fix(builders): restore discovery WeakMap cache for dev rebuilds

[TooTallNate]

Summary

Fixes flaky E2E Local Dev Tests that started failing after #1669.

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution from createStepsBundle() into discoverEntries() so callers pass the original inputFiles array reference
• Restores the WeakMap<string[], DiscoveredEntries> cache hit when createWorkflowsBundle() and createStepsBundle() are called sequentially with the same inputFiles
• Eliminates the redundant second esbuild discovery pass per build that was pushing dev rebuild times past the 50s polling timeout on CI

Root Cause

PR #1669 added workflow/runtime to the discovery inputs inside createStepsBundle:

constdiscoveryInputs=resolvedWorkflowRuntime
? [...inputFiles,resolvedWorkflowRuntime]// new array reference every time
: inputFiles;

Since resolvedWorkflowRuntime is almost always truthy, this always created a new array, causing the WeakMap cache (keyed on array reference) to never hit. Each build() call ran two full esbuild discovery passes instead of one. Combined with the broader /.*/ onResolve filter (also from #1669), this roughly doubled an already-slower build, pushing total rebuild time past the 50-second polling timeout on CI.

Fix

The workflow/runtime resolution now lives inside discoverEntries() itself. The expanded entry points list is used internally for the esbuild build, but the original inputs array is preserved as the WeakMap key. Both createWorkflowsBundle and createStepsBundle pass the same inputFiles reference and share the cache.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf45928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

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Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	898	0	182	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	82	0	8	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	74	24	231
✅ 📋 Other	228	0	42	270
Total	4060	74	687	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

redis (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

turso (60 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNXKVA0NBQK0575XSSB86Z44
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN20YHVZR405HANHF06SZA
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN262EYNAFTQ71BA4334Q2
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN28BZ0NTF07CBSGENZ4WK
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXKVPM3HNQTTXBC4Q1440F1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN2MQV3YSXJZ1J2XTMVASD
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3GGPCQC1ZYJ1PGAYHQNS
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3WH4Q9KTABH0CNGSVM5Y
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN406BSGZZ1W9D1EK6S00A
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN42GGDSYWCK3ETRMV2K7X
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6SS0WN8KG617GR4EKG28
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNXNAGDGFDVRY0VEKCCDVAT6
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNXNBTBE554F5HHN0D9SFKG6
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNXNCFT2FBXM8ECF772T5PCQ
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNXNCSGXT01BESRYJC9KSR9K
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNXNCZG6PT2FD5RYPS5JSP5T
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNXND1TC6XTKDN0271EV78SF
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNXNDG6BRYENSK2QVHAMB4BH
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNXNDZQ44MJSYX3EB7VK0WHT
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNXNE5RFN5B7TR24MECQK67F
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNXNEBKD5X0WEVKHV11SJSSY
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNXNEJP74A4TYPRT6JXS6QE2
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNXNEVA23SKAYP9N794SGDZT
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNXNF2R8ZB29WBMMR2FYMCEB
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNFB33XMFBJ2H42BZ8AZ5A
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNXNFS32SMEW1NC49W6YA6CE
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNXNG1NKXRP31JSEBXCD8P7T
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNG9YW2W42PDQV73D6SFFP
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNGKJKSTC0DPQY8F92HCPN
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNXNH0ANMC0WA83PDN8ZG4H5
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNXNHPDCRJKAXXJZ8NM6H1G8
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNXNJ18SG5AR6B1WT37ZGYDR
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNXNJ8CW3JQ78P6E7053SSPR
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNXNJAPPQGA66DJ1ASP92QRC
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNJGR1CRB0ZH6EXEJGVP5Z

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	82	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	7	8
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	7	8
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	60	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	76	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (+19.8% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.057s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.950s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+5.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.951s	10	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.242s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.035s (-9.9% 🟢)	1.792s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.247s (-4.6%)	1.934s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.688s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.276s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.946s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.125s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.881s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.129s (+3.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.876s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.132s (+0.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (-0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.870s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.857s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.856s (-9.3% 🟢)	3.907s (-4.7%)	2.051s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.010s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.953s (+3.2%)	1.942s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.285s (+15.3% 🔺)	4.320s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.034s	10	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.878s (+0.8%)	11.017s (~)	0.139s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.878s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.140s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.884s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.135s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.933s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.091s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.953s (+3.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.069s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.773s (-5.3% 🟢)	17.956s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.183s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.083s (-3.0%)	18.888s (-4.0%)	1.805s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.540s (-7.6% 🟢)	19.864s (-3.2%)	2.324s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.468s (-0.7%)	15.021s (~)	0.553s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.483s (+2.2%)	15.020s (~)	0.537s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.518s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.504s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.925s (-0.5%)	15.028s (~)	0.102s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	14.953s (+5.0%)	15.029s (~)	0.076s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	29.941s (-16.2% 🟢)	31.826s (-15.9% 🟢)	1.885s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.437s (-18.0% 🟢)	33.209s (-17.5% 🟢)	1.772s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.469s (-4.8%)	35.093s (-2.8%)	2.624s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.803s (-2.3%)	14.019s (-4.9%)	0.215s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.831s (+3.1%)	14.163s (~)	0.333s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.933s (~)	14.165s (-1.0%)	0.233s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.485s (-1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.544s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	16.556s (+10.0% 🔺)	17.031s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.475s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	50.126s (-8.0% 🟢)	51.179s (-9.3% 🟢)	1.054s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.932s (-11.3% 🟢)	55.122s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.189s	2	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	61.490s (+10.9% 🔺)	63.798s (+10.5% 🔺)	2.308s	2	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.222s (+3.0%)	2.010s (~)	0.788s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.265s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.745s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.266s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.743s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.513s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.493s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.530s (+6.2% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-5.6% 🟢)	4.178s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.711s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.549s (-5.2% 🟢)	3.865s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.317s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.551s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.326s (-7.2% 🟢)	1.774s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.329s (-0.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.681s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.333s (-1.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.675s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.394s (-2.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.615s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.987s (+0.8%)	3.341s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.354s	9	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	2.999s (+16.3% 🔺)	3.564s (+18.5% 🔺)	0.565s	9	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.402s (-8.9% 🟢)	3.704s (-15.8% 🟢)	1.302s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.537s (-7.2% 🟢)	4.334s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.797s	7	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.268s (+2.5%)	1.411s	8	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.448s (-1.1%)	4.010s (~)	0.562s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.504s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.506s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.650s (+1.4%)	4.010s (~)	0.360s	8	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.648s (-8.6% 🟢)	8.518s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.870s	4	2.22x
💻 Local	Express	8.226s (+22.4% 🔺)	9.023s (+28.6% 🔺)	0.797s	4	2.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.101s (+57.4% 🔺)	5.738s (+35.5% 🔺)	1.638s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.557s (+45.7% 🔺)	6.329s (+28.4% 🔺)	1.771s	5	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.770s (+48.2% 🔺)	6.765s (+33.8% 🔺)	1.995s	5	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.216s (+2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.248s (-1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.760s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.725s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.546s (+1.5%)	2.005s (~)	0.459s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.563s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.442s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.596s (-16.8% 🟢)	1.582s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.084s (+1.7%)	4.584s (+12.0% 🔺)	2.499s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.307s (+3.5%)	4.240s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.933s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.340s (-1.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.670s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.348s (-0.6%)	3.010s (~)	0.661s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.392s (+1.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.618s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.997s (-3.2%)	3.886s (-3.1%)	0.889s	8	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	3.199s (+7.6% 🔺)	4.011s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.811s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.206s (-11.6% 🟢)	4.239s (+1.2%)	2.033s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (-14.4% 🟢)	3.824s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.511s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (-12.8% 🟢)	4.190s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.673s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.469s (-1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.542s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.472s (-0.7%)	4.012s (~)	0.540s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.643s (+1.8%)	4.012s (~)	0.370s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.658s (-7.3% 🟢)	9.026s (-10.0% 🟢)	0.368s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Express	8.825s (+9.7% 🔺)	9.274s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.449s	4	2.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.702s (-16.0% 🟢)	4.421s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.720s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.094s (+4.0%)	4.831s (-4.4%)	1.737s	7	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.167s (-5.7% 🟢)	5.482s (+1.0%)	2.315s	6	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.773s (+20.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.234s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.794s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.212s	60	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.828s (-0.7%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.195s	59	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.977s (-1.2%)	1.076s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.098s	56	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	0.983s (+40.3% 🔺)	1.137s (+13.2% 🔺)	0.154s	53	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.135s (-15.9% 🟢)	9.512s (-17.7% 🟢)	1.376s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.132s (-15.6% 🟢)	11.522s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.390s	6	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.167s (+19.6% 🔺)	13.551s (+21.6% 🔺)	2.384s	5	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.891s (-2.4%)	2.007s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.116s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.892s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.100s (+3.5%)	0.207s	43	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.938s (-1.3%)	2.124s (-4.6%)	0.186s	43	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.005s (~)	3.547s (-1.1%)	0.542s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Express	3.007s (+23.2% 🔺)	3.470s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.463s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.424s (-5.4% 🟢)	28.011s (-7.3% 🟢)	1.588s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.862s (~)	30.002s (~)	2.140s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.334s (-4.0%)	30.384s (-3.8%)	2.050s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.801s (+19.1% 🔺)	4.075s (+2.5%)	0.275s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.821s (-1.9%)	4.009s (-3.4%)	0.188s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.926s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.256s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.148s (-1.1%)	9.865s (-1.5%)	0.717s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Express	9.157s (+25.3% 🔺)	9.787s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.630s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	76.448s (+7.7% 🔺)	77.965s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.517s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	76.928s (~)	79.292s (~)	2.364s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	77.841s (+1.7%)	80.075s (+2.1%)	2.234s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.007s (~)	0.758s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.282s (+2.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.286s (+1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.722s	60	1.15x
💻 Local	Express	0.586s (+0.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.419s	60	2.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.605s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.399s	60	2.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.509s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.159s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.650s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.516s (+10.5% 🔺)	3.266s (+11.3% 🔺)	1.750s	19	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.723s (+19.4% 🔺)	3.201s (-0.5%)	1.479s	19	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.525s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.484s (-3.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.522s	90	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.491s (-2.4%)	1.007s (~)	0.516s	90	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.491s (+0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.517s	30	5.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.547s (+6.4% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.461s	30	5.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.869s (+4.1%)	5.135s (+14.5% 🔺)	2.266s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.947s (+12.4% 🔺)	4.487s (~)	1.540s	21	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.959s (+25.4% 🔺)	6.127s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.167s	15	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.764s (+15.0% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.243s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.787s (+0.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.220s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.788s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.219s	120	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	11.131s (+11.2% 🔺)	11.845s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.714s	11	14.58x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.147s (~)	11.847s (~)	0.699s	11	14.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.722s (+1.9%)	8.425s (-2.2%)	1.703s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.218s (+8.1% 🔺)	9.523s (+8.4% 🔺)	2.306s	13	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.599s (+30.2% 🔺)	9.460s (+21.4% 🔺)	1.860s	13	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.198s (-2.4%)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (-2.5%)	1.018s (~)	0.820s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.198s (+19.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+80.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.812s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.201s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.809s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	0.207s (+48.1% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.017s (~)	0.810s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.211s (+2.0%)	1.001s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.800s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.653s (+4.8%)	3.288s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.224s (-39.6% 🟢)	4.037s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.383s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.943s (+6.8% 🔺)	3.218s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.643s (+142.4% 🔺)	4.343s (+3.2%)	2.400s	10	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.306s (+50.4% 🔺)	3.398s (+22.8% 🔺)	0.639s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.396s (+10.8% 🔺)	2.090s	10	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.596s (-2.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (+3.6%)	1.021s (~)	0.425s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.609s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+4.6%)	1.026s (~)	0.417s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.630s (+3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-16.1% 🟢)	1.025s (~)	0.395s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.732s (+0.8%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-8.5% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.290s	59	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	0.819s (+46.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.116s (+9.2% 🔺)	0.297s	54	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.782s (-8.9% 🟢)	4.912s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.334s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.644s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.861s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.447s (-0.7%)	6.158s (+1.8%)	0.257s (-9.2% 🟢)	6.903s (-0.9%)	2.456s	9	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	163.672s (+3489.0% 🔺)	165.788s (+2467.5% 🔺)	0.323s (+9.2% 🔺)	166.528s (+2143.3% 🔺)	2.856s	1	43.27x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.922s (-0.9%)	1.114s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.147s (+2.4%)	0.225s	53	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.955s (-2.5%)	1.147s (-3.8%)	0.000s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.161s (-4.6%)	0.206s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.970s (+2.6%)	1.244s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.000s (-64.6% 🟢)	1.271s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.301s	48	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.217s (-1.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+100.0% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.805s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.225s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.797s	30	1.33x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.475s (+18.4% 🔺)	4.942s (+18.4% 🔺)	0.002s (+2381.8% 🔺)	5.492s (+17.8% 🔺)	2.017s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.898s (+48.8% 🔺)	5.172s (+34.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-95.3% 🟢)	5.524s (+27.9% 🔺)	1.626s	11	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.965s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.874s (+4.6%)	0.002s (-5.0% 🟢)	6.284s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.319s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.746s (-1.9%)	2.099s (-1.8%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.114s (-1.5%)	0.368s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.756s (~)	2.132s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.147s (+1.6%)	0.390s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (-4.5%)	2.072s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.079s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.283s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	3.618s (+10.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.037s (+3.3%)	0.419s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.873s (+10.6% 🔺)	4.175s (+1.8%)	0.000s (-61.7% 🟢)	4.535s (+10.5% 🔺)	0.662s	14	2.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.071s (+4.6%)	5.489s (+0.9%)	0.001s (+46.7% 🔺)	6.050s (+1.6%)	1.980s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.680s (+11.0% 🔺)	6.330s (+10.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-80.4% 🟢)	6.765s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.085s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.021s (+18.7% 🔺)	6.280s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.235s (+117177.8% 🔺)	6.879s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.858s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	17/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	20/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes a performance regression in @workflow/builders where discoverEntries()’s WeakMap cache stopped hitting during dev rebuilds, causing duplicate esbuild “discovery” passes and flaky CI timeouts.

Changes:

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution into discoverEntries() so callers can keep passing the original inputFiles array reference (restoring WeakMap cache hits).
• Updates createStepsBundle() to call discoverEntries(inputFiles, ...) directly (removing the “always new array” discoveryInputs logic).
• Adds a changeset to ship the fix as a patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Resolves workflow/runtime inside discoverEntries() and uses internal entryPoints while caching by the original inputs reference.
.changeset/fix-discovery-weakmap-cache.md	Patch changeset documenting the dev rebuild performance fix.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

Fixes flaky E2E Local Dev Tests that started failing after #1669.

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution from createStepsBundle() into discoverEntries() so callers pass the original inputFiles array reference
• Restores the WeakMap<string[], DiscoveredEntries> cache hit when createWorkflowsBundle() and createStepsBundle() are called sequentially with the same inputFiles
• Eliminates the redundant second esbuild discovery pass per build that was pushing dev rebuild times past the 50s polling timeout on CI

Root Cause

PR #1669 added workflow/runtime to the discovery inputs inside createStepsBundle:

constdiscoveryInputs=resolvedWorkflowRuntime
? [...inputFiles,resolvedWorkflowRuntime]// new array reference every time
: inputFiles;

Since resolvedWorkflowRuntime is almost always truthy, this always created a new array, causing the WeakMap cache (keyed on array reference) to never hit. Each build() call ran two full esbuild discovery passes instead of one. Combined with the broader /.*/ onResolve filter (also from #1669), this roughly doubled an already-slower build, pushing total rebuild time past the 50-second polling timeout on CI.

Fix

The workflow/runtime resolution now lives inside discoverEntries() itself. The expanded entry points list is used internally for the esbuild build, but the original inputs array is preserved as the WeakMap key. Both createWorkflowsBundle and createStepsBundle pass the same inputFiles reference and share the cache.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf45928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	898	0	182	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	82	0	8	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	74	24	231
✅ 📋 Other	228	0	42	270
Total	4060	74	687	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

redis (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

turso (60 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNXKVA0NBQK0575XSSB86Z44
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN20YHVZR405HANHF06SZA
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN262EYNAFTQ71BA4334Q2
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN28BZ0NTF07CBSGENZ4WK
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXKVPM3HNQTTXBC4Q1440F1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN2MQV3YSXJZ1J2XTMVASD
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3GGPCQC1ZYJ1PGAYHQNS
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3WH4Q9KTABH0CNGSVM5Y
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN406BSGZZ1W9D1EK6S00A
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN42GGDSYWCK3ETRMV2K7X
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6SS0WN8KG617GR4EKG28
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNXNAGDGFDVRY0VEKCCDVAT6
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNXNBTBE554F5HHN0D9SFKG6
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNXNCFT2FBXM8ECF772T5PCQ
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNXNCSGXT01BESRYJC9KSR9K
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNXNCZG6PT2FD5RYPS5JSP5T
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNXND1TC6XTKDN0271EV78SF
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNXNDG6BRYENSK2QVHAMB4BH
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNXNDZQ44MJSYX3EB7VK0WHT
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNXNE5RFN5B7TR24MECQK67F
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNXNEBKD5X0WEVKHV11SJSSY
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNXNEJP74A4TYPRT6JXS6QE2
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNXNEVA23SKAYP9N794SGDZT
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNXNF2R8ZB29WBMMR2FYMCEB
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNFB33XMFBJ2H42BZ8AZ5A
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNXNFS32SMEW1NC49W6YA6CE
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNXNG1NKXRP31JSEBXCD8P7T
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNG9YW2W42PDQV73D6SFFP
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNGKJKSTC0DPQY8F92HCPN
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNXNH0ANMC0WA83PDN8ZG4H5
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNXNHPDCRJKAXXJZ8NM6H1G8
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNXNJ18SG5AR6B1WT37ZGYDR
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNXNJ8CW3JQ78P6E7053SSPR
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNXNJAPPQGA66DJ1ASP92QRC
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNJGR1CRB0ZH6EXEJGVP5Z

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	82	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	7	8
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	7	8
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	60	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	76	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (+19.8% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.057s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.950s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+5.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.951s	10	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.242s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.035s (-9.9% 🟢)	1.792s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.247s (-4.6%)	1.934s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.688s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.276s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.946s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.125s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.881s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.129s (+3.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.876s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.132s (+0.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (-0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.870s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.857s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.856s (-9.3% 🟢)	3.907s (-4.7%)	2.051s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.010s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.953s (+3.2%)	1.942s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.285s (+15.3% 🔺)	4.320s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.034s	10	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.878s (+0.8%)	11.017s (~)	0.139s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.878s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.140s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.884s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.135s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.933s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.091s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.953s (+3.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.069s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.773s (-5.3% 🟢)	17.956s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.183s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.083s (-3.0%)	18.888s (-4.0%)	1.805s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.540s (-7.6% 🟢)	19.864s (-3.2%)	2.324s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.468s (-0.7%)	15.021s (~)	0.553s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.483s (+2.2%)	15.020s (~)	0.537s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.518s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.504s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.925s (-0.5%)	15.028s (~)	0.102s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	14.953s (+5.0%)	15.029s (~)	0.076s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	29.941s (-16.2% 🟢)	31.826s (-15.9% 🟢)	1.885s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.437s (-18.0% 🟢)	33.209s (-17.5% 🟢)	1.772s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.469s (-4.8%)	35.093s (-2.8%)	2.624s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.803s (-2.3%)	14.019s (-4.9%)	0.215s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.831s (+3.1%)	14.163s (~)	0.333s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.933s (~)	14.165s (-1.0%)	0.233s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.485s (-1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.544s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	16.556s (+10.0% 🔺)	17.031s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.475s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	50.126s (-8.0% 🟢)	51.179s (-9.3% 🟢)	1.054s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.932s (-11.3% 🟢)	55.122s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.189s	2	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	61.490s (+10.9% 🔺)	63.798s (+10.5% 🔺)	2.308s	2	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.222s (+3.0%)	2.010s (~)	0.788s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.265s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.745s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.266s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.743s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.513s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.493s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.530s (+6.2% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-5.6% 🟢)	4.178s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.711s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.549s (-5.2% 🟢)	3.865s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.317s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.551s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.326s (-7.2% 🟢)	1.774s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.329s (-0.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.681s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.333s (-1.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.675s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.394s (-2.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.615s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.987s (+0.8%)	3.341s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.354s	9	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	2.999s (+16.3% 🔺)	3.564s (+18.5% 🔺)	0.565s	9	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.402s (-8.9% 🟢)	3.704s (-15.8% 🟢)	1.302s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.537s (-7.2% 🟢)	4.334s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.797s	7	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.268s (+2.5%)	1.411s	8	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.448s (-1.1%)	4.010s (~)	0.562s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.504s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.506s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.650s (+1.4%)	4.010s (~)	0.360s	8	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.648s (-8.6% 🟢)	8.518s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.870s	4	2.22x
💻 Local	Express	8.226s (+22.4% 🔺)	9.023s (+28.6% 🔺)	0.797s	4	2.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.101s (+57.4% 🔺)	5.738s (+35.5% 🔺)	1.638s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.557s (+45.7% 🔺)	6.329s (+28.4% 🔺)	1.771s	5	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.770s (+48.2% 🔺)	6.765s (+33.8% 🔺)	1.995s	5	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.216s (+2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.248s (-1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.760s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.725s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.546s (+1.5%)	2.005s (~)	0.459s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.563s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.442s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.596s (-16.8% 🟢)	1.582s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.084s (+1.7%)	4.584s (+12.0% 🔺)	2.499s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.307s (+3.5%)	4.240s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.933s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.340s (-1.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.670s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.348s (-0.6%)	3.010s (~)	0.661s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.392s (+1.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.618s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.997s (-3.2%)	3.886s (-3.1%)	0.889s	8	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	3.199s (+7.6% 🔺)	4.011s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.811s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.206s (-11.6% 🟢)	4.239s (+1.2%)	2.033s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (-14.4% 🟢)	3.824s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.511s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (-12.8% 🟢)	4.190s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.673s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.469s (-1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.542s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.472s (-0.7%)	4.012s (~)	0.540s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.643s (+1.8%)	4.012s (~)	0.370s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.658s (-7.3% 🟢)	9.026s (-10.0% 🟢)	0.368s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Express	8.825s (+9.7% 🔺)	9.274s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.449s	4	2.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.702s (-16.0% 🟢)	4.421s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.720s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.094s (+4.0%)	4.831s (-4.4%)	1.737s	7	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.167s (-5.7% 🟢)	5.482s (+1.0%)	2.315s	6	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.773s (+20.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.234s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.794s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.212s	60	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.828s (-0.7%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.195s	59	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.977s (-1.2%)	1.076s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.098s	56	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	0.983s (+40.3% 🔺)	1.137s (+13.2% 🔺)	0.154s	53	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.135s (-15.9% 🟢)	9.512s (-17.7% 🟢)	1.376s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.132s (-15.6% 🟢)	11.522s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.390s	6	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.167s (+19.6% 🔺)	13.551s (+21.6% 🔺)	2.384s	5	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.891s (-2.4%)	2.007s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.116s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.892s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.100s (+3.5%)	0.207s	43	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.938s (-1.3%)	2.124s (-4.6%)	0.186s	43	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.005s (~)	3.547s (-1.1%)	0.542s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Express	3.007s (+23.2% 🔺)	3.470s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.463s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.424s (-5.4% 🟢)	28.011s (-7.3% 🟢)	1.588s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.862s (~)	30.002s (~)	2.140s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.334s (-4.0%)	30.384s (-3.8%)	2.050s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.801s (+19.1% 🔺)	4.075s (+2.5%)	0.275s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.821s (-1.9%)	4.009s (-3.4%)	0.188s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.926s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.256s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.148s (-1.1%)	9.865s (-1.5%)	0.717s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Express	9.157s (+25.3% 🔺)	9.787s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.630s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	76.448s (+7.7% 🔺)	77.965s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.517s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	76.928s (~)	79.292s (~)	2.364s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	77.841s (+1.7%)	80.075s (+2.1%)	2.234s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.007s (~)	0.758s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.282s (+2.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.286s (+1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.722s	60	1.15x
💻 Local	Express	0.586s (+0.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.419s	60	2.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.605s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.399s	60	2.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.509s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.159s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.650s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.516s (+10.5% 🔺)	3.266s (+11.3% 🔺)	1.750s	19	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.723s (+19.4% 🔺)	3.201s (-0.5%)	1.479s	19	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.525s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.484s (-3.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.522s	90	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.491s (-2.4%)	1.007s (~)	0.516s	90	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.491s (+0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.517s	30	5.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.547s (+6.4% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.461s	30	5.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.869s (+4.1%)	5.135s (+14.5% 🔺)	2.266s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.947s (+12.4% 🔺)	4.487s (~)	1.540s	21	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.959s (+25.4% 🔺)	6.127s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.167s	15	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.764s (+15.0% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.243s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.787s (+0.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.220s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.788s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.219s	120	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	11.131s (+11.2% 🔺)	11.845s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.714s	11	14.58x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.147s (~)	11.847s (~)	0.699s	11	14.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.722s (+1.9%)	8.425s (-2.2%)	1.703s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.218s (+8.1% 🔺)	9.523s (+8.4% 🔺)	2.306s	13	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.599s (+30.2% 🔺)	9.460s (+21.4% 🔺)	1.860s	13	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.198s (-2.4%)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (-2.5%)	1.018s (~)	0.820s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.198s (+19.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+80.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.812s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.201s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.809s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	0.207s (+48.1% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.017s (~)	0.810s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.211s (+2.0%)	1.001s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.800s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.653s (+4.8%)	3.288s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.224s (-39.6% 🟢)	4.037s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.383s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.943s (+6.8% 🔺)	3.218s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.643s (+142.4% 🔺)	4.343s (+3.2%)	2.400s	10	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.306s (+50.4% 🔺)	3.398s (+22.8% 🔺)	0.639s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.396s (+10.8% 🔺)	2.090s	10	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.596s (-2.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (+3.6%)	1.021s (~)	0.425s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.609s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+4.6%)	1.026s (~)	0.417s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.630s (+3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-16.1% 🟢)	1.025s (~)	0.395s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.732s (+0.8%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-8.5% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.290s	59	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	0.819s (+46.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.116s (+9.2% 🔺)	0.297s	54	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.782s (-8.9% 🟢)	4.912s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.334s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.644s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.861s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.447s (-0.7%)	6.158s (+1.8%)	0.257s (-9.2% 🟢)	6.903s (-0.9%)	2.456s	9	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	163.672s (+3489.0% 🔺)	165.788s (+2467.5% 🔺)	0.323s (+9.2% 🔺)	166.528s (+2143.3% 🔺)	2.856s	1	43.27x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.922s (-0.9%)	1.114s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.147s (+2.4%)	0.225s	53	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.955s (-2.5%)	1.147s (-3.8%)	0.000s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.161s (-4.6%)	0.206s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.970s (+2.6%)	1.244s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.000s (-64.6% 🟢)	1.271s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.301s	48	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.217s (-1.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+100.0% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.805s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.225s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.797s	30	1.33x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.475s (+18.4% 🔺)	4.942s (+18.4% 🔺)	0.002s (+2381.8% 🔺)	5.492s (+17.8% 🔺)	2.017s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.898s (+48.8% 🔺)	5.172s (+34.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-95.3% 🟢)	5.524s (+27.9% 🔺)	1.626s	11	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.965s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.874s (+4.6%)	0.002s (-5.0% 🟢)	6.284s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.319s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.746s (-1.9%)	2.099s (-1.8%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.114s (-1.5%)	0.368s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.756s (~)	2.132s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.147s (+1.6%)	0.390s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (-4.5%)	2.072s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.079s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.283s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	3.618s (+10.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.037s (+3.3%)	0.419s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.873s (+10.6% 🔺)	4.175s (+1.8%)	0.000s (-61.7% 🟢)	4.535s (+10.5% 🔺)	0.662s	14	2.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.071s (+4.6%)	5.489s (+0.9%)	0.001s (+46.7% 🔺)	6.050s (+1.6%)	1.980s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.680s (+11.0% 🔺)	6.330s (+10.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-80.4% 🟢)	6.765s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.085s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.021s (+18.7% 🔺)	6.280s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.235s (+117177.8% 🔺)	6.879s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.858s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	17/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	20/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes a performance regression in @workflow/builders where discoverEntries()’s WeakMap cache stopped hitting during dev rebuilds, causing duplicate esbuild “discovery” passes and flaky CI timeouts.

Changes:

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution into discoverEntries() so callers can keep passing the original inputFiles array reference (restoring WeakMap cache hits).
• Updates createStepsBundle() to call discoverEntries(inputFiles, ...) directly (removing the “always new array” discoveryInputs logic).
• Adds a changeset to ship the fix as a patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Resolves workflow/runtime inside discoverEntries() and uses internal entryPoints while caching by the original inputs reference.
.changeset/fix-discovery-weakmap-cache.md	Patch changeset documenting the dev rebuild performance fix.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

Fixes flaky E2E Local Dev Tests that started failing after #1669.

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution from createStepsBundle() into discoverEntries() so callers pass the original inputFiles array reference
• Restores the WeakMap<string[], DiscoveredEntries> cache hit when createWorkflowsBundle() and createStepsBundle() are called sequentially with the same inputFiles
• Eliminates the redundant second esbuild discovery pass per build that was pushing dev rebuild times past the 50s polling timeout on CI

Root Cause

PR #1669 added workflow/runtime to the discovery inputs inside createStepsBundle:

constdiscoveryInputs=resolvedWorkflowRuntime
? [...inputFiles,resolvedWorkflowRuntime]// new array reference every time
: inputFiles;

Since resolvedWorkflowRuntime is almost always truthy, this always created a new array, causing the WeakMap cache (keyed on array reference) to never hit. Each build() call ran two full esbuild discovery passes instead of one. Combined with the broader /.*/ onResolve filter (also from #1669), this roughly doubled an already-slower build, pushing total rebuild time past the 50-second polling timeout on CI.

Fix

The workflow/runtime resolution now lives inside discoverEntries() itself. The expanded entry points list is used internally for the esbuild build, but the original inputs array is preserved as the WeakMap key. Both createWorkflowsBundle and createStepsBundle pass the same inputFiles reference and share the cache.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf45928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	898	0	182	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	82	0	8	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	74	24	231
✅ 📋 Other	228	0	42	270
Total	4060	74	687	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

redis (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

turso (60 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNXKVA0NBQK0575XSSB86Z44
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN20YHVZR405HANHF06SZA
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN262EYNAFTQ71BA4334Q2
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN28BZ0NTF07CBSGENZ4WK
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXKVPM3HNQTTXBC4Q1440F1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN2MQV3YSXJZ1J2XTMVASD
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3GGPCQC1ZYJ1PGAYHQNS
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3WH4Q9KTABH0CNGSVM5Y
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN406BSGZZ1W9D1EK6S00A
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN42GGDSYWCK3ETRMV2K7X
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6SS0WN8KG617GR4EKG28
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNXNAGDGFDVRY0VEKCCDVAT6
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNXNBTBE554F5HHN0D9SFKG6
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNXNCFT2FBXM8ECF772T5PCQ
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNXNCSGXT01BESRYJC9KSR9K
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNXNCZG6PT2FD5RYPS5JSP5T
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNXND1TC6XTKDN0271EV78SF
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNXNDG6BRYENSK2QVHAMB4BH
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNXNDZQ44MJSYX3EB7VK0WHT
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNXNE5RFN5B7TR24MECQK67F
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNXNEBKD5X0WEVKHV11SJSSY
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNXNEJP74A4TYPRT6JXS6QE2
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNXNEVA23SKAYP9N794SGDZT
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNXNF2R8ZB29WBMMR2FYMCEB
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNFB33XMFBJ2H42BZ8AZ5A
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNXNFS32SMEW1NC49W6YA6CE
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNXNG1NKXRP31JSEBXCD8P7T
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNG9YW2W42PDQV73D6SFFP
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNGKJKSTC0DPQY8F92HCPN
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNXNH0ANMC0WA83PDN8ZG4H5
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNXNHPDCRJKAXXJZ8NM6H1G8
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNXNJ18SG5AR6B1WT37ZGYDR
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNXNJ8CW3JQ78P6E7053SSPR
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNXNJAPPQGA66DJ1ASP92QRC
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNJGR1CRB0ZH6EXEJGVP5Z

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	82	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	7	8
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	7	8
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	60	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	76	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (+19.8% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.057s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.950s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+5.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.951s	10	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.242s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.035s (-9.9% 🟢)	1.792s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.247s (-4.6%)	1.934s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.688s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.276s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.946s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.125s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.881s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.129s (+3.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.876s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.132s (+0.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (-0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.870s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.857s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.856s (-9.3% 🟢)	3.907s (-4.7%)	2.051s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.010s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.953s (+3.2%)	1.942s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.285s (+15.3% 🔺)	4.320s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.034s	10	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.878s (+0.8%)	11.017s (~)	0.139s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.878s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.140s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.884s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.135s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.933s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.091s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.953s (+3.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.069s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.773s (-5.3% 🟢)	17.956s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.183s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.083s (-3.0%)	18.888s (-4.0%)	1.805s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.540s (-7.6% 🟢)	19.864s (-3.2%)	2.324s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.468s (-0.7%)	15.021s (~)	0.553s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.483s (+2.2%)	15.020s (~)	0.537s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.518s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.504s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.925s (-0.5%)	15.028s (~)	0.102s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	14.953s (+5.0%)	15.029s (~)	0.076s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	29.941s (-16.2% 🟢)	31.826s (-15.9% 🟢)	1.885s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.437s (-18.0% 🟢)	33.209s (-17.5% 🟢)	1.772s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.469s (-4.8%)	35.093s (-2.8%)	2.624s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.803s (-2.3%)	14.019s (-4.9%)	0.215s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.831s (+3.1%)	14.163s (~)	0.333s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.933s (~)	14.165s (-1.0%)	0.233s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.485s (-1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.544s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	16.556s (+10.0% 🔺)	17.031s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.475s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	50.126s (-8.0% 🟢)	51.179s (-9.3% 🟢)	1.054s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.932s (-11.3% 🟢)	55.122s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.189s	2	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	61.490s (+10.9% 🔺)	63.798s (+10.5% 🔺)	2.308s	2	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.222s (+3.0%)	2.010s (~)	0.788s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.265s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.745s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.266s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.743s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.513s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.493s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.530s (+6.2% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-5.6% 🟢)	4.178s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.711s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.549s (-5.2% 🟢)	3.865s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.317s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.551s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.326s (-7.2% 🟢)	1.774s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.329s (-0.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.681s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.333s (-1.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.675s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.394s (-2.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.615s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.987s (+0.8%)	3.341s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.354s	9	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	2.999s (+16.3% 🔺)	3.564s (+18.5% 🔺)	0.565s	9	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.402s (-8.9% 🟢)	3.704s (-15.8% 🟢)	1.302s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.537s (-7.2% 🟢)	4.334s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.797s	7	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.268s (+2.5%)	1.411s	8	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.448s (-1.1%)	4.010s (~)	0.562s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.504s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.506s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.650s (+1.4%)	4.010s (~)	0.360s	8	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.648s (-8.6% 🟢)	8.518s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.870s	4	2.22x
💻 Local	Express	8.226s (+22.4% 🔺)	9.023s (+28.6% 🔺)	0.797s	4	2.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.101s (+57.4% 🔺)	5.738s (+35.5% 🔺)	1.638s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.557s (+45.7% 🔺)	6.329s (+28.4% 🔺)	1.771s	5	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.770s (+48.2% 🔺)	6.765s (+33.8% 🔺)	1.995s	5	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.216s (+2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.248s (-1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.760s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.725s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.546s (+1.5%)	2.005s (~)	0.459s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.563s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.442s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.596s (-16.8% 🟢)	1.582s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.084s (+1.7%)	4.584s (+12.0% 🔺)	2.499s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.307s (+3.5%)	4.240s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.933s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.340s (-1.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.670s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.348s (-0.6%)	3.010s (~)	0.661s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.392s (+1.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.618s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.997s (-3.2%)	3.886s (-3.1%)	0.889s	8	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	3.199s (+7.6% 🔺)	4.011s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.811s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.206s (-11.6% 🟢)	4.239s (+1.2%)	2.033s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (-14.4% 🟢)	3.824s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.511s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (-12.8% 🟢)	4.190s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.673s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.469s (-1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.542s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.472s (-0.7%)	4.012s (~)	0.540s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.643s (+1.8%)	4.012s (~)	0.370s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.658s (-7.3% 🟢)	9.026s (-10.0% 🟢)	0.368s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Express	8.825s (+9.7% 🔺)	9.274s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.449s	4	2.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.702s (-16.0% 🟢)	4.421s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.720s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.094s (+4.0%)	4.831s (-4.4%)	1.737s	7	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.167s (-5.7% 🟢)	5.482s (+1.0%)	2.315s	6	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.773s (+20.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.234s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.794s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.212s	60	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.828s (-0.7%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.195s	59	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.977s (-1.2%)	1.076s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.098s	56	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	0.983s (+40.3% 🔺)	1.137s (+13.2% 🔺)	0.154s	53	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.135s (-15.9% 🟢)	9.512s (-17.7% 🟢)	1.376s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.132s (-15.6% 🟢)	11.522s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.390s	6	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.167s (+19.6% 🔺)	13.551s (+21.6% 🔺)	2.384s	5	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.891s (-2.4%)	2.007s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.116s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.892s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.100s (+3.5%)	0.207s	43	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.938s (-1.3%)	2.124s (-4.6%)	0.186s	43	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.005s (~)	3.547s (-1.1%)	0.542s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Express	3.007s (+23.2% 🔺)	3.470s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.463s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.424s (-5.4% 🟢)	28.011s (-7.3% 🟢)	1.588s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.862s (~)	30.002s (~)	2.140s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.334s (-4.0%)	30.384s (-3.8%)	2.050s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.801s (+19.1% 🔺)	4.075s (+2.5%)	0.275s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.821s (-1.9%)	4.009s (-3.4%)	0.188s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.926s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.256s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.148s (-1.1%)	9.865s (-1.5%)	0.717s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Express	9.157s (+25.3% 🔺)	9.787s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.630s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	76.448s (+7.7% 🔺)	77.965s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.517s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	76.928s (~)	79.292s (~)	2.364s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	77.841s (+1.7%)	80.075s (+2.1%)	2.234s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.007s (~)	0.758s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.282s (+2.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.286s (+1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.722s	60	1.15x
💻 Local	Express	0.586s (+0.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.419s	60	2.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.605s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.399s	60	2.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.509s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.159s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.650s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.516s (+10.5% 🔺)	3.266s (+11.3% 🔺)	1.750s	19	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.723s (+19.4% 🔺)	3.201s (-0.5%)	1.479s	19	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.525s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.484s (-3.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.522s	90	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.491s (-2.4%)	1.007s (~)	0.516s	90	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.491s (+0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.517s	30	5.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.547s (+6.4% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.461s	30	5.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.869s (+4.1%)	5.135s (+14.5% 🔺)	2.266s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.947s (+12.4% 🔺)	4.487s (~)	1.540s	21	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.959s (+25.4% 🔺)	6.127s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.167s	15	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.764s (+15.0% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.243s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.787s (+0.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.220s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.788s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.219s	120	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	11.131s (+11.2% 🔺)	11.845s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.714s	11	14.58x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.147s (~)	11.847s (~)	0.699s	11	14.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.722s (+1.9%)	8.425s (-2.2%)	1.703s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.218s (+8.1% 🔺)	9.523s (+8.4% 🔺)	2.306s	13	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.599s (+30.2% 🔺)	9.460s (+21.4% 🔺)	1.860s	13	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.198s (-2.4%)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (-2.5%)	1.018s (~)	0.820s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.198s (+19.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+80.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.812s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.201s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.809s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	0.207s (+48.1% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.017s (~)	0.810s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.211s (+2.0%)	1.001s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.800s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.653s (+4.8%)	3.288s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.224s (-39.6% 🟢)	4.037s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.383s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.943s (+6.8% 🔺)	3.218s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.643s (+142.4% 🔺)	4.343s (+3.2%)	2.400s	10	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.306s (+50.4% 🔺)	3.398s (+22.8% 🔺)	0.639s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.396s (+10.8% 🔺)	2.090s	10	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.596s (-2.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (+3.6%)	1.021s (~)	0.425s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.609s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+4.6%)	1.026s (~)	0.417s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.630s (+3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-16.1% 🟢)	1.025s (~)	0.395s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.732s (+0.8%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-8.5% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.290s	59	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	0.819s (+46.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.116s (+9.2% 🔺)	0.297s	54	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.782s (-8.9% 🟢)	4.912s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.334s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.644s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.861s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.447s (-0.7%)	6.158s (+1.8%)	0.257s (-9.2% 🟢)	6.903s (-0.9%)	2.456s	9	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	163.672s (+3489.0% 🔺)	165.788s (+2467.5% 🔺)	0.323s (+9.2% 🔺)	166.528s (+2143.3% 🔺)	2.856s	1	43.27x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.922s (-0.9%)	1.114s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.147s (+2.4%)	0.225s	53	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.955s (-2.5%)	1.147s (-3.8%)	0.000s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.161s (-4.6%)	0.206s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.970s (+2.6%)	1.244s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.000s (-64.6% 🟢)	1.271s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.301s	48	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.217s (-1.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+100.0% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.805s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.225s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.797s	30	1.33x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.475s (+18.4% 🔺)	4.942s (+18.4% 🔺)	0.002s (+2381.8% 🔺)	5.492s (+17.8% 🔺)	2.017s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.898s (+48.8% 🔺)	5.172s (+34.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-95.3% 🟢)	5.524s (+27.9% 🔺)	1.626s	11	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.965s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.874s (+4.6%)	0.002s (-5.0% 🟢)	6.284s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.319s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.746s (-1.9%)	2.099s (-1.8%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.114s (-1.5%)	0.368s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.756s (~)	2.132s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.147s (+1.6%)	0.390s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (-4.5%)	2.072s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.079s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.283s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	3.618s (+10.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.037s (+3.3%)	0.419s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.873s (+10.6% 🔺)	4.175s (+1.8%)	0.000s (-61.7% 🟢)	4.535s (+10.5% 🔺)	0.662s	14	2.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.071s (+4.6%)	5.489s (+0.9%)	0.001s (+46.7% 🔺)	6.050s (+1.6%)	1.980s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.680s (+11.0% 🔺)	6.330s (+10.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-80.4% 🟢)	6.765s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.085s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.021s (+18.7% 🔺)	6.280s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.235s (+117177.8% 🔺)	6.879s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.858s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	17/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	20/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes a performance regression in @workflow/builders where discoverEntries()’s WeakMap cache stopped hitting during dev rebuilds, causing duplicate esbuild “discovery” passes and flaky CI timeouts.

Changes:

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution into discoverEntries() so callers can keep passing the original inputFiles array reference (restoring WeakMap cache hits).
• Updates createStepsBundle() to call discoverEntries(inputFiles, ...) directly (removing the “always new array” discoveryInputs logic).
• Adds a changeset to ship the fix as a patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Resolves workflow/runtime inside discoverEntries() and uses internal entryPoints while caching by the original inputs reference.
.changeset/fix-discovery-weakmap-cache.md	Patch changeset documenting the dev rebuild performance fix.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

Fixes flaky E2E Local Dev Tests that started failing after #1669.

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution from createStepsBundle() into discoverEntries() so callers pass the original inputFiles array reference
• Restores the WeakMap<string[], DiscoveredEntries> cache hit when createWorkflowsBundle() and createStepsBundle() are called sequentially with the same inputFiles
• Eliminates the redundant second esbuild discovery pass per build that was pushing dev rebuild times past the 50s polling timeout on CI

Root Cause

PR #1669 added workflow/runtime to the discovery inputs inside createStepsBundle:

constdiscoveryInputs=resolvedWorkflowRuntime
? [...inputFiles,resolvedWorkflowRuntime]// new array reference every time
: inputFiles;

Since resolvedWorkflowRuntime is almost always truthy, this always created a new array, causing the WeakMap cache (keyed on array reference) to never hit. Each build() call ran two full esbuild discovery passes instead of one. Combined with the broader /.*/ onResolve filter (also from #1669), this roughly doubled an already-slower build, pushing total rebuild time past the 50-second polling timeout on CI.

Fix

The workflow/runtime resolution now lives inside discoverEntries() itself. The expanded entry points list is used internally for the esbuild build, but the original inputs array is preserved as the WeakMap key. Both createWorkflowsBundle and createStepsBundle pass the same inputFiles reference and share the cache.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf45928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	898	0	182	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	82	0	8	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	74	24	231
✅ 📋 Other	228	0	42	270
Total	4060	74	687	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

redis (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

turso (60 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNXKVA0NBQK0575XSSB86Z44
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN20YHVZR405HANHF06SZA
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN262EYNAFTQ71BA4334Q2
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN28BZ0NTF07CBSGENZ4WK
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXKVPM3HNQTTXBC4Q1440F1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN2MQV3YSXJZ1J2XTMVASD
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3GGPCQC1ZYJ1PGAYHQNS
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3WH4Q9KTABH0CNGSVM5Y
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN406BSGZZ1W9D1EK6S00A
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN42GGDSYWCK3ETRMV2K7X
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6SS0WN8KG617GR4EKG28
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNXNAGDGFDVRY0VEKCCDVAT6
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNXNBTBE554F5HHN0D9SFKG6
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNXNCFT2FBXM8ECF772T5PCQ
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNXNCSGXT01BESRYJC9KSR9K
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNXNCZG6PT2FD5RYPS5JSP5T
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNXND1TC6XTKDN0271EV78SF
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNXNDG6BRYENSK2QVHAMB4BH
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNXNDZQ44MJSYX3EB7VK0WHT
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNXNE5RFN5B7TR24MECQK67F
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNXNEBKD5X0WEVKHV11SJSSY
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNXNEJP74A4TYPRT6JXS6QE2
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNXNEVA23SKAYP9N794SGDZT
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNXNF2R8ZB29WBMMR2FYMCEB
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNFB33XMFBJ2H42BZ8AZ5A
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNXNFS32SMEW1NC49W6YA6CE
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNXNG1NKXRP31JSEBXCD8P7T
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNG9YW2W42PDQV73D6SFFP
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNGKJKSTC0DPQY8F92HCPN
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNXNH0ANMC0WA83PDN8ZG4H5
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNXNHPDCRJKAXXJZ8NM6H1G8
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNXNJ18SG5AR6B1WT37ZGYDR
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNXNJ8CW3JQ78P6E7053SSPR
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNXNJAPPQGA66DJ1ASP92QRC
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNJGR1CRB0ZH6EXEJGVP5Z

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	82	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	7	8
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	7	8
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	60	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	76	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (+19.8% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.057s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.950s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+5.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.951s	10	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.242s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.035s (-9.9% 🟢)	1.792s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.247s (-4.6%)	1.934s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.688s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.276s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.946s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.125s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.881s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.129s (+3.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.876s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.132s (+0.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (-0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.870s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.857s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.856s (-9.3% 🟢)	3.907s (-4.7%)	2.051s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.010s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.953s (+3.2%)	1.942s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.285s (+15.3% 🔺)	4.320s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.034s	10	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.878s (+0.8%)	11.017s (~)	0.139s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.878s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.140s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.884s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.135s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.933s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.091s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.953s (+3.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.069s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.773s (-5.3% 🟢)	17.956s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.183s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.083s (-3.0%)	18.888s (-4.0%)	1.805s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.540s (-7.6% 🟢)	19.864s (-3.2%)	2.324s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.468s (-0.7%)	15.021s (~)	0.553s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.483s (+2.2%)	15.020s (~)	0.537s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.518s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.504s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.925s (-0.5%)	15.028s (~)	0.102s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	14.953s (+5.0%)	15.029s (~)	0.076s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	29.941s (-16.2% 🟢)	31.826s (-15.9% 🟢)	1.885s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.437s (-18.0% 🟢)	33.209s (-17.5% 🟢)	1.772s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.469s (-4.8%)	35.093s (-2.8%)	2.624s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.803s (-2.3%)	14.019s (-4.9%)	0.215s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.831s (+3.1%)	14.163s (~)	0.333s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.933s (~)	14.165s (-1.0%)	0.233s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.485s (-1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.544s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	16.556s (+10.0% 🔺)	17.031s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.475s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	50.126s (-8.0% 🟢)	51.179s (-9.3% 🟢)	1.054s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.932s (-11.3% 🟢)	55.122s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.189s	2	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	61.490s (+10.9% 🔺)	63.798s (+10.5% 🔺)	2.308s	2	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.222s (+3.0%)	2.010s (~)	0.788s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.265s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.745s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.266s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.743s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.513s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.493s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.530s (+6.2% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-5.6% 🟢)	4.178s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.711s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.549s (-5.2% 🟢)	3.865s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.317s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.551s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.326s (-7.2% 🟢)	1.774s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.329s (-0.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.681s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.333s (-1.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.675s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.394s (-2.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.615s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.987s (+0.8%)	3.341s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.354s	9	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	2.999s (+16.3% 🔺)	3.564s (+18.5% 🔺)	0.565s	9	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.402s (-8.9% 🟢)	3.704s (-15.8% 🟢)	1.302s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.537s (-7.2% 🟢)	4.334s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.797s	7	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.268s (+2.5%)	1.411s	8	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.448s (-1.1%)	4.010s (~)	0.562s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.504s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.506s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.650s (+1.4%)	4.010s (~)	0.360s	8	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.648s (-8.6% 🟢)	8.518s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.870s	4	2.22x
💻 Local	Express	8.226s (+22.4% 🔺)	9.023s (+28.6% 🔺)	0.797s	4	2.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.101s (+57.4% 🔺)	5.738s (+35.5% 🔺)	1.638s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.557s (+45.7% 🔺)	6.329s (+28.4% 🔺)	1.771s	5	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.770s (+48.2% 🔺)	6.765s (+33.8% 🔺)	1.995s	5	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.216s (+2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.248s (-1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.760s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.725s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.546s (+1.5%)	2.005s (~)	0.459s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.563s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.442s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.596s (-16.8% 🟢)	1.582s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.084s (+1.7%)	4.584s (+12.0% 🔺)	2.499s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.307s (+3.5%)	4.240s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.933s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.340s (-1.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.670s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.348s (-0.6%)	3.010s (~)	0.661s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.392s (+1.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.618s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.997s (-3.2%)	3.886s (-3.1%)	0.889s	8	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	3.199s (+7.6% 🔺)	4.011s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.811s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.206s (-11.6% 🟢)	4.239s (+1.2%)	2.033s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (-14.4% 🟢)	3.824s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.511s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (-12.8% 🟢)	4.190s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.673s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.469s (-1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.542s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.472s (-0.7%)	4.012s (~)	0.540s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.643s (+1.8%)	4.012s (~)	0.370s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.658s (-7.3% 🟢)	9.026s (-10.0% 🟢)	0.368s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Express	8.825s (+9.7% 🔺)	9.274s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.449s	4	2.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.702s (-16.0% 🟢)	4.421s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.720s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.094s (+4.0%)	4.831s (-4.4%)	1.737s	7	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.167s (-5.7% 🟢)	5.482s (+1.0%)	2.315s	6	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.773s (+20.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.234s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.794s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.212s	60	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.828s (-0.7%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.195s	59	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.977s (-1.2%)	1.076s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.098s	56	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	0.983s (+40.3% 🔺)	1.137s (+13.2% 🔺)	0.154s	53	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.135s (-15.9% 🟢)	9.512s (-17.7% 🟢)	1.376s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.132s (-15.6% 🟢)	11.522s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.390s	6	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.167s (+19.6% 🔺)	13.551s (+21.6% 🔺)	2.384s	5	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.891s (-2.4%)	2.007s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.116s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.892s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.100s (+3.5%)	0.207s	43	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.938s (-1.3%)	2.124s (-4.6%)	0.186s	43	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.005s (~)	3.547s (-1.1%)	0.542s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Express	3.007s (+23.2% 🔺)	3.470s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.463s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.424s (-5.4% 🟢)	28.011s (-7.3% 🟢)	1.588s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.862s (~)	30.002s (~)	2.140s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.334s (-4.0%)	30.384s (-3.8%)	2.050s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.801s (+19.1% 🔺)	4.075s (+2.5%)	0.275s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.821s (-1.9%)	4.009s (-3.4%)	0.188s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.926s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.256s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.148s (-1.1%)	9.865s (-1.5%)	0.717s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Express	9.157s (+25.3% 🔺)	9.787s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.630s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	76.448s (+7.7% 🔺)	77.965s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.517s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	76.928s (~)	79.292s (~)	2.364s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	77.841s (+1.7%)	80.075s (+2.1%)	2.234s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.007s (~)	0.758s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.282s (+2.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.286s (+1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.722s	60	1.15x
💻 Local	Express	0.586s (+0.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.419s	60	2.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.605s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.399s	60	2.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.509s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.159s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.650s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.516s (+10.5% 🔺)	3.266s (+11.3% 🔺)	1.750s	19	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.723s (+19.4% 🔺)	3.201s (-0.5%)	1.479s	19	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.525s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.484s (-3.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.522s	90	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.491s (-2.4%)	1.007s (~)	0.516s	90	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.491s (+0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.517s	30	5.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.547s (+6.4% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.461s	30	5.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.869s (+4.1%)	5.135s (+14.5% 🔺)	2.266s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.947s (+12.4% 🔺)	4.487s (~)	1.540s	21	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.959s (+25.4% 🔺)	6.127s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.167s	15	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.764s (+15.0% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.243s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.787s (+0.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.220s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.788s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.219s	120	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	11.131s (+11.2% 🔺)	11.845s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.714s	11	14.58x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.147s (~)	11.847s (~)	0.699s	11	14.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.722s (+1.9%)	8.425s (-2.2%)	1.703s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.218s (+8.1% 🔺)	9.523s (+8.4% 🔺)	2.306s	13	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.599s (+30.2% 🔺)	9.460s (+21.4% 🔺)	1.860s	13	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.198s (-2.4%)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (-2.5%)	1.018s (~)	0.820s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.198s (+19.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+80.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.812s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.201s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.809s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	0.207s (+48.1% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.017s (~)	0.810s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.211s (+2.0%)	1.001s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.800s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.653s (+4.8%)	3.288s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.224s (-39.6% 🟢)	4.037s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.383s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.943s (+6.8% 🔺)	3.218s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.643s (+142.4% 🔺)	4.343s (+3.2%)	2.400s	10	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.306s (+50.4% 🔺)	3.398s (+22.8% 🔺)	0.639s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.396s (+10.8% 🔺)	2.090s	10	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.596s (-2.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (+3.6%)	1.021s (~)	0.425s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.609s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+4.6%)	1.026s (~)	0.417s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.630s (+3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-16.1% 🟢)	1.025s (~)	0.395s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.732s (+0.8%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-8.5% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.290s	59	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	0.819s (+46.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.116s (+9.2% 🔺)	0.297s	54	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.782s (-8.9% 🟢)	4.912s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.334s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.644s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.861s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.447s (-0.7%)	6.158s (+1.8%)	0.257s (-9.2% 🟢)	6.903s (-0.9%)	2.456s	9	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	163.672s (+3489.0% 🔺)	165.788s (+2467.5% 🔺)	0.323s (+9.2% 🔺)	166.528s (+2143.3% 🔺)	2.856s	1	43.27x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.922s (-0.9%)	1.114s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.147s (+2.4%)	0.225s	53	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.955s (-2.5%)	1.147s (-3.8%)	0.000s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.161s (-4.6%)	0.206s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.970s (+2.6%)	1.244s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.000s (-64.6% 🟢)	1.271s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.301s	48	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.217s (-1.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+100.0% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.805s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.225s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.797s	30	1.33x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.475s (+18.4% 🔺)	4.942s (+18.4% 🔺)	0.002s (+2381.8% 🔺)	5.492s (+17.8% 🔺)	2.017s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.898s (+48.8% 🔺)	5.172s (+34.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-95.3% 🟢)	5.524s (+27.9% 🔺)	1.626s	11	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.965s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.874s (+4.6%)	0.002s (-5.0% 🟢)	6.284s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.319s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.746s (-1.9%)	2.099s (-1.8%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.114s (-1.5%)	0.368s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.756s (~)	2.132s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.147s (+1.6%)	0.390s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (-4.5%)	2.072s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.079s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.283s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	3.618s (+10.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.037s (+3.3%)	0.419s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.873s (+10.6% 🔺)	4.175s (+1.8%)	0.000s (-61.7% 🟢)	4.535s (+10.5% 🔺)	0.662s	14	2.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.071s (+4.6%)	5.489s (+0.9%)	0.001s (+46.7% 🔺)	6.050s (+1.6%)	1.980s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.680s (+11.0% 🔺)	6.330s (+10.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-80.4% 🟢)	6.765s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.085s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.021s (+18.7% 🔺)	6.280s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.235s (+117177.8% 🔺)	6.879s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.858s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	17/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	20/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes a performance regression in @workflow/builders where discoverEntries()’s WeakMap cache stopped hitting during dev rebuilds, causing duplicate esbuild “discovery” passes and flaky CI timeouts.

Changes:

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution into discoverEntries() so callers can keep passing the original inputFiles array reference (restoring WeakMap cache hits).
• Updates createStepsBundle() to call discoverEntries(inputFiles, ...) directly (removing the “always new array” discoveryInputs logic).
• Adds a changeset to ship the fix as a patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Resolves workflow/runtime inside discoverEntries() and uses internal entryPoints while caching by the original inputs reference.
.changeset/fix-discovery-weakmap-cache.md	Patch changeset documenting the dev rebuild performance fix.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

Fixes flaky E2E Local Dev Tests that started failing after #1669.

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution from createStepsBundle() into discoverEntries() so callers pass the original inputFiles array reference
• Restores the WeakMap<string[], DiscoveredEntries> cache hit when createWorkflowsBundle() and createStepsBundle() are called sequentially with the same inputFiles
• Eliminates the redundant second esbuild discovery pass per build that was pushing dev rebuild times past the 50s polling timeout on CI

Root Cause

PR #1669 added workflow/runtime to the discovery inputs inside createStepsBundle:

constdiscoveryInputs=resolvedWorkflowRuntime
? [...inputFiles,resolvedWorkflowRuntime]// new array reference every time
: inputFiles;

Since resolvedWorkflowRuntime is almost always truthy, this always created a new array, causing the WeakMap cache (keyed on array reference) to never hit. Each build() call ran two full esbuild discovery passes instead of one. Combined with the broader /.*/ onResolve filter (also from #1669), this roughly doubled an already-slower build, pushing total rebuild time past the 50-second polling timeout on CI.

Fix

The workflow/runtime resolution now lives inside discoverEntries() itself. The expanded entry points list is used internally for the esbuild build, but the original inputs array is preserved as the WeakMap key. Both createWorkflowsBundle and createStepsBundle pass the same inputFiles reference and share the cache.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf45928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	898	0	182	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	82	0	8	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	74	24	231
✅ 📋 Other	228	0	42	270
Total	4060	74	687	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

redis (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

turso (60 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNXKVA0NBQK0575XSSB86Z44
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN20YHVZR405HANHF06SZA
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN262EYNAFTQ71BA4334Q2
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN28BZ0NTF07CBSGENZ4WK
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXKVPM3HNQTTXBC4Q1440F1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN2MQV3YSXJZ1J2XTMVASD
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3GGPCQC1ZYJ1PGAYHQNS
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3WH4Q9KTABH0CNGSVM5Y
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN406BSGZZ1W9D1EK6S00A
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN42GGDSYWCK3ETRMV2K7X
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6SS0WN8KG617GR4EKG28
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNXNAGDGFDVRY0VEKCCDVAT6
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNXNBTBE554F5HHN0D9SFKG6
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNXNCFT2FBXM8ECF772T5PCQ
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNXNCSGXT01BESRYJC9KSR9K
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNXNCZG6PT2FD5RYPS5JSP5T
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNXND1TC6XTKDN0271EV78SF
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNXNDG6BRYENSK2QVHAMB4BH
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNXNDZQ44MJSYX3EB7VK0WHT
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNXNE5RFN5B7TR24MECQK67F
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNXNEBKD5X0WEVKHV11SJSSY
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNXNEJP74A4TYPRT6JXS6QE2
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNXNEVA23SKAYP9N794SGDZT
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNXNF2R8ZB29WBMMR2FYMCEB
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNFB33XMFBJ2H42BZ8AZ5A
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNXNFS32SMEW1NC49W6YA6CE
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNXNG1NKXRP31JSEBXCD8P7T
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNG9YW2W42PDQV73D6SFFP
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNGKJKSTC0DPQY8F92HCPN
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNXNH0ANMC0WA83PDN8ZG4H5
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNXNHPDCRJKAXXJZ8NM6H1G8
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNXNJ18SG5AR6B1WT37ZGYDR
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNXNJ8CW3JQ78P6E7053SSPR
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNXNJAPPQGA66DJ1ASP92QRC
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNJGR1CRB0ZH6EXEJGVP5Z

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	82	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	7	8
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	7	8
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	60	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	76	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (+19.8% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.057s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.950s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+5.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.951s	10	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.242s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.035s (-9.9% 🟢)	1.792s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.247s (-4.6%)	1.934s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.688s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.276s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.946s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.125s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.881s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.129s (+3.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.876s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.132s (+0.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (-0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.870s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.857s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.856s (-9.3% 🟢)	3.907s (-4.7%)	2.051s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.010s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.953s (+3.2%)	1.942s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.285s (+15.3% 🔺)	4.320s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.034s	10	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.878s (+0.8%)	11.017s (~)	0.139s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.878s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.140s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.884s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.135s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.933s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.091s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.953s (+3.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.069s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.773s (-5.3% 🟢)	17.956s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.183s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.083s (-3.0%)	18.888s (-4.0%)	1.805s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.540s (-7.6% 🟢)	19.864s (-3.2%)	2.324s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.468s (-0.7%)	15.021s (~)	0.553s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.483s (+2.2%)	15.020s (~)	0.537s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.518s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.504s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.925s (-0.5%)	15.028s (~)	0.102s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	14.953s (+5.0%)	15.029s (~)	0.076s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	29.941s (-16.2% 🟢