/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-workflow-collision/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-workflow.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-step.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/input.js	Updates input fixture to be exported (aligning outputs).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-arrow-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect hoisted reference usage.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-namespace/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-destructured/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-local-const/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-imported/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-typescript-expressions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-new-expr-and-module-declarations/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name-step-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/anonymous-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/non-async-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-workflow-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-step-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-step.js	Updates step-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-function-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-default-exports-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/instance-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/getter-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/next/src/loader.ts	Switches all transforms to mode: 'step'.
packages/rollup/src/index.ts	Switches Rollup integration transform mode to step.
packages/nest/src/cli.ts	Updates generated .swcrc to use mode: 'step' and help text accordingly.
packages/cli/src/commands/transform.ts	Removes client from CLI transform modes/options.
packages/builders/src/apply-swc-transform.ts	Updates API type to drop client mode.
packages/builders/src/swc-esbuild-plugin.ts	Updates SwcPluginOptions.mode type to drop client.
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Updates builder SWC plugin usage from client to step.
packages/nuxt/src/module.ts	Forces Vite SSR bundling behavior for workflow packages and marks _vite for Nitro.
packages/nitro/src/index.ts	Adds dev-only rollup force-inline plugin and dev-time dynamic loading of generated workflow bundles.
packages/nitro/src/builders.ts	Writes workflow bundles to temp files first and renames into place.
.changeset/remove-client-mode.md	Adds changeset documenting the breaking removal of client mode and migration guidance.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming tests pass, we're only landing this on v5 right?

[TooTallNate]

@VaguelySerious correct

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
• The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
• All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

• DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
• Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
• IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package	Change
@workflow/swc-plugin	Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next	loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders	base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli	Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm	Removed client output from batch transform

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	994	0	86	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	90	0	0	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	98	0	231
✅ 📋 Other	252	0	18	270
Total	4380	98	343	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (98 failed)

mongodb (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

redis (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

turso (68 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KPC4AGDR3W8R8RXJT4B0AAA1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49C06JB8S19BQWT39ZGY3
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49GDW34C2CAXQED5GQ5HD
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49JF67R2674SKNT0B531G
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATXWJTKEXDX5AZ5QQ00W
• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4A08KB58ENADF0R99QWRK
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATTECEVNJQ03J54ZFBVM
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4B757NA7GCQPA911F04ZY
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BBA9SENAQ2793T64G2HD
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BD6G7ZV66PGPFA4QPD88
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4EB2BAVKDBD6MS0ZQ6EA2
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KPC4HQX6G61Z1EVG4JNP930D
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KPC4JYZ7FS1R557Y32RKYX4X
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KPC4KHC0489EJS7TH6H8C1FP
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KPC4KSEB6GVW9G0XXRPWE3J8
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KPC4KYK1XY4DHRRTHJ2T1M21
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KPC4M0KZH3ASYEG5R6JBWENC
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KPC4MB45KDRW8N8D6WN06XEQ
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KPC4MS5KHDWDK2F94N22ZFQW
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KPC4MZ6PEQNSM56KWF9FJX1E
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KPC4N5GZH4ZFPZPW62YEP6KV
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KPC4NBR68W7CSHPE7R7M4EK3
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KPC4NHS0ARKDVB77N2MX3CAC
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KPC4NQW6FWS4MXN0R48DA026
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4NZ0FPXKMQX3X2CQ04PBG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KPC4P9N2G26Q97QRYDQ0Y9YK
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KPC4PGZWQE4GQXWWGY0QH4J7
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4PR5VZ7PAPEH1FB5DTEBH
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4Q0WDH365KZXRFP7S3YXX
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KPC4QC7VC0XAK4HG5DG72TYK
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KPC4QZCT792E4TFQ8YN5Q6BV
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KPC4R9ARDE36CTKSVKBD0BV7
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KPC4RF7T0AJ9JST4ZEVXQBYY
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KPC4RH3HCX2FND5E2Q3889HY
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4RP4RG6MQ9C0QJJXPXG6F

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	90	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	15	0
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	15	0
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	68	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	84	0	6

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.047s	1.005s	0.958s	10	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.053s (-44.2% 🟢)	1.011s (-3.1%)	0.957s	10	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.010s	0.954s	10	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.057s (-1.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.232s (-43.5% 🟢)	2.120s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.888s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.265s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.026s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.760s	10	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.124s (-1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.885s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (+0.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.011s	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.154s (+0.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.856s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.948s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.730s (-36.9% 🟢)	1.782s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.978s (-2.8%)	3.253s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.275s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.738s (-1.2%)	11.025s (~)	0.287s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.830s	11.023s	0.193s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.894s (-0.6%)	11.025s (~)	0.131s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.102s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.927s	11.018s	0.091s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.947s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.078s	3	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	17.104s (-27.9% 🟢)	19.463s (-22.5% 🟢)	2.360s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.338s (~)	18.457s (-4.9%)	1.119s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.143s (-3.1%)	15.027s (~)	0.884s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.476s	15.029s	0.553s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.575s	15.028s	0.454s	4	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.575s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.451s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.924s (-0.9%)	15.029s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.104s	4	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	15.108s (+0.9%)	16.032s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.924s	4	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	32.373s (-49.8% 🟢)	34.553s (-48.1% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	33.318s (-36.6% 🟢)	34.394s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.076s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.235s (-5.2% 🟢)	13.880s (-3.0%)	0.645s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.877s (-0.9%)	14.022s (-3.9%)	0.145s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.974s	14.455s	0.481s	7	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.884s	16.196s	0.312s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.479s (-1.8%)	17.030s (~)	0.552s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.807s (+1.2%)	17.031s (~)	0.224s	6	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	55.193s (-86.9% 🟢)	57.639s (-86.4% 🟢)	2.446s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	59.836s (-84.8% 🟢)	60.966s (-84.6% 🟢)	1.130s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.223s (-4.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.787s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.251s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.760s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.252s	2.009s	0.756s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s	2.005s	0.517s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.498s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.507s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	1.528s (+2.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.477s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.389s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.777s (-12.6% 🟢)	1.388s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.457s (-27.7% 🟢)	3.702s (-25.0% 🟢)	1.244s	9	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.320s (-1.3%)	3.009s (~)	0.689s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.335s (-1.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.010s	0.617s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.874s	3.309s	0.435s	10	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.898s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.453s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.555s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	3.040s (+3.0%)	3.759s (+8.8% 🔺)	0.719s	8	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.873s (-29.1% 🟢)	4.645s (-21.5% 🟢)	1.772s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.637s (-48.8% 🟢)	5.185s (-41.8% 🟢)	1.548s	6	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.426s (-1.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.583s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.459s (-0.8%)	4.010s (~)	0.551s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.689s	4.010s	0.321s	8	1.08x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.497s	8.019s	0.522s	4	2.19x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.051s (-3.6%)	8.772s (-2.8%)	0.721s	4	2.35x
💻 Local	Express	8.203s (-1.6%)	9.020s (~)	0.817s	4	2.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.559s (+1.0%)	5.051s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.492s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.803s (-23.7% 🟢)	8.029s (-26.7% 🟢)	1.226s	4	1.91x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-3.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s	2.010s	0.782s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.267s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.741s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.515s (-18.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.490s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.475s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.544s (-18.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.462s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.037s (-17.2% 🟢)	3.718s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.681s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.401s (-18.1% 🟢)	3.792s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.391s	8	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.327s (-0.5%)	3.010s (~)	0.683s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.010s (~)	0.674s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.008s	0.616s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s	3.452s	0.665s	9	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.836s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.309s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.473s	10	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	3.261s (+4.1%)	4.011s (+6.6% 🔺)	0.750s	8	1.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.598s (-19.7% 🟢)	4.042s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.444s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-11.3% 🟢)	4.209s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (-0.7%)	4.011s (~)	0.555s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.480s (-0.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.530s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.617s	4.012s	0.395s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.510s	8.018s	0.507s	4	2.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.662s (-5.3% 🟢)	9.275s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.613s	4	2.51x
💻 Local	Express	8.993s (+2.2%)	9.273s (~)	0.279s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.764s (-45.7% 🟢)	4.520s (-33.7% 🟢)	1.756s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.827s (-28.6% 🟢)	6.399s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.572s	5	1.75x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.624s (-23.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.382s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s	1.023s	0.237s	59	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.808s (-3.7%)	1.022s (~)	0.214s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.852s	1.039s	0.187s	58	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.988s (+0.8%)	1.158s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.170s	52	1.58x
💻 Local	Express	0.989s (~)	1.250s (+16.1% 🔺)	0.261s	49	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.124s (-54.1% 🟢)	12.026s (-49.9% 🟢)	1.902s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.473s (-20.9% 🟢)	12.880s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.407s	5	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.503s (-22.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.504s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.918s (-3.0%)	2.100s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.183s	43	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.959s	2.203s	0.244s	41	1.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s	3.008s	0.381s	30	1.75x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.004s (-1.0%)	3.508s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.504s	26	2.00x
💻 Local	Express	3.039s (+0.8%)	3.690s (+2.9%)	0.651s	25	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.147s (-35.5% 🟢)	33.634s (-35.0% 🟢)	1.487s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	37.762s (-4.4%)	39.759s (-3.7%)	1.997s	3	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.164s (-22.9% 🟢)	3.824s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.660s	32	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.883s	4.147s	0.264s	29	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.890s (-2.5%)	4.110s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.219s	30	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.566s	9.018s	0.452s	14	2.71x
💻 Local	Express	9.269s (+0.6%)	10.019s (~)	0.749s	12	2.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.497s (+2.1%)	10.101s (+0.8%)	0.604s	12	3.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	77.978s (-19.5% 🟢)	79.827s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.850s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	89.255s (-16.7% 🟢)	90.555s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.300s	2	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.772s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.256s	1.008s	0.751s	60	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.285s (+0.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.723s	60	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.575s	1.004s	0.430s	60	2.44x
💻 Local	Express	0.615s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.022s (+1.7%)	0.407s	59	2.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.668s (+10.5% 🔺)	1.095s (+7.2% 🔺)	0.427s	55	2.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.858s (+11.9% 🔺)	3.442s (+2.7%)	1.584s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.248s (+159.5% 🔺)	6.681s (+76.1% 🔺)	1.432s	9	2.82x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.383s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.623s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.488s (-4.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.519s	90	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.503s	1.007s	0.503s	90	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.463s (-3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.546s	30	6.43x
💻 Local	Express	2.591s (+3.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.418s	30	6.76x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.594s	3.008s	0.414s	30	6.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.501s (+70.5% 🔺)	7.445s (+54.4% 🔺)	1.944s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.725s (+146.8% 🔺)	10.373s (+99.7% 🔺)	1.648s	9	1.59x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.614s (-22.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.393s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.800s	1.008s	0.208s	120	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.802s (-2.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.214s	119	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.669s	11.392s	0.723s	11	17.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.798s (-3.5%)	11.300s (-3.1%)	0.501s	11	17.59x
💻 Local	Express	11.456s (+2.4%)	12.032s (+0.8%)	0.576s	10	18.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	9.424s (+22.0% 🔺)	11.667s (+24.1% 🔺)	2.243s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.660s (+51.6% 🔺)	16.985s (+38.2% 🔺)	1.325s	8	1.66x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.177s (-13.8% 🟢)	0.997s (~)	0.001s (-20.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.834s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.188s	1.003s	0.011s	1.017s	0.830s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s	1.001s	0.002s	1.011s	0.818s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.201s (-6.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.817s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	0.204s (+2.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.816s	10	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.204s (~)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.806s	10	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.554s (-77.3% 🟢)	2.748s (-68.2% 🟢)	0.996s (+57.7% 🔺)	4.134s (-57.8% 🟢)	2.581s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.705s (-55.5% 🟢)	2.818s (-46.6% 🟢)	1.037s (+39.8% 🔺)	4.300s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.594s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.531s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.008s (~)	0.004s (-14.3% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.491s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.607s (-3.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.004s (+3.1%)	1.023s (~)	0.416s	59	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.617s	1.008s	0.003s	1.020s	0.402s	59	1.16x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.742s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-2.5%)	1.023s (-8.3% 🟢)	0.281s	59	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.806s	1.011s	0.013s	1.120s	0.313s	54	1.52x
💻 Local	Express	0.956s (+26.2% 🔺)	1.012s (-1.6%)	0.010s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.229s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.273s	49	1.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.889s (-83.4% 🟢)	6.748s (-78.1% 🟢)	0.465s (+315.1% 🔺)	7.635s (-76.0% 🟢)	2.746s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.674s (-13.3% 🟢)	15.526s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.211s (~)	16.076s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.403s	5	3.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.938s	1.112s	0.000s	1.119s	0.182s	54	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.944s (-2.6%)	1.177s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+41.2% 🔺)	1.190s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.246s	51	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.974s (+1.4%)	1.219s (-4.6%)	0.000s (+87.8% 🔺)	1.243s (-4.9%)	0.269s	49	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.214s (-0.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.808s	30	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	1.238s (+1.0%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.785s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.296s	2.019s	0.000s	2.023s	0.727s	30	1.38x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.050s (+98.3% 🔺)	7.665s (+74.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	8.112s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.062s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.695s (-24.4% 🟢)	7.641s (-33.7% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	9.028s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.333s	7	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.720s (-4.0%)	2.104s (-1.7%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.112s (-2.9%)	0.392s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.727s (-2.5%)	2.104s (-3.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.113s (-3.9%)	0.386s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.888s	2.182s	0.000s	2.189s	0.301s	28	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.502s (+3.4%)	4.035s (~)	0.001s (+50.0% 🔺)	4.038s (~)	0.536s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.589s (+3.5%)	4.030s (~)	0.000s (-58.3% 🟢)	4.033s (~)	0.444s	15	2.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.746s	4.166s	0.000s	4.170s	0.424s	15	2.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.451s (-3.0%)	6.756s (-3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.096s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.645s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	8.938s (+118.3% 🔺)	10.290s (+91.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	10.758s (+85.7% 🔺)	1.819s	6	1.64x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	18/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	19/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

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[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: dc6415b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Removes the SWC plugin’s client transform mode by merging its behavior into step mode, and updates all repository integrations, docs, and fixtures to use the new 3-mode model (Step/Workflow/Detect).

Changes:

• Dropped Client from TransformMode, updated step mode to include client-mode behaviors (notably DCE + object-property hoisting semantics), and removed client-mode fixture runners/outputs.
• Updated framework/tooling integrations (Next loader, Rollup, Nest CLI, Builders, CLI) to use mode: 'step' everywhere client was previously used.
• Updated docs/spec and the SWC playground (WASM + UI/types) to remove the client output/view.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 103 out of 103 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/swc-playground/wasm/src/lib.rs	Removes client from batch transform output and runs only workflow+step.
workbench/swc-playground/lib/transform.ts	Updates TS types to drop client transform result.
workbench/swc-playground/components/swc-playground.tsx	Removes client view/panel/state in the playground UI.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Removes Client mode and folds client behaviors into Step (DCE, hoisting/registration paths, etc.).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Updates specification to reflect 3 modes and step-mode DCE/hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture.rs	Removes the client-mode fixture test harness.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors.rs	Removes the client-mode errors fixture harness and updates imports.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-client-property/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/var-named-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/user-named-dunder-default/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new object-property hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-default-export/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-this-arguments-super/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/separate-export-statement/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce-native/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object getter/property behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-in-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/multiple-const-step-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/mixed-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/let-arrow-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/expr-fn-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-named/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous-step-only/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/destructuring/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-workflow-collision/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-workflow.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-step.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/input.js	Updates input fixture to be exported (aligning outputs).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-arrow-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect hoisted reference usage.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-namespace/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-destructured/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-local-const/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-imported/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-typescript-expressions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-new-expr-and-module-declarations/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name-step-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/anonymous-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/non-async-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-workflow-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-step-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-step.js	Updates step-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-function-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-default-exports-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/instance-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/getter-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/next/src/loader.ts	Switches all transforms to mode: 'step'.
packages/rollup/src/index.ts	Switches Rollup integration transform mode to step.
packages/nest/src/cli.ts	Updates generated .swcrc to use mode: 'step' and help text accordingly.
packages/cli/src/commands/transform.ts	Removes client from CLI transform modes/options.
packages/builders/src/apply-swc-transform.ts	Updates API type to drop client mode.
packages/builders/src/swc-esbuild-plugin.ts	Updates SwcPluginOptions.mode type to drop client.
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Updates builder SWC plugin usage from client to step.
packages/nuxt/src/module.ts	Forces Vite SSR bundling behavior for workflow packages and marks _vite for Nitro.
packages/nitro/src/index.ts	Adds dev-only rollup force-inline plugin and dev-time dynamic loading of generated workflow bundles.
packages/nitro/src/builders.ts	Writes workflow bundles to temp files first and renames into place.
.changeset/remove-client-mode.md	Adds changeset documenting the breaking removal of client mode and migration guidance.

---

💡 Add Copilot custom instructions for smarter, more guided reviews. Learn how to get started.

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming tests pass, we're only landing this on v5 right?

[TooTallNate]

@VaguelySerious correct

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
• The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
• All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

• DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
• Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
• IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package	Change
@workflow/swc-plugin	Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next	loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders	base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli	Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm	Removed client output from batch transform

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	994	0	86	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	90	0	0	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	98	0	231
✅ 📋 Other	252	0	18	270
Total	4380	98	343	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (98 failed)

mongodb (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

redis (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

turso (68 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KPC4AGDR3W8R8RXJT4B0AAA1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49C06JB8S19BQWT39ZGY3
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49GDW34C2CAXQED5GQ5HD
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49JF67R2674SKNT0B531G
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATXWJTKEXDX5AZ5QQ00W
• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4A08KB58ENADF0R99QWRK
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATTECEVNJQ03J54ZFBVM
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4B757NA7GCQPA911F04ZY
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BBA9SENAQ2793T64G2HD
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BD6G7ZV66PGPFA4QPD88
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4EB2BAVKDBD6MS0ZQ6EA2
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KPC4HQX6G61Z1EVG4JNP930D
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KPC4JYZ7FS1R557Y32RKYX4X
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KPC4KHC0489EJS7TH6H8C1FP
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KPC4KSEB6GVW9G0XXRPWE3J8
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KPC4KYK1XY4DHRRTHJ2T1M21
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KPC4M0KZH3ASYEG5R6JBWENC
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KPC4MB45KDRW8N8D6WN06XEQ
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KPC4MS5KHDWDK2F94N22ZFQW
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KPC4MZ6PEQNSM56KWF9FJX1E
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KPC4N5GZH4ZFPZPW62YEP6KV
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KPC4NBR68W7CSHPE7R7M4EK3
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KPC4NHS0ARKDVB77N2MX3CAC
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KPC4NQW6FWS4MXN0R48DA026
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4NZ0FPXKMQX3X2CQ04PBG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KPC4P9N2G26Q97QRYDQ0Y9YK
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KPC4PGZWQE4GQXWWGY0QH4J7
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4PR5VZ7PAPEH1FB5DTEBH
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4Q0WDH365KZXRFP7S3YXX
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KPC4QC7VC0XAK4HG5DG72TYK
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KPC4QZCT792E4TFQ8YN5Q6BV
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KPC4R9ARDE36CTKSVKBD0BV7
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KPC4RF7T0AJ9JST4ZEVXQBYY
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KPC4RH3HCX2FND5E2Q3889HY
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4RP4RG6MQ9C0QJJXPXG6F

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	90	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	15	0
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	15	0
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	68	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	84	0	6

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.047s	1.005s	0.958s	10	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.053s (-44.2% 🟢)	1.011s (-3.1%)	0.957s	10	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.010s	0.954s	10	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.057s (-1.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.232s (-43.5% 🟢)	2.120s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.888s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.265s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.026s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.760s	10	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.124s (-1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.885s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (+0.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.011s	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.154s (+0.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.856s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.948s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.730s (-36.9% 🟢)	1.782s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.978s (-2.8%)	3.253s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.275s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.738s (-1.2%)	11.025s (~)	0.287s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.830s	11.023s	0.193s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.894s (-0.6%)	11.025s (~)	0.131s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.102s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.927s	11.018s	0.091s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.947s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.078s	3	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	17.104s (-27.9% 🟢)	19.463s (-22.5% 🟢)	2.360s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.338s (~)	18.457s (-4.9%)	1.119s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.143s (-3.1%)	15.027s (~)	0.884s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.476s	15.029s	0.553s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.575s	15.028s	0.454s	4	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.575s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.451s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.924s (-0.9%)	15.029s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.104s	4	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	15.108s (+0.9%)	16.032s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.924s	4	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	32.373s (-49.8% 🟢)	34.553s (-48.1% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	33.318s (-36.6% 🟢)	34.394s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.076s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.235s (-5.2% 🟢)	13.880s (-3.0%)	0.645s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.877s (-0.9%)	14.022s (-3.9%)	0.145s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.974s	14.455s	0.481s	7	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.884s	16.196s	0.312s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.479s (-1.8%)	17.030s (~)	0.552s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.807s (+1.2%)	17.031s (~)	0.224s	6	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	55.193s (-86.9% 🟢)	57.639s (-86.4% 🟢)	2.446s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	59.836s (-84.8% 🟢)	60.966s (-84.6% 🟢)	1.130s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.223s (-4.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.787s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.251s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.760s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.252s	2.009s	0.756s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s	2.005s	0.517s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.498s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.507s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	1.528s (+2.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.477s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.389s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.777s (-12.6% 🟢)	1.388s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.457s (-27.7% 🟢)	3.702s (-25.0% 🟢)	1.244s	9	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.320s (-1.3%)	3.009s (~)	0.689s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.335s (-1.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.010s	0.617s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.874s	3.309s	0.435s	10	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.898s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.453s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.555s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	3.040s (+3.0%)	3.759s (+8.8% 🔺)	0.719s	8	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.873s (-29.1% 🟢)	4.645s (-21.5% 🟢)	1.772s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.637s (-48.8% 🟢)	5.185s (-41.8% 🟢)	1.548s	6	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.426s (-1.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.583s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.459s (-0.8%)	4.010s (~)	0.551s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.689s	4.010s	0.321s	8	1.08x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.497s	8.019s	0.522s	4	2.19x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.051s (-3.6%)	8.772s (-2.8%)	0.721s	4	2.35x
💻 Local	Express	8.203s (-1.6%)	9.020s (~)	0.817s	4	2.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.559s (+1.0%)	5.051s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.492s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.803s (-23.7% 🟢)	8.029s (-26.7% 🟢)	1.226s	4	1.91x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-3.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s	2.010s	0.782s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.267s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.741s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.515s (-18.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.490s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.475s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.544s (-18.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.462s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.037s (-17.2% 🟢)	3.718s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.681s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.401s (-18.1% 🟢)	3.792s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.391s	8	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.327s (-0.5%)	3.010s (~)	0.683s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.010s (~)	0.674s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.008s	0.616s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s	3.452s	0.665s	9	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.836s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.309s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.473s	10	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	3.261s (+4.1%)	4.011s (+6.6% 🔺)	0.750s	8	1.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.598s (-19.7% 🟢)	4.042s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.444s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-11.3% 🟢)	4.209s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (-0.7%)	4.011s (~)	0.555s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.480s (-0.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.530s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.617s	4.012s	0.395s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.510s	8.018s	0.507s	4	2.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.662s (-5.3% 🟢)	9.275s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.613s	4	2.51x
💻 Local	Express	8.993s (+2.2%)	9.273s (~)	0.279s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.764s (-45.7% 🟢)	4.520s (-33.7% 🟢)	1.756s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.827s (-28.6% 🟢)	6.399s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.572s	5	1.75x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.624s (-23.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.382s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s	1.023s	0.237s	59	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.808s (-3.7%)	1.022s (~)	0.214s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.852s	1.039s	0.187s	58	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.988s (+0.8%)	1.158s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.170s	52	1.58x
💻 Local	Express	0.989s (~)	1.250s (+16.1% 🔺)	0.261s	49	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.124s (-54.1% 🟢)	12.026s (-49.9% 🟢)	1.902s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.473s (-20.9% 🟢)	12.880s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.407s	5	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.503s (-22.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.504s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.918s (-3.0%)	2.100s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.183s	43	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.959s	2.203s	0.244s	41	1.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s	3.008s	0.381s	30	1.75x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.004s (-1.0%)	3.508s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.504s	26	2.00x
💻 Local	Express	3.039s (+0.8%)	3.690s (+2.9%)	0.651s	25	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.147s (-35.5% 🟢)	33.634s (-35.0% 🟢)	1.487s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	37.762s (-4.4%)	39.759s (-3.7%)	1.997s	3	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.164s (-22.9% 🟢)	3.824s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.660s	32	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.883s	4.147s	0.264s	29	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.890s (-2.5%)	4.110s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.219s	30	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.566s	9.018s	0.452s	14	2.71x
💻 Local	Express	9.269s (+0.6%)	10.019s (~)	0.749s	12	2.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.497s (+2.1%)	10.101s (+0.8%)	0.604s	12	3.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	77.978s (-19.5% 🟢)	79.827s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.850s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	89.255s (-16.7% 🟢)	90.555s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.300s	2	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.772s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.256s	1.008s	0.751s	60	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.285s (+0.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.723s	60	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.575s	1.004s	0.430s	60	2.44x
💻 Local	Express	0.615s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.022s (+1.7%)	0.407s	59	2.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.668s (+10.5% 🔺)	1.095s (+7.2% 🔺)	0.427s	55	2.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.858s (+11.9% 🔺)	3.442s (+2.7%)	1.584s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.248s (+159.5% 🔺)	6.681s (+76.1% 🔺)	1.432s	9	2.82x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.383s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.623s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.488s (-4.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.519s	90	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.503s	1.007s	0.503s	90	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.463s (-3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.546s	30	6.43x
💻 Local	Express	2.591s (+3.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.418s	30	6.76x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.594s	3.008s	0.414s	30	6.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.501s (+70.5% 🔺)	7.445s (+54.4% 🔺)	1.944s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.725s (+146.8% 🔺)	10.373s (+99.7% 🔺)	1.648s	9	1.59x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.614s (-22.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.393s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.800s	1.008s	0.208s	120	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.802s (-2.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.214s	119	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.669s	11.392s	0.723s	11	17.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.798s (-3.5%)	11.300s (-3.1%)	0.501s	11	17.59x
💻 Local	Express	11.456s (+2.4%)	12.032s (+0.8%)	0.576s	10	18.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	9.424s (+22.0% 🔺)	11.667s (+24.1% 🔺)	2.243s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.660s (+51.6% 🔺)	16.985s (+38.2% 🔺)	1.325s	8	1.66x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.177s (-13.8% 🟢)	0.997s (~)	0.001s (-20.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.834s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.188s	1.003s	0.011s	1.017s	0.830s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s	1.001s	0.002s	1.011s	0.818s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.201s (-6.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.817s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	0.204s (+2.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.816s	10	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.204s (~)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.806s	10	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.554s (-77.3% 🟢)	2.748s (-68.2% 🟢)	0.996s (+57.7% 🔺)	4.134s (-57.8% 🟢)	2.581s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.705s (-55.5% 🟢)	2.818s (-46.6% 🟢)	1.037s (+39.8% 🔺)	4.300s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.594s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.531s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.008s (~)	0.004s (-14.3% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.491s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.607s (-3.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.004s (+3.1%)	1.023s (~)	0.416s	59	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.617s	1.008s	0.003s	1.020s	0.402s	59	1.16x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.742s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-2.5%)	1.023s (-8.3% 🟢)	0.281s	59	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.806s	1.011s	0.013s	1.120s	0.313s	54	1.52x
💻 Local	Express	0.956s (+26.2% 🔺)	1.012s (-1.6%)	0.010s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.229s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.273s	49	1.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.889s (-83.4% 🟢)	6.748s (-78.1% 🟢)	0.465s (+315.1% 🔺)	7.635s (-76.0% 🟢)	2.746s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.674s (-13.3% 🟢)	15.526s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.211s (~)	16.076s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.403s	5	3.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.938s	1.112s	0.000s	1.119s	0.182s	54	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.944s (-2.6%)	1.177s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+41.2% 🔺)	1.190s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.246s	51	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.974s (+1.4%)	1.219s (-4.6%)	0.000s (+87.8% 🔺)	1.243s (-4.9%)	0.269s	49	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.214s (-0.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.808s	30	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	1.238s (+1.0%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.785s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.296s	2.019s	0.000s	2.023s	0.727s	30	1.38x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.050s (+98.3% 🔺)	7.665s (+74.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	8.112s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.062s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.695s (-24.4% 🟢)	7.641s (-33.7% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	9.028s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.333s	7	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.720s (-4.0%)	2.104s (-1.7%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.112s (-2.9%)	0.392s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.727s (-2.5%)	2.104s (-3.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.113s (-3.9%)	0.386s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.888s	2.182s	0.000s	2.189s	0.301s	28	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.502s (+3.4%)	4.035s (~)	0.001s (+50.0% 🔺)	4.038s (~)	0.536s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.589s (+3.5%)	4.030s (~)	0.000s (-58.3% 🟢)	4.033s (~)	0.444s	15	2.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.746s	4.166s	0.000s	4.170s	0.424s	15	2.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.451s (-3.0%)	6.756s (-3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.096s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.645s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	8.938s (+118.3% 🔺)	10.290s (+91.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	10.758s (+85.7% 🔺)	1.819s	6	1.64x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	18/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	19/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

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[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: dc6415b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
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example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Removes the SWC plugin’s client transform mode by merging its behavior into step mode, and updates all repository integrations, docs, and fixtures to use the new 3-mode model (Step/Workflow/Detect).

Changes:

• Dropped Client from TransformMode, updated step mode to include client-mode behaviors (notably DCE + object-property hoisting semantics), and removed client-mode fixture runners/outputs.
• Updated framework/tooling integrations (Next loader, Rollup, Nest CLI, Builders, CLI) to use mode: 'step' everywhere client was previously used.
• Updated docs/spec and the SWC playground (WASM + UI/types) to remove the client output/view.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 103 out of 103 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/swc-playground/wasm/src/lib.rs	Removes client from batch transform output and runs only workflow+step.
workbench/swc-playground/lib/transform.ts	Updates TS types to drop client transform result.
workbench/swc-playground/components/swc-playground.tsx	Removes client view/panel/state in the playground UI.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Removes Client mode and folds client behaviors into Step (DCE, hoisting/registration paths, etc.).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Updates specification to reflect 3 modes and step-mode DCE/hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture.rs	Removes the client-mode fixture test harness.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors.rs	Removes the client-mode errors fixture harness and updates imports.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-client-property/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/var-named-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/user-named-dunder-default/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new object-property hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-default-export/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-this-arguments-super/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/separate-export-statement/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce-native/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object getter/property behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-in-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/multiple-const-step-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/mixed-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/let-arrow-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/expr-fn-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-named/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous-step-only/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/destructuring/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-workflow-collision/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-workflow.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-step.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/input.js	Updates input fixture to be exported (aligning outputs).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-arrow-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect hoisted reference usage.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-namespace/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-destructured/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-local-const/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-imported/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-typescript-expressions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-new-expr-and-module-declarations/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name-step-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/anonymous-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/non-async-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-workflow-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-step-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-step.js	Updates step-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-function-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-default-exports-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/instance-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/getter-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/next/src/loader.ts	Switches all transforms to mode: 'step'.
packages/rollup/src/index.ts	Switches Rollup integration transform mode to step.
packages/nest/src/cli.ts	Updates generated .swcrc to use mode: 'step' and help text accordingly.
packages/cli/src/commands/transform.ts	Removes client from CLI transform modes/options.
packages/builders/src/apply-swc-transform.ts	Updates API type to drop client mode.
packages/builders/src/swc-esbuild-plugin.ts	Updates SwcPluginOptions.mode type to drop client.
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Updates builder SWC plugin usage from client to step.
packages/nuxt/src/module.ts	Forces Vite SSR bundling behavior for workflow packages and marks _vite for Nitro.
packages/nitro/src/index.ts	Adds dev-only rollup force-inline plugin and dev-time dynamic loading of generated workflow bundles.
packages/nitro/src/builders.ts	Writes workflow bundles to temp files first and renames into place.
.changeset/remove-client-mode.md	Adds changeset documenting the breaking removal of client mode and migration guidance.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming tests pass, we're only landing this on v5 right?

[TooTallNate]

@VaguelySerious correct

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
• The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
• All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

• DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
• Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
• IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package	Change
@workflow/swc-plugin	Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next	loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders	base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli	Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm	Removed client output from batch transform

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	994	0	86	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	90	0	0	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	98	0	231
✅ 📋 Other	252	0	18	270
Total	4380	98	343	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (98 failed)

mongodb (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

redis (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

turso (68 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KPC4AGDR3W8R8RXJT4B0AAA1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49C06JB8S19BQWT39ZGY3
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49GDW34C2CAXQED5GQ5HD
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49JF67R2674SKNT0B531G
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATXWJTKEXDX5AZ5QQ00W
• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4A08KB58ENADF0R99QWRK
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATTECEVNJQ03J54ZFBVM
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4B757NA7GCQPA911F04ZY
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BBA9SENAQ2793T64G2HD
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BD6G7ZV66PGPFA4QPD88
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4EB2BAVKDBD6MS0ZQ6EA2
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KPC4HQX6G61Z1EVG4JNP930D
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KPC4JYZ7FS1R557Y32RKYX4X
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KPC4KHC0489EJS7TH6H8C1FP
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KPC4KSEB6GVW9G0XXRPWE3J8
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KPC4KYK1XY4DHRRTHJ2T1M21
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KPC4M0KZH3ASYEG5R6JBWENC
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KPC4MB45KDRW8N8D6WN06XEQ
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KPC4MS5KHDWDK2F94N22ZFQW
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KPC4MZ6PEQNSM56KWF9FJX1E
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KPC4N5GZH4ZFPZPW62YEP6KV
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KPC4NBR68W7CSHPE7R7M4EK3
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KPC4NHS0ARKDVB77N2MX3CAC
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KPC4NQW6FWS4MXN0R48DA026
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4NZ0FPXKMQX3X2CQ04PBG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KPC4P9N2G26Q97QRYDQ0Y9YK
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KPC4PGZWQE4GQXWWGY0QH4J7
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4PR5VZ7PAPEH1FB5DTEBH
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4Q0WDH365KZXRFP7S3YXX
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KPC4QC7VC0XAK4HG5DG72TYK
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KPC4QZCT792E4TFQ8YN5Q6BV
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KPC4R9ARDE36CTKSVKBD0BV7
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KPC4RF7T0AJ9JST4ZEVXQBYY
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KPC4RH3HCX2FND5E2Q3889HY
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4RP4RG6MQ9C0QJJXPXG6F

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	90	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	15	0
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	15	0
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	68	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	84	0	6

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.047s	1.005s	0.958s	10	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.053s (-44.2% 🟢)	1.011s (-3.1%)	0.957s	10	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.010s	0.954s	10	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.057s (-1.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.232s (-43.5% 🟢)	2.120s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.888s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.265s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.026s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.760s	10	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.124s (-1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.885s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (+0.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.011s	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.154s (+0.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.856s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.948s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.730s (-36.9% 🟢)	1.782s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.978s (-2.8%)	3.253s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.275s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.738s (-1.2%)	11.025s (~)	0.287s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.830s	11.023s	0.193s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.894s (-0.6%)	11.025s (~)	0.131s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.102s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.927s	11.018s	0.091s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.947s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.078s	3	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	17.104s (-27.9% 🟢)	19.463s (-22.5% 🟢)	2.360s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.338s (~)	18.457s (-4.9%)	1.119s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.143s (-3.1%)	15.027s (~)	0.884s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.476s	15.029s	0.553s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.575s	15.028s	0.454s	4	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.575s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.451s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.924s (-0.9%)	15.029s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.104s	4	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	15.108s (+0.9%)	16.032s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.924s	4	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	32.373s (-49.8% 🟢)	34.553s (-48.1% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	33.318s (-36.6% 🟢)	34.394s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.076s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.235s (-5.2% 🟢)	13.880s (-3.0%)	0.645s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.877s (-0.9%)	14.022s (-3.9%)	0.145s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.974s	14.455s	0.481s	7	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.884s	16.196s	0.312s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.479s (-1.8%)	17.030s (~)	0.552s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.807s (+1.2%)	17.031s (~)	0.224s	6	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	55.193s (-86.9% 🟢)	57.639s (-86.4% 🟢)	2.446s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	59.836s (-84.8% 🟢)	60.966s (-84.6% 🟢)	1.130s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.223s (-4.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.787s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.251s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.760s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.252s	2.009s	0.756s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s	2.005s	0.517s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.498s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.507s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	1.528s (+2.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.477s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.389s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.777s (-12.6% 🟢)	1.388s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.457s (-27.7% 🟢)	3.702s (-25.0% 🟢)	1.244s	9	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.320s (-1.3%)	3.009s (~)	0.689s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.335s (-1.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.010s	0.617s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.874s	3.309s	0.435s	10	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.898s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.453s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.555s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	3.040s (+3.0%)	3.759s (+8.8% 🔺)	0.719s	8	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.873s (-29.1% 🟢)	4.645s (-21.5% 🟢)	1.772s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.637s (-48.8% 🟢)	5.185s (-41.8% 🟢)	1.548s	6	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.426s (-1.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.583s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.459s (-0.8%)	4.010s (~)	0.551s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.689s	4.010s	0.321s	8	1.08x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.497s	8.019s	0.522s	4	2.19x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.051s (-3.6%)	8.772s (-2.8%)	0.721s	4	2.35x
💻 Local	Express	8.203s (-1.6%)	9.020s (~)	0.817s	4	2.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.559s (+1.0%)	5.051s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.492s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.803s (-23.7% 🟢)	8.029s (-26.7% 🟢)	1.226s	4	1.91x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-3.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s	2.010s	0.782s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.267s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.741s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.515s (-18.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.490s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.475s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.544s (-18.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.462s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.037s (-17.2% 🟢)	3.718s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.681s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.401s (-18.1% 🟢)	3.792s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.391s	8	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.327s (-0.5%)	3.010s (~)	0.683s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.010s (~)	0.674s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.008s	0.616s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s	3.452s	0.665s	9	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.836s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.309s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.473s	10	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	3.261s (+4.1%)	4.011s (+6.6% 🔺)	0.750s	8	1.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.598s (-19.7% 🟢)	4.042s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.444s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-11.3% 🟢)	4.209s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (-0.7%)	4.011s (~)	0.555s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.480s (-0.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.530s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.617s	4.012s	0.395s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.510s	8.018s	0.507s	4	2.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.662s (-5.3% 🟢)	9.275s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.613s	4	2.51x
💻 Local	Express	8.993s (+2.2%)	9.273s (~)	0.279s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.764s (-45.7% 🟢)	4.520s (-33.7% 🟢)	1.756s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.827s (-28.6% 🟢)	6.399s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.572s	5	1.75x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.624s (-23.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.382s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s	1.023s	0.237s	59	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.808s (-3.7%)	1.022s (~)	0.214s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.852s	1.039s	0.187s	58	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.988s (+0.8%)	1.158s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.170s	52	1.58x
💻 Local	Express	0.989s (~)	1.250s (+16.1% 🔺)	0.261s	49	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.124s (-54.1% 🟢)	12.026s (-49.9% 🟢)	1.902s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.473s (-20.9% 🟢)	12.880s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.407s	5	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.503s (-22.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.504s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.918s (-3.0%)	2.100s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.183s	43	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.959s	2.203s	0.244s	41	1.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s	3.008s	0.381s	30	1.75x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.004s (-1.0%)	3.508s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.504s	26	2.00x
💻 Local	Express	3.039s (+0.8%)	3.690s (+2.9%)	0.651s	25	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.147s (-35.5% 🟢)	33.634s (-35.0% 🟢)	1.487s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	37.762s (-4.4%)	39.759s (-3.7%)	1.997s	3	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.164s (-22.9% 🟢)	3.824s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.660s	32	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.883s	4.147s	0.264s	29	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.890s (-2.5%)	4.110s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.219s	30	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.566s	9.018s	0.452s	14	2.71x
💻 Local	Express	9.269s (+0.6%)	10.019s (~)	0.749s	12	2.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.497s (+2.1%)	10.101s (+0.8%)	0.604s	12	3.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	77.978s (-19.5% 🟢)	79.827s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.850s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	89.255s (-16.7% 🟢)	90.555s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.300s	2	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.772s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.256s	1.008s	0.751s	60	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.285s (+0.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.723s	60	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.575s	1.004s	0.430s	60	2.44x
💻 Local	Express	0.615s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.022s (+1.7%)	0.407s	59	2.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.668s (+10.5% 🔺)	1.095s (+7.2% 🔺)	0.427s	55	2.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.858s (+11.9% 🔺)	3.442s (+2.7%)	1.584s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.248s (+159.5% 🔺)	6.681s (+76.1% 🔺)	1.432s	9	2.82x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.383s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.623s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.488s (-4.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.519s	90	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.503s	1.007s	0.503s	90	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.463s (-3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.546s	30	6.43x
💻 Local	Express	2.591s (+3.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.418s	30	6.76x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.594s	3.008s	0.414s	30	6.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.501s (+70.5% 🔺)	7.445s (+54.4% 🔺)	1.944s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.725s (+146.8% 🔺)	10.373s (+99.7% 🔺)	1.648s	9	1.59x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.614s (-22.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.393s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.800s	1.008s	0.208s	120	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.802s (-2.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.214s	119	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.669s	11.392s	0.723s	11	17.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.798s (-3.5%)	11.300s (-3.1%)	0.501s	11	17.59x
💻 Local	Express	11.456s (+2.4%)	12.032s (+0.8%)	0.576s	10	18.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	9.424s (+22.0% 🔺)	11.667s (+24.1% 🔺)	2.243s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.660s (+51.6% 🔺)	16.985s (+38.2% 🔺)	1.325s	8	1.66x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.177s (-13.8% 🟢)	0.997s (~)	0.001s (-20.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.834s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.188s	1.003s	0.011s	1.017s	0.830s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s	1.001s	0.002s	1.011s	0.818s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.201s (-6.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.817s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	0.204s (+2.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.816s	10	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.204s (~)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.806s	10	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.554s (-77.3% 🟢)	2.748s (-68.2% 🟢)	0.996s (+57.7% 🔺)	4.134s (-57.8% 🟢)	2.581s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.705s (-55.5% 🟢)	2.818s (-46.6% 🟢)	1.037s (+39.8% 🔺)	4.300s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.594s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.531s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.008s (~)	0.004s (-14.3% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.491s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.607s (-3.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.004s (+3.1%)	1.023s (~)	0.416s	59	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.617s	1.008s	0.003s	1.020s	0.402s	59	1.16x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.742s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-2.5%)	1.023s (-8.3% 🟢)	0.281s	59	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.806s	1.011s	0.013s	1.120s	0.313s	54	1.52x
💻 Local	Express	0.956s (+26.2% 🔺)	1.012s (-1.6%)	0.010s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.229s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.273s	49	1.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.889s (-83.4% 🟢)	6.748s (-78.1% 🟢)	0.465s (+315.1% 🔺)	7.635s (-76.0% 🟢)	2.746s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.674s (-13.3% 🟢)	15.526s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.211s (~)	16.076s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.403s	5	3.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.938s	1.112s	0.000s	1.119s	0.182s	54	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.944s (-2.6%)	1.177s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+41.2% 🔺)	1.190s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.246s	51	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.974s (+1.4%)	1.219s (-4.6%)	0.000s (+87.8% 🔺)	1.243s (-4.9%)	0.269s	49	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.214s (-0.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.808s	30	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	1.238s (+1.0%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.785s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.296s	2.019s	0.000s	2.023s	0.727s	30	1.38x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.050s (+98.3% 🔺)	7.665s (+74.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	8.112s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.062s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.695s (-24.4% 🟢)	7.641s (-33.7% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	9.028s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.333s	7	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.720s (-4.0%)	2.104s (-1.7%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.112s (-2.9%)	0.392s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.727s (-2.5%)	2.104s (-3.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.113s (-3.9%)	0.386s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.888s	2.182s	0.000s	2.189s	0.301s	28	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.502s (+3.4%)	4.035s (~)	0.001s (+50.0% 🔺)	4.038s (~)	0.536s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.589s (+3.5%)	4.030s (~)	0.000s (-58.3% 🟢)	4.033s (~)	0.444s	15	2.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.746s	4.166s	0.000s	4.170s	0.424s	15	2.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.451s (-3.0%)	6.756s (-3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.096s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.645s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	8.938s (+118.3% 🔺)	10.290s (+91.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	10.758s (+85.7% 🔺)	1.819s	6	1.64x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	18/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	19/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: dc6415b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Removes the SWC plugin’s client transform mode by merging its behavior into step mode, and updates all repository integrations, docs, and fixtures to use the new 3-mode model (Step/Workflow/Detect).

Changes:

• Dropped Client from TransformMode, updated step mode to include client-mode behaviors (notably DCE + object-property hoisting semantics), and removed client-mode fixture runners/outputs.
• Updated framework/tooling integrations (Next loader, Rollup, Nest CLI, Builders, CLI) to use mode: 'step' everywhere client was previously used.
• Updated docs/spec and the SWC playground (WASM + UI/types) to remove the client output/view.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 103 out of 103 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/swc-playground/wasm/src/lib.rs	Removes client from batch transform output and runs only workflow+step.
workbench/swc-playground/lib/transform.ts	Updates TS types to drop client transform result.
workbench/swc-playground/components/swc-playground.tsx	Removes client view/panel/state in the playground UI.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Removes Client mode and folds client behaviors into Step (DCE, hoisting/registration paths, etc.).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Updates specification to reflect 3 modes and step-mode DCE/hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture.rs	Removes the client-mode fixture test harness.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors.rs	Removes the client-mode errors fixture harness and updates imports.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-client-property/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/var-named-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/user-named-dunder-default/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new object-property hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-default-export/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-this-arguments-super/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/separate-export-statement/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce-native/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object getter/property behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-in-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/multiple-const-step-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/mixed-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/let-arrow-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/expr-fn-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-named/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous-step-only/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/destructuring/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-workflow-collision/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-workflow.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-step.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/input.js	Updates input fixture to be exported (aligning outputs).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-arrow-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect hoisted reference usage.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-namespace/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-destructured/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-local-const/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-imported/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-typescript-expressions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-new-expr-and-module-declarations/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name-step-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/anonymous-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/non-async-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-workflow-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-step-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-step.js	Updates step-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-function-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-default-exports-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/instance-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/getter-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/next/src/loader.ts	Switches all transforms to mode: 'step'.
packages/rollup/src/index.ts	Switches Rollup integration transform mode to step.
packages/nest/src/cli.ts	Updates generated .swcrc to use mode: 'step' and help text accordingly.
packages/cli/src/commands/transform.ts	Removes client from CLI transform modes/options.
packages/builders/src/apply-swc-transform.ts	Updates API type to drop client mode.
packages/builders/src/swc-esbuild-plugin.ts	Updates SwcPluginOptions.mode type to drop client.
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Updates builder SWC plugin usage from client to step.
packages/nuxt/src/module.ts	Forces Vite SSR bundling behavior for workflow packages and marks _vite for Nitro.
packages/nitro/src/index.ts	Adds dev-only rollup force-inline plugin and dev-time dynamic loading of generated workflow bundles.
packages/nitro/src/builders.ts	Writes workflow bundles to temp files first and renames into place.
.changeset/remove-client-mode.md	Adds changeset documenting the breaking removal of client mode and migration guidance.

---

💡 Add Copilot custom instructions for smarter, more guided reviews. Learn how to get started.

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming tests pass, we're only landing this on v5 right?

[TooTallNate]

@VaguelySerious correct

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
• The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
• All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

• DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
• Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
• IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package	Change
@workflow/swc-plugin	Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next	loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders	base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli	Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm	Removed client output from batch transform

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	994	0	86	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	90	0	0	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	98	0	231
✅ 📋 Other	252	0	18	270
Total	4380	98	343	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (98 failed)

mongodb (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

redis (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

turso (68 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KPC4AGDR3W8R8RXJT4B0AAA1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49C06JB8S19BQWT39ZGY3
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49GDW34C2CAXQED5GQ5HD
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49JF67R2674SKNT0B531G
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATXWJTKEXDX5AZ5QQ00W
• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4A08KB58ENADF0R99QWRK
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATTECEVNJQ03J54ZFBVM
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4B757NA7GCQPA911F04ZY
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BBA9SENAQ2793T64G2HD
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BD6G7ZV66PGPFA4QPD88
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4EB2BAVKDBD6MS0ZQ6EA2
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KPC4HQX6G61Z1EVG4JNP930D
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KPC4JYZ7FS1R557Y32RKYX4X
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KPC4KHC0489EJS7TH6H8C1FP
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KPC4KSEB6GVW9G0XXRPWE3J8
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KPC4KYK1XY4DHRRTHJ2T1M21
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KPC4M0KZH3ASYEG5R6JBWENC
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KPC4MB45KDRW8N8D6WN06XEQ
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KPC4MS5KHDWDK2F94N22ZFQW
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KPC4MZ6PEQNSM56KWF9FJX1E
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KPC4N5GZH4ZFPZPW62YEP6KV
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KPC4NBR68W7CSHPE7R7M4EK3
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KPC4NHS0ARKDVB77N2MX3CAC
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KPC4NQW6FWS4MXN0R48DA026
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4NZ0FPXKMQX3X2CQ04PBG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KPC4P9N2G26Q97QRYDQ0Y9YK
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KPC4PGZWQE4GQXWWGY0QH4J7
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4PR5VZ7PAPEH1FB5DTEBH
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4Q0WDH365KZXRFP7S3YXX
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KPC4QC7VC0XAK4HG5DG72TYK
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KPC4QZCT792E4TFQ8YN5Q6BV
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KPC4R9ARDE36CTKSVKBD0BV7
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KPC4RF7T0AJ9JST4ZEVXQBYY
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KPC4RH3HCX2FND5E2Q3889HY
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4RP4RG6MQ9C0QJJXPXG6F

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	90	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	15	0
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	15	0
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	68	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	84	0	6

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.047s	1.005s	0.958s	10	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.053s (-44.2% 🟢)	1.011s (-3.1%)	0.957s	10	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.010s	0.954s	10	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.057s (-1.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.232s (-43.5% 🟢)	2.120s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.888s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.265s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.026s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.760s	10	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.124s (-1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.885s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (+0.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.011s	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.154s (+0.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.856s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.948s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.730s (-36.9% 🟢)	1.782s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.978s (-2.8%)	3.253s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.275s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.738s (-1.2%)	11.025s (~)	0.287s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.830s	11.023s	0.193s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.894s (-0.6%)	11.025s (~)	0.131s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.102s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.927s	11.018s	0.091s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.947s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.078s	3	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	17.104s (-27.9% 🟢)	19.463s (-22.5% 🟢)	2.360s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.338s (~)	18.457s (-4.9%)	1.119s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.143s (-3.1%)	15.027s (~)	0.884s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.476s	15.029s	0.553s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.575s	15.028s	0.454s	4	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.575s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.451s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.924s (-0.9%)	15.029s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.104s	4	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	15.108s (+0.9%)	16.032s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.924s	4	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	32.373s (-49.8% 🟢)	34.553s (-48.1% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	33.318s (-36.6% 🟢)	34.394s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.076s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.235s (-5.2% 🟢)	13.880s (-3.0%)	0.645s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.877s (-0.9%)	14.022s (-3.9%)	0.145s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.974s	14.455s	0.481s	7	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.884s	16.196s	0.312s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.479s (-1.8%)	17.030s (~)	0.552s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.807s (+1.2%)	17.031s (~)	0.224s	6	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	55.193s (-86.9% 🟢)	57.639s (-86.4% 🟢)	2.446s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	59.836s (-84.8% 🟢)	60.966s (-84.6% 🟢)	1.130s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.223s (-4.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.787s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.251s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.760s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.252s	2.009s	0.756s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s	2.005s	0.517s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.498s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.507s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	1.528s (+2.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.477s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.389s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.777s (-12.6% 🟢)	1.388s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.457s (-27.7% 🟢)	3.702s (-25.0% 🟢)	1.244s	9	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.320s (-1.3%)	3.009s (~)	0.689s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.335s (-1.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.010s	0.617s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.874s	3.309s	0.435s	10	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.898s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.453s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.555s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	3.040s (+3.0%)	3.759s (+8.8% 🔺)	0.719s	8	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.873s (-29.1% 🟢)	4.645s (-21.5% 🟢)	1.772s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.637s (-48.8% 🟢)	5.185s (-41.8% 🟢)	1.548s	6	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.426s (-1.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.583s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.459s (-0.8%)	4.010s (~)	0.551s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.689s	4.010s	0.321s	8	1.08x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.497s	8.019s	0.522s	4	2.19x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.051s (-3.6%)	8.772s (-2.8%)	0.721s	4	2.35x
💻 Local	Express	8.203s (-1.6%)	9.020s (~)	0.817s	4	2.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.559s (+1.0%)	5.051s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.492s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.803s (-23.7% 🟢)	8.029s (-26.7% 🟢)	1.226s	4	1.91x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-3.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s	2.010s	0.782s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.267s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.741s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.515s (-18.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.490s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.475s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.544s (-18.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.462s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.037s (-17.2% 🟢)	3.718s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.681s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.401s (-18.1% 🟢)	3.792s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.391s	8	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.327s (-0.5%)	3.010s (~)	0.683s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.010s (~)	0.674s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.008s	0.616s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s	3.452s	0.665s	9	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.836s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.309s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.473s	10	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	3.261s (+4.1%)	4.011s (+6.6% 🔺)	0.750s	8	1.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.598s (-19.7% 🟢)	4.042s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.444s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-11.3% 🟢)	4.209s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (-0.7%)	4.011s (~)	0.555s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.480s (-0.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.530s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.617s	4.012s	0.395s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.510s	8.018s	0.507s	4	2.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.662s (-5.3% 🟢)	9.275s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.613s	4	2.51x
💻 Local	Express	8.993s (+2.2%)	9.273s (~)	0.279s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.764s (-45.7% 🟢)	4.520s (-33.7% 🟢)	1.756s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.827s (-28.6% 🟢)	6.399s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.572s	5	1.75x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.624s (-23.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.382s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s	1.023s	0.237s	59	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.808s (-3.7%)	1.022s (~)	0.214s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.852s	1.039s	0.187s	58	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.988s (+0.8%)	1.158s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.170s	52	1.58x
💻 Local	Express	0.989s (~)	1.250s (+16.1% 🔺)	0.261s	49	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.124s (-54.1% 🟢)	12.026s (-49.9% 🟢)	1.902s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.473s (-20.9% 🟢)	12.880s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.407s	5	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.503s (-22.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.504s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.918s (-3.0%)	2.100s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.183s	43	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.959s	2.203s	0.244s	41	1.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s	3.008s	0.381s	30	1.75x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.004s (-1.0%)	3.508s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.504s	26	2.00x
💻 Local	Express	3.039s (+0.8%)	3.690s (+2.9%)	0.651s	25	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.147s (-35.5% 🟢)	33.634s (-35.0% 🟢)	1.487s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	37.762s (-4.4%)	39.759s (-3.7%)	1.997s	3	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.164s (-22.9% 🟢)	3.824s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.660s	32	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.883s	4.147s	0.264s	29	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.890s (-2.5%)	4.110s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.219s	30	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.566s	9.018s	0.452s	14	2.71x
💻 Local	Express	9.269s (+0.6%)	10.019s (~)	0.749s	12	2.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.497s (+2.1%)	10.101s (+0.8%)	0.604s	12	3.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	77.978s (-19.5% 🟢)	79.827s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.850s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	89.255s (-16.7% 🟢)	90.555s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.300s	2	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.772s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.256s	1.008s	0.751s	60	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.285s (+0.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.723s	60	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.575s	1.004s	0.430s	60	2.44x
💻 Local	Express	0.615s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.022s (+1.7%)	0.407s	59	2.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.668s (+10.5% 🔺)	1.095s (+7.2% 🔺)	0.427s	55	2.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.858s (+11.9% 🔺)	3.442s (+2.7%)	1.584s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.248s (+159.5% 🔺)	6.681s (+76.1% 🔺)	1.432s	9	2.82x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.383s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.623s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.488s (-4.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.519s	90	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.503s	1.007s	0.503s	90	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.463s (-3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.546s	30	6.43x
💻 Local	Express	2.591s (+3.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.418s	30	6.76x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.594s	3.008s	0.414s	30	6.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.501s (+70.5% 🔺)	7.445s (+54.4% 🔺)	1.944s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.725s (+146.8% 🔺)	10.373s (+99.7% 🔺)	1.648s	9	1.59x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.614s (-22.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.393s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.800s	1.008s	0.208s	120	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.802s (-2.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.214s	119	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.669s	11.392s	0.723s	11	17.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.798s (-3.5%)	11.300s (-3.1%)	0.501s	11	17.59x
💻 Local	Express	11.456s (+2.4%)	12.032s (+0.8%)	0.576s	10	18.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	9.424s (+22.0% 🔺)	11.667s (+24.1% 🔺)	2.243s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.660s (+51.6% 🔺)	16.985s (+38.2% 🔺)	1.325s	8	1.66x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.177s (-13.8% 🟢)	0.997s (~)	0.001s (-20.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.834s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.188s	1.003s	0.011s	1.017s	0.830s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s	1.001s	0.002s	1.011s	0.818s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.201s (-6.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.817s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	0.204s (+2.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.816s	10	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.204s (~)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.806s	10	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.554s (-77.3% 🟢)	2.748s (-68.2% 🟢)	0.996s (+57.7% 🔺)	4.134s (-57.8% 🟢)	2.581s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.705s (-55.5% 🟢)	2.818s (-46.6% 🟢)	1.037s (+39.8% 🔺)	4.300s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.594s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.531s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.008s (~)	0.004s (-14.3% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.491s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.607s (-3.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.004s (+3.1%)	1.023s (~)	0.416s	59	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.617s	1.008s	0.003s	1.020s	0.402s	59	1.16x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.742s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-2.5%)	1.023s (-8.3% 🟢)	0.281s	59	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.806s	1.011s	0.013s	1.120s	0.313s	54	1.52x
💻 Local	Express	0.956s (+26.2% 🔺)	1.012s (-1.6%)	0.010s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.229s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.273s	49	1.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.889s (-83.4% 🟢)	6.748s (-78.1% 🟢)	0.465s (+315.1% 🔺)	7.635s (-76.0% 🟢)	2.746s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.674s (-13.3% 🟢)	15.526s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.211s (~)	16.076s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.403s	5	3.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.938s	1.112s	0.000s	1.119s	0.182s	54	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.944s (-2.6%)	1.177s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+41.2% 🔺)	1.190s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.246s	51	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.974s (+1.4%)	1.219s (-4.6%)	0.000s (+87.8% 🔺)	1.243s (-4.9%)	0.269s	49	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.214s (-0.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.808s	30	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	1.238s (+1.0%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.785s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.296s	2.019s	0.000s	2.023s	0.727s	30	1.38x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.050s (+98.3% 🔺)	7.665s (+74.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	8.112s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.062s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.695s (-24.4% 🟢)	7.641s (-33.7% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	9.028s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.333s	7	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.720s (-4.0%)	2.104s (-1.7%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.112s (-2.9%)	0.392s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.727s (-2.5%)	2.104s (-3.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.113s (-3.9%)	0.386s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.888s	2.182s	0.000s	2.189s	0.301s	28	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.502s (+3.4%)	4.035s (~)	0.001s (+50.0% 🔺)	4.038s (~)	0.536s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.589s (+3.5%)	4.030s (~)	0.000s (-58.3% 🟢)	4.033s (~)	0.444s	15	2.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.746s	4.166s	0.000s	4.170s	0.424s	15	2.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.451s (-3.0%)	6.756s (-3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.096s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.645s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	8.938s (+118.3% 🔺)	10.290s (+91.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	10.758s (+85.7% 🔺)	1.819s	6	1.64x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	18/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	19/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

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[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: dc6415b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Removes the SWC plugin’s client transform mode by merging its behavior into step mode, and updates all repository integrations, docs, and fixtures to use the new 3-mode model (Step/Workflow/Detect).

Changes:

• Dropped Client from TransformMode, updated step mode to include client-mode behaviors (notably DCE + object-property hoisting semantics), and removed client-mode fixture runners/outputs.
• Updated framework/tooling integrations (Next loader, Rollup, Nest CLI, Builders, CLI) to use mode: 'step' everywhere client was previously used.
• Updated docs/spec and the SWC playground (WASM + UI/types) to remove the client output/view.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 103 out of 103 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/swc-playground/wasm/src/lib.rs	Removes client from batch transform output and runs only workflow+step.
workbench/swc-playground/lib/transform.ts	Updates TS types to drop client transform result.
workbench/swc-playground/components/swc-playground.tsx	Removes client view/panel/state in the playground UI.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Removes Client mode and folds client behaviors into Step (DCE, hoisting/registration paths, etc.).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Updates specification to reflect 3 modes and step-mode DCE/hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture.rs	Removes the client-mode fixture test harness.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors.rs	Removes the client-mode errors fixture harness and updates imports.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-client-property/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/var-named-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/user-named-dunder-default/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new object-property hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-default-export/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-this-arguments-super/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/separate-export-statement/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce-native/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object getter/property behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-in-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/multiple-const-step-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/mixed-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/let-arrow-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/expr-fn-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-named/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous-step-only/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/destructuring/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-workflow-collision/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-workflow.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-step.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/input.js	Updates input fixture to be exported (aligning outputs).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-arrow-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect hoisted reference usage.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-namespace/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-destructured/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-local-const/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-imported/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-typescript-expressions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-new-expr-and-module-declarations/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name-step-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/anonymous-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/non-async-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-workflow-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-step-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-step.js	Updates step-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-function-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-default-exports-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/instance-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/getter-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/next/src/loader.ts	Switches all transforms to mode: 'step'.
packages/rollup/src/index.ts	Switches Rollup integration transform mode to step.
packages/nest/src/cli.ts	Updates generated .swcrc to use mode: 'step' and help text accordingly.
packages/cli/src/commands/transform.ts	Removes client from CLI transform modes/options.
packages/builders/src/apply-swc-transform.ts	Updates API type to drop client mode.
packages/builders/src/swc-esbuild-plugin.ts	Updates SwcPluginOptions.mode type to drop client.
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Updates builder SWC plugin usage from client to step.
packages/nuxt/src/module.ts	Forces Vite SSR bundling behavior for workflow packages and marks _vite for Nitro.
packages/nitro/src/index.ts	Adds dev-only rollup force-inline plugin and dev-time dynamic loading of generated workflow bundles.
packages/nitro/src/builders.ts	Writes workflow bundles to temp files first and renames into place.
.changeset/remove-client-mode.md	Adds changeset documenting the breaking removal of client mode and migration guidance.

---

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[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming tests pass, we're only landing this on v5 right?

[TooTallNate]

@VaguelySerious correct

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
• The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
• All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

• DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
• Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
• IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package	Change
@workflow/swc-plugin	Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next	loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders	base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli	Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm	Removed client output from batch transform

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	994	0	86	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	90	0	0	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	98	0	231
✅ 📋 Other	252	0	18	270
Total	4380	98	343	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (98 failed)

mongodb (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

redis (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

turso (68 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KPC4AGDR3W8R8RXJT4B0AAA1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49C06JB8S19BQWT39ZGY3
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49GDW34C2CAXQED5GQ5HD
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49JF67R2674SKNT0B531G
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATXWJTKEXDX5AZ5QQ00W
• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4A08KB58ENADF0R99QWRK
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATTECEVNJQ03J54ZFBVM
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4B757NA7GCQPA911F04ZY
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BBA9SENAQ2793T64G2HD
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BD6G7ZV66PGPFA4QPD88
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4EB2BAVKDBD6MS0ZQ6EA2
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KPC4HQX6G61Z1EVG4JNP930D
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KPC4JYZ7FS1R557Y32RKYX4X
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KPC4KHC0489EJS7TH6H8C1FP
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KPC4KSEB6GVW9G0XXRPWE3J8
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KPC4KYK1XY4DHRRTHJ2T1M21
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KPC4M0KZH3ASYEG5R6JBWENC
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KPC4MB45KDRW8N8D6WN06XEQ
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KPC4MS5KHDWDK2F94N22ZFQW
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KPC4MZ6PEQNSM56KWF9FJX1E
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KPC4N5GZH4ZFPZPW62YEP6KV
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KPC4NBR68W7CSHPE7R7M4EK3
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KPC4NHS0ARKDVB77N2MX3CAC
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KPC4NQW6FWS4MXN0R48DA026
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4NZ0FPXKMQX3X2CQ04PBG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KPC4P9N2G26Q97QRYDQ0Y9YK
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KPC4PGZWQE4GQXWWGY0QH4J7
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4PR5VZ7PAPEH1FB5DTEBH
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4Q0WDH365KZXRFP7S3YXX
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KPC4QC7VC0XAK4HG5DG72TYK
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KPC4QZCT792E4TFQ8YN5Q6BV
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KPC4R9ARDE36CTKSVKBD0BV7
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KPC4RF7T0AJ9JST4ZEVXQBYY
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KPC4RH3HCX2FND5E2Q3889HY
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4RP4RG6MQ9C0QJJXPXG6F

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	90	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	15	0
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	15	0
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	68	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	84	0	6

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.047s	1.005s	0.958s	10	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.053s (-44.2% 🟢)	1.011s (-3.1%)	0.957s	10	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.010s	0.954s	10	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.057s (-1.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.232s (-43.5% 🟢)	2.120s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.888s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.265s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.026s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.760s	10	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.124s (-1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.885s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (+0.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.011s	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.154s (+0.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.856s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.948s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.730s (-36.9% 🟢)	1.782s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.978s (-2.8%)	3.253s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.275s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.738s (-1.2%)	11.025s (~)	0.287s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.830s	11.023s	0.193s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.894s (-0.6%)	11.025s (~)	0.131s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.102s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.927s	11.018s	0.091s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.947s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.078s	3	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	17.104s (-27.9% 🟢)	19.463s (-22.5% 🟢)	2.360s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.338s (~)	18.457s (-4.9%)	1.119s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.143s (-3.1%)	15.027s (~)	0.884s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.476s	15.029s	0.553s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.575s	15.028s	0.454s	4	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.575s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.451s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.924s (-0.9%)	15.029s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.104s	4	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	15.108s (+0.9%)	16.032s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.924s	4	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	32.373s (-49.8% 🟢)	34.553s (-48.1% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	33.318s (-36.6% 🟢)	34.394s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.076s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.235s (-5.2% 🟢)	13.880s (-3.0%)	0.645s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.877s (-0.9%)	14.022s (-3.9%)	0.145s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.974s	14.455s	0.481s	7	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.884s	16.196s	0.312s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.479s (-1.8%)	17.030s (~)	0.552s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.807s (+1.2%)	17.031s (~)	0.224s	6	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	55.193s (-86.9% 🟢)	57.639s (-86.4% 🟢)	2.446s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	59.836s (-84.8% 🟢)	60.966s (-84.6% 🟢)	1.130s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.223s (-4.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.787s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.251s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.760s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.252s	2.009s	0.756s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s	2.005s	0.517s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.498s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.507s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	1.528s (+2.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.477s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.389s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.777s (-12.6% 🟢)	1.388s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.457s (-27.7% 🟢)	3.702s (-25.0% 🟢)	1.244s	9	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.320s (-1.3%)	3.009s (~)	0.689s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.335s (-1.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.010s	0.617s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.874s	3.309s	0.435s	10	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.898s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.453s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.555s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	3.040s (+3.0%)	3.759s (+8.8% 🔺)	0.719s	8	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.873s (-29.1% 🟢)	4.645s (-21.5% 🟢)	1.772s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.637s (-48.8% 🟢)	5.185s (-41.8% 🟢)	1.548s	6	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.426s (-1.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.583s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.459s (-0.8%)	4.010s (~)	0.551s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.689s	4.010s	0.321s	8	1.08x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.497s	8.019s	0.522s	4	2.19x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.051s (-3.6%)	8.772s (-2.8%)	0.721s	4	2.35x
💻 Local	Express	8.203s (-1.6%)	9.020s (~)	0.817s	4	2.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.559s (+1.0%)	5.051s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.492s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.803s (-23.7% 🟢)	8.029s (-26.7% 🟢)	1.226s	4	1.91x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-3.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s	2.010s	0.782s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.267s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.741s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.515s (-18.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.490s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.475s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.544s (-18.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.462s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.037s (-17.2% 🟢)	3.718s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.681s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.401s (-18.1% 🟢)	3.792s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.391s	8	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.327s (-0.5%)	3.010s (~)	0.683s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.010s (~)	0.674s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.008s	0.616s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s	3.452s	0.665s	9	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.836s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.309s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.473s	10	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	3.261s (+4.1%)	4.011s (+6.6% 🔺)	0.750s	8	1.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.598s (-19.7% 🟢)	4.042s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.444s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-11.3% 🟢)	4.209s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (-0.7%)	4.011s (~)	0.555s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.480s (-0.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.530s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.617s	4.012s	0.395s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.510s	8.018s	0.507s	4	2.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.662s (-5.3% 🟢)	9.275s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.613s	4	2.51x
💻 Local	Express	8.993s (+2.2%)	9.273s (~)	0.279s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.764s (-45.7% 🟢)	4.520s (-33.7% 🟢)	1.756s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.827s (-28.6% 🟢)	6.399s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.572s	5	1.75x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.624s (-23.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.382s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s	1.023s	0.237s	59	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.808s (-3.7%)	1.022s (~)	0.214s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.852s	1.039s	0.187s	58	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.988s (+0.8%)	1.158s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.170s	52	1.58x
💻 Local	Express	0.989s (~)	1.250s (+16.1% 🔺)	0.261s	49	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.124s (-54.1% 🟢)	12.026s (-49.9% 🟢)	1.902s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.473s (-20.9% 🟢)	12.880s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.407s	5	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.503s (-22.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.504s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.918s (-3.0%)	2.100s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.183s	43	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.959s	2.203s	0.244s	41	1.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s	3.008s	0.381s	30	1.75x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.004s (-1.0%)	3.508s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.504s	26	2.00x
💻 Local	Express	3.039s (+0.8%)	3.690s (+2.9%)	0.651s	25	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.147s (-35.5% 🟢)	33.634s (-35.0% 🟢)	1.487s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	37.762s (-4.4%)	39.759s (-3.7%)	1.997s	3	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.164s (-22.9% 🟢)	3.824s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.660s	32	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.883s	4.147s	0.264s	29	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.890s (-2.5%)	4.110s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.219s	30	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.566s	9.018s	0.452s	14	2.71x
💻 Local	Express	9.269s (+0.6%)	10.019s (~)	0.749s	12	2.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.497s (+2.1%)	10.101s (+0.8%)	0.604s	12	3.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	77.978s (-19.5% 🟢)	79.827s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.850s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	89.255s (-16.7% 🟢)	90.555s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.300s	2	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.772s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.256s	1.008s	0.751s	60	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.285s (+0.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.723s	60	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.575s	1.004s	0.430s	60	2.44x
💻 Local	Express	0.615s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.022s (+1.7%)	0.407s	59	2.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.668s (+10.5% 🔺)	1.095s (+7.2% 🔺)	0.427s	55	2.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.858s (+11.9% 🔺)	3.442s (+2.7%)	1.584s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.248s (+159.5% 🔺)	6.681s (+76.1% 🔺)	1.432s	9	2.82x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.383s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.623s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.488s (-4.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.519s	90	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.503s	1.007s	0.503s	90	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.463s (-3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.546s	30	6.43x
💻 Local	Express	2.591s (+3.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.418s	30	6.76x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.594s	3.008s	0.414s	30	6.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.501s (+70.5% 🔺)	7.445s (+54.4% 🔺)	1.944s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.725s (+146.8% 🔺)	10.373s (+99.7% 🔺)	1.648s	9	1.59x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.614s (-22.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.393s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.800s	1.008s	0.208s	120	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.802s (-2.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.214s	119	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.669s	11.392s	0.723s	11	17.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.798s (-3.5%)	11.300s (-3.1%)	0.501s	11	17.59x
💻 Local	Express	11.456s (+2.4%)	12.032s (+0.8%)	0.576s	10	18.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	9.424s (+22.0% 🔺)	11.667s (+24.1% 🔺)	2.243s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.660s (+51.6% 🔺)	16.985s (+38.2% 🔺)	1.325s	8	1.66x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.177s (-13.8% 🟢)	0.997s (~)	0.001s (-20.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.834s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.188s	1.003s	0.011s	1.017s	0.830s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s	1.001s	0.002s	1.011s	0.818s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.201s (-6.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.817s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	0.204s (+2.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.816s	10	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.204s (~)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.806s	10	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.554s (-77.3% 🟢)	2.748s (-68.2% 🟢)	0.996s (+57.7% 🔺)	4.134s (-57.8% 🟢)	2.581s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.705s (-55.5% 🟢)	2.818s (-46.6% 🟢)	1.037s (+39.8% 🔺)	4.300s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.594s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.531s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.008s (~)	0.004s (-14.3% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.491s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.607s (-3.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.004s (+3.1%)	1.023s (~)	0.416s	59	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.617s	1.008s	0.003s	1.020s	0.402s	59	1.16x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.742s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-2.5%)	1.023s (-8.3% 🟢)	0.281s	59	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.806s	1.011s	0.013s	1.120s	0.313s	54	1.52x
💻 Local	Express	0.956s (+26.2% 🔺)	1.012s (-1.6%)	0.010s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.229s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.273s	49	1.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.889s (-83.4% 🟢)	6.748s (-78.1% 🟢)	0.465s (+315.1% 🔺)	7.635s (-76.0% 🟢)	2.746s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.674s (-13.3% 🟢)	15.526s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.211s (~)	16.076s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.403s	5	3.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.938s	1.112s	0.000s	1.119s	0.182s	54	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.944s (-2.6%)	1.177s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+41.2% 🔺)	1.190s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.246s	51	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.974s (+1.4%)	1.219s (-4.6%)	0.000s (+87.8% 🔺)	1.243s (-4.9%)	0.269s	49	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.214s (-0.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.808s	30	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	1.238s (+1.0%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.785s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.296s	2.019s	0.000s	2.023s	0.727s	30	1.38x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.050s (+98.3% 🔺)	7.665s (+74.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	8.112s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.062s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.695s (-24.4% 🟢)	7.641s (-33.7% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	9.028s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.333s	7	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.720s (-4.0%)	2.104s (-1.7%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.112s (-2.9%)	0.392s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.727s (-2.5%)	2.104s (-3.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.113s (-3.9%)	0.386s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.888s	2.182s	0.000s	2.189s	0.301s	28	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.502s (+3.4%)	4.035s (~)	0.001s (+50.0% 🔺)	4.038s (~)	0.536s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.589s (+3.5%)	4.030s (~)	0.000s (-58.3% 🟢)	4.033s (~)	0.444s	15	2.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.746s	4.166s	0.000s	4.170s	0.424s	15	2.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.451s (-3.0%)	6.756s (-3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.096s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.645s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	8.938s (+118.3% 🔺)	10.290s (+91.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	10.758s (+85.7% 🔺)	1.819s	6	1.64x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	18/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	19/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: dc6415b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Removes the SWC plugin’s client transform mode by merging its behavior into step mode, and updates all repository integrations, docs, and fixtures to use the new 3-mode model (Step/Workflow/Detect).

Changes:

• Dropped Client from TransformMode, updated step mode to include client-mode behaviors (notably DCE + object-property hoisting semantics), and removed client-mode fixture runners/outputs.
• Updated framework/tooling integrations (Next loader, Rollup, Nest CLI, Builders, CLI) to use mode: 'step' everywhere client was previously used.
• Updated docs/spec and the SWC playground (WASM + UI/types) to remove the client output/view.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 103 out of 103 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/swc-playground/wasm/src/lib.rs	Removes client from batch transform output and runs only workflow+step.
workbench/swc-playground/lib/transform.ts	Updates TS types to drop client transform result.
workbench/swc-playground/components/swc-playground.tsx	Removes client view/panel/state in the playground UI.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Removes Client mode and folds client behaviors into Step (DCE, hoisting/registration paths, etc.).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Updates specification to reflect 3 modes and step-mode DCE/hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture.rs	Removes the client-mode fixture test harness.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors.rs	Removes the client-mode errors fixture harness and updates imports.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-client-property/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/var-named-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/user-named-dunder-default/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new object-property hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-default-export/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-this-arguments-super/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/separate-export-statement/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce-native/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object getter/property behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-in-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/multiple-const-step-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/mixed-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/let-arrow-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/expr-fn-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-named/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous-step-only/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/destructuring/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-workflow-collision/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-workflow.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-step.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/input.js	Updates input fixture to be exported (aligning outputs).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-arrow-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect hoisted reference usage.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-namespace/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-destructured/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-local-const/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-imported/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-typescript-expressions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-new-expr-and-module-declarations/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name-step-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/anonymous-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/non-async-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-workflow-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-step-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-step.js	Updates step-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-function-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-default-exports-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/instance-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/getter-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/next/src/loader.ts	Switches all transforms to mode: 'step'.
packages/rollup/src/index.ts	Switches Rollup integration transform mode to step.
packages/nest/src/cli.ts	Updates generated .swcrc to use mode: 'step' and help text accordingly.
packages/cli/src/commands/transform.ts	Removes client from CLI transform modes/options.
packages/builders/src/apply-swc-transform.ts	Updates API type to drop client mode.
packages/builders/src/swc-esbuild-plugin.ts	Updates SwcPluginOptions.mode type to drop client.
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Updates builder SWC plugin usage from client to step.
packages/nuxt/src/module.ts	Forces Vite SSR bundling behavior for workflow packages and marks _vite for Nitro.
packages/nitro/src/index.ts	Adds dev-only rollup force-inline plugin and dev-time dynamic loading of generated workflow bundles.
packages/nitro/src/builders.ts	Writes workflow bundles to temp files first and renames into place.
.changeset/remove-client-mode.md	Adds changeset documenting the breaking removal of client mode and migration guidance.

---

💡 Add Copilot custom instructions for smarter, more guided reviews. Learn how to get started.

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming tests pass, we're only landing this on v5 right?

[TooTallNate]

@VaguelySerious correct

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
• The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
• All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

• DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
• Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
• IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package	Change
@workflow/swc-plugin	Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next	loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders	base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli	Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest	Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm	Removed client output from batch transform

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	994	0	86	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	994	0	86	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	90	0	0	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	98	0	231
✅ 📋 Other	252	0	18	270
Total	4380	98	343	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (98 failed)

mongodb (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

redis (15 failed):

• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH

turso (68 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KPC494JMXC2S698ZCV0Z1A6J
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KPC4AGDR3W8R8RXJT4B0AAA1
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49C06JB8S19BQWT39ZGY3
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49GDW34C2CAXQED5GQ5HD
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49JF67R2674SKNT0B531G
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATXWJTKEXDX5AZ5QQ00W
• readableStreamWorkflow | wrun_01KPC49NNZW9YY0KB64K6VSQHB
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4A08KB58ENADF0R99QWRK
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KPC4AC42WBKTER23K36G2ZAT
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4AMQBQNMGQ4RMS3XNMX4K
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4ATTECEVNJQ03J54ZFBVM
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4B757NA7GCQPA911F04ZY
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BBA9SENAQ2793T64G2HD
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4BD6G7ZV66PGPFA4QPD88
• outputStreamWorkflow no startIndex (reads all chunks)
• outputStreamWorkflow positive startIndex (skips first chunk)
• outputStreamWorkflow negative startIndex (reads from end)
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns correct index after stream completes
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getTailIndex returns -1 before any chunks are written
• outputStreamWorkflow - getTailIndex and getChunks getChunks returns same content as reading the stream
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions | wrun_01KPC4DTF69CSG9SGAXK101SCA
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4E7RZPD314K6BKBYSXGT0
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KPC4EB2BAVKDBD6MS0ZQ6EA2
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KPC4HQX6G61Z1EVG4JNP930D
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KPC4JB5B6GKYQ4NA68WW9JFN
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KPC4JYZ7FS1R557Y32RKYX4X
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KPC4KHC0489EJS7TH6H8C1FP
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KPC4KSEB6GVW9G0XXRPWE3J8
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KPC4KYK1XY4DHRRTHJ2T1M21
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KPC4M0KZH3ASYEG5R6JBWENC
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KPC4MB45KDRW8N8D6WN06XEQ
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KPC4MS5KHDWDK2F94N22ZFQW
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KPC4MZ6PEQNSM56KWF9FJX1E
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KPC4N5GZH4ZFPZPW62YEP6KV
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KPC4NBR68W7CSHPE7R7M4EK3
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KPC4NHS0ARKDVB77N2MX3CAC
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KPC4NQW6FWS4MXN0R48DA026
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4NZ0FPXKMQX3X2CQ04PBG
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KPC4P9N2G26Q97QRYDQ0Y9YK
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KPC4PGZWQE4GQXWWGY0QH4J7
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4PR5VZ7PAPEH1FB5DTEBH
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KPC4Q0WDH365KZXRFP7S3YXX
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KPC4QC7VC0XAK4HG5DG72TYK
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KPC4QZCT792E4TFQ8YN5Q6BV
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KPC4R9ARDE36CTKSVKBD0BV7
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KPC4RF7T0AJ9JST4ZEVXQBYY
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KPC4RH3HCX2FND5E2Q3889HY
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KPC4RK5F4H2A50VNYVKYDZYH
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KPC4RP4RG6MQ9C0QJJXPXG6F

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	84	0	6
✅ express-stable	84	0	6
✅ fastify-stable	84	0	6
✅ hono-stable	84	0	6
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	71	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	90	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	84	0	6
✅ nuxt-stable	84	0	6
✅ sveltekit-stable	84	0	6
✅ vite-stable	84	0	6

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	90	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	15	0
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	15	0
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	68	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	84	0	6
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	84	0	6

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.044s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.047s	1.005s	0.958s	10	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.053s (-44.2% 🟢)	1.011s (-3.1%)	0.957s	10	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.010s	0.954s	10	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.057s (-1.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.232s (-43.5% 🟢)	2.120s (-15.5% 🟢)	1.888s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.265s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.026s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.760s	10	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.122s	2.006s	0.884s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.124s (-1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.885s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.134s (+0.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.011s	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.154s (+0.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.856s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.948s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.730s (-36.9% 🟢)	1.782s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.978s (-2.8%)	3.253s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.275s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.738s (-1.2%)	11.025s (~)	0.287s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.830s	11.023s	0.193s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.894s (-0.6%)	11.025s (~)	0.131s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.102s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.927s	11.018s	0.091s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	10.947s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.078s	3	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	17.104s (-27.9% 🟢)	19.463s (-22.5% 🟢)	2.360s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.338s (~)	18.457s (-4.9%)	1.119s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.143s (-3.1%)	15.027s (~)	0.884s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.476s	15.029s	0.553s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.575s	15.028s	0.454s	4	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.575s (~)	15.026s (~)	0.451s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.924s (-0.9%)	15.029s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.104s	4	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	15.108s (+0.9%)	16.032s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.924s	4	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	32.373s (-49.8% 🟢)	34.553s (-48.1% 🟢)	2.179s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	33.318s (-36.6% 🟢)	34.394s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.076s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.235s (-5.2% 🟢)	13.880s (-3.0%)	0.645s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.877s (-0.9%)	14.022s (-3.9%)	0.145s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.974s	14.455s	0.481s	7	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.884s	16.196s	0.312s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.479s (-1.8%)	17.030s (~)	0.552s	6	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	16.807s (+1.2%)	17.031s (~)	0.224s	6	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	55.193s (-86.9% 🟢)	57.639s (-86.4% 🟢)	2.446s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	59.836s (-84.8% 🟢)	60.966s (-84.6% 🟢)	1.130s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.223s (-4.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.787s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.251s (-0.8%)	2.010s (~)	0.760s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.252s	2.009s	0.756s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.488s	2.005s	0.517s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.498s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.507s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	1.528s (+2.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.477s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.389s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.777s (-12.6% 🟢)	1.388s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.457s (-27.7% 🟢)	3.702s (-25.0% 🟢)	1.244s	9	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.320s (-1.3%)	3.009s (~)	0.689s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.335s (-1.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.010s	0.617s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.874s	3.309s	0.435s	10	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.898s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.453s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.555s	9	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	3.040s (+3.0%)	3.759s (+8.8% 🔺)	0.719s	8	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.873s (-29.1% 🟢)	4.645s (-21.5% 🟢)	1.772s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.637s (-48.8% 🟢)	5.185s (-41.8% 🟢)	1.548s	6	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.426s (-1.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.583s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.459s (-0.8%)	4.010s (~)	0.551s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.689s	4.010s	0.321s	8	1.08x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.497s	8.019s	0.522s	4	2.19x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.051s (-3.6%)	8.772s (-2.8%)	0.721s	4	2.35x
💻 Local	Express	8.203s (-1.6%)	9.020s (~)	0.817s	4	2.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.559s (+1.0%)	5.051s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.492s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.803s (-23.7% 🟢)	8.029s (-26.7% 🟢)	1.226s	4	1.91x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.209s (-3.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.800s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.228s	2.010s	0.782s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.267s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.741s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.515s (-18.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.490s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.531s	2.006s	0.475s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.544s (-18.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.462s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.037s (-17.2% 🟢)	3.718s (-10.8% 🟢)	1.681s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.401s (-18.1% 🟢)	3.792s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.391s	8	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.327s (-0.5%)	3.010s (~)	0.683s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.010s (~)	0.674s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.393s	3.008s	0.616s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s	3.452s	0.665s	9	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.836s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.309s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.473s	10	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	3.261s (+4.1%)	4.011s (+6.6% 🔺)	0.750s	8	1.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.598s (-19.7% 🟢)	4.042s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.444s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-11.3% 🟢)	4.209s (-6.9% 🟢)	1.422s	8	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.456s (-0.7%)	4.011s (~)	0.555s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.480s (-0.5%)	4.010s (~)	0.530s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.617s	4.012s	0.395s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.510s	8.018s	0.507s	4	2.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.662s (-5.3% 🟢)	9.275s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.613s	4	2.51x
💻 Local	Express	8.993s (+2.2%)	9.273s (~)	0.279s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.764s (-45.7% 🟢)	4.520s (-33.7% 🟢)	1.756s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.827s (-28.6% 🟢)	6.399s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.572s	5	1.75x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.624s (-23.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.382s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.786s	1.023s	0.237s	59	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.808s (-3.7%)	1.022s (~)	0.214s	59	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.852s	1.039s	0.187s	58	1.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.988s (+0.8%)	1.158s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.170s	52	1.58x
💻 Local	Express	0.989s (~)	1.250s (+16.1% 🔺)	0.261s	49	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.124s (-54.1% 🟢)	12.026s (-49.9% 🟢)	1.902s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.473s (-20.9% 🟢)	12.880s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.407s	5	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.503s (-22.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.504s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.918s (-3.0%)	2.100s (-7.0% 🟢)	0.183s	43	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.959s	2.203s	0.244s	41	1.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s	3.008s	0.381s	30	1.75x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.004s (-1.0%)	3.508s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.504s	26	2.00x
💻 Local	Express	3.039s (+0.8%)	3.690s (+2.9%)	0.651s	25	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.147s (-35.5% 🟢)	33.634s (-35.0% 🟢)	1.487s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	37.762s (-4.4%)	39.759s (-3.7%)	1.997s	3	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.164s (-22.9% 🟢)	3.824s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.660s	32	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.883s	4.147s	0.264s	29	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.890s (-2.5%)	4.110s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.219s	30	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.566s	9.018s	0.452s	14	2.71x
💻 Local	Express	9.269s (+0.6%)	10.019s (~)	0.749s	12	2.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.497s (+2.1%)	10.101s (+0.8%)	0.604s	12	3.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	77.978s (-19.5% 🟢)	79.827s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.850s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	89.255s (-16.7% 🟢)	90.555s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.300s	2	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.772s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.256s	1.008s	0.751s	60	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.285s (+0.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.723s	60	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.575s	1.004s	0.430s	60	2.44x
💻 Local	Express	0.615s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.022s (+1.7%)	0.407s	59	2.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.668s (+10.5% 🔺)	1.095s (+7.2% 🔺)	0.427s	55	2.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.858s (+11.9% 🔺)	3.442s (+2.7%)	1.584s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.248s (+159.5% 🔺)	6.681s (+76.1% 🔺)	1.432s	9	2.82x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.383s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.623s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.488s (-4.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.519s	90	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.503s	1.007s	0.503s	90	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.463s (-3.0%)	3.009s (~)	0.546s	30	6.43x
💻 Local	Express	2.591s (+3.1%)	3.009s (~)	0.418s	30	6.76x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.594s	3.008s	0.414s	30	6.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.501s (+70.5% 🔺)	7.445s (+54.4% 🔺)	1.944s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.725s (+146.8% 🔺)	10.373s (+99.7% 🔺)	1.648s	9	1.59x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.614s (-22.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.393s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.800s	1.008s	0.208s	120	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.802s (-2.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.214s	119	1.31x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.669s	11.392s	0.723s	11	17.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.798s (-3.5%)	11.300s (-3.1%)	0.501s	11	17.59x
💻 Local	Express	11.456s (+2.4%)	12.032s (+0.8%)	0.576s	10	18.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	9.424s (+22.0% 🔺)	11.667s (+24.1% 🔺)	2.243s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.660s (+51.6% 🔺)	16.985s (+38.2% 🔺)	1.325s	8	1.66x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.177s (-13.8% 🟢)	0.997s (~)	0.001s (-20.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.834s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.188s	1.003s	0.011s	1.017s	0.830s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s	1.001s	0.002s	1.011s	0.818s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.201s (-6.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.817s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	0.204s (+2.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.013s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.020s (~)	0.816s	10	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.204s (~)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.806s	10	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.554s (-77.3% 🟢)	2.748s (-68.2% 🟢)	0.996s (+57.7% 🔺)	4.134s (-57.8% 🟢)	2.581s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.705s (-55.5% 🟢)	2.818s (-46.6% 🟢)	1.037s (+39.8% 🔺)	4.300s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.594s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.531s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.008s (~)	0.004s (-14.3% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.491s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.607s (-3.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.004s (+3.1%)	1.023s (~)	0.416s	59	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.617s	1.008s	0.003s	1.020s	0.402s	59	1.16x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.742s (-11.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-2.5%)	1.023s (-8.3% 🟢)	0.281s	59	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.806s	1.011s	0.013s	1.120s	0.313s	54	1.52x
💻 Local	Express	0.956s (+26.2% 🔺)	1.012s (-1.6%)	0.010s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.229s (+18.2% 🔺)	0.273s	49	1.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.889s (-83.4% 🟢)	6.748s (-78.1% 🟢)	0.465s (+315.1% 🔺)	7.635s (-76.0% 🟢)	2.746s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.674s (-13.3% 🟢)	15.526s (-14.9% 🟢)	0.211s (~)	16.076s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.403s	5	3.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.938s	1.112s	0.000s	1.119s	0.182s	54	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.944s (-2.6%)	1.177s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+41.2% 🔺)	1.190s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.246s	51	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.974s (+1.4%)	1.219s (-4.6%)	0.000s (+87.8% 🔺)	1.243s (-4.9%)	0.269s	49	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.214s (-0.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.808s	30	1.30x
💻 Local	Express	1.238s (+1.0%)	2.020s (~)	0.000s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.785s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.296s	2.019s	0.000s	2.023s	0.727s	30	1.38x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.050s (+98.3% 🔺)	7.665s (+74.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	8.112s (+68.7% 🔺)	2.062s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.695s (-24.4% 🟢)	7.641s (-33.7% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	9.028s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.333s	7	1.27x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.720s (-4.0%)	2.104s (-1.7%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.112s (-2.9%)	0.392s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.727s (-2.5%)	2.104s (-3.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.113s (-3.9%)	0.386s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.888s	2.182s	0.000s	2.189s	0.301s	28	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.502s (+3.4%)	4.035s (~)	0.001s (+50.0% 🔺)	4.038s (~)	0.536s	15	2.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.589s (+3.5%)	4.030s (~)	0.000s (-58.3% 🟢)	4.033s (~)	0.444s	15	2.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.746s	4.166s	0.000s	4.170s	0.424s	15	2.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.451s (-3.0%)	6.756s (-3.2%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.096s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.645s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	8.938s (+118.3% 🔺)	10.290s (+91.5% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	10.758s (+85.7% 🔺)	1.819s	6	1.64x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	18/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	17/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	19/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

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[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: dc6415b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 18 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/swc-plugin	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 16, 2026 9:50pm

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Removes the SWC plugin’s client transform mode by merging its behavior into step mode, and updates all repository integrations, docs, and fixtures to use the new 3-mode model (Step/Workflow/Detect).

Changes:

• Dropped Client from TransformMode, updated step mode to include client-mode behaviors (notably DCE + object-property hoisting semantics), and removed client-mode fixture runners/outputs.
• Updated framework/tooling integrations (Next loader, Rollup, Nest CLI, Builders, CLI) to use mode: 'step' everywhere client was previously used.
• Updated docs/spec and the SWC playground (WASM + UI/types) to remove the client output/view.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 103 out of 103 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
workbench/swc-playground/wasm/src/lib.rs	Removes client from batch transform output and runs only workflow+step.
workbench/swc-playground/lib/transform.ts	Updates TS types to drop client transform result.
workbench/swc-playground/components/swc-playground.tsx	Removes client view/panel/state in the playground UI.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/src/lib.rs	Removes Client mode and folds client behaviors into Step (DCE, hoisting/registration paths, etc.).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/spec.md	Updates specification to reflect 3 modes and step-mode DCE/hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture.rs	Removes the client-mode fixture test harness.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors.rs	Removes the client-mode errors fixture harness and updates imports.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-client-property/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/workflow-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/var-named-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/using-declaration-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/user-named-dunder-default/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-variables-and-types/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/unused-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new object-property hoisting behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-default-export/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/sync-step-class/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-this-arguments-super/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-with-imports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/step-arrow-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/static-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/single-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/separate-export-statement/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/private-member-dce-native/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-property-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object getter/property behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/object-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-steps-in-object-constructor/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-with-closure/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/nested-step-in-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/multiple-const-step-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect new DCE behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/module-level-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/mixed-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/let-arrow-step-function/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-method-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/instance-getter-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/factory-with-step-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/expr-fn-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-named/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/export-default-class-anonymous-step-only/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/destructuring/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-workflow-collision/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-workflow.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-step.js	Updates fixture to reflect export changes under new behavior.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-parameter-usage/input.js	Updates input fixture to be exported (aligning outputs).
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/default-arrow-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect hoisted reference usage.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/deeply-nested-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-namespace/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-require-destructured/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-local-const/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/custom-serialization-imported/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-typescript-expressions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/closure-new-expr-and-module-declarations/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/class-expression-binding-name-step-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/anonymous-default-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-step.js	Updates step-mode fixture to reflect object-property hoist references.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/fixture/agent-with-tool-step-shorthand-method/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/sync-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/non-async-functions/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-workflow-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misspelled-step-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-step.js	Updates step-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-module-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/misplaced-function-directive/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-exports/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/invalid-default-exports-step/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/instance-methods/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/swc-plugin-workflow/transform/tests/errors/getter-workflow/output-client.js	Deletes client-mode expected output fixture.
packages/next/src/loader.ts	Switches all transforms to mode: 'step'.
packages/rollup/src/index.ts	Switches Rollup integration transform mode to step.
packages/nest/src/cli.ts	Updates generated .swcrc to use mode: 'step' and help text accordingly.
packages/cli/src/commands/transform.ts	Removes client from CLI transform modes/options.
packages/builders/src/apply-swc-transform.ts	Updates API type to drop client mode.
packages/builders/src/swc-esbuild-plugin.ts	Updates SwcPluginOptions.mode type to drop client.
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Updates builder SWC plugin usage from client to step.
packages/nuxt/src/module.ts	Forces Vite SSR bundling behavior for workflow packages and marks _vite for Nitro.
packages/nitro/src/index.ts	Adds dev-only rollup force-inline plugin and dev-time dynamic loading of generated workflow bundles.
packages/nitro/src/builders.ts	Writes workflow bundles to temp files first and renames into place.
.changeset/remove-client-mode.md	Adds changeset documenting the breaking removal of client mode and migration guidance.

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[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming tests pass, we're only landing this on v5 right?

[TooTallNate]

@VaguelySerious correct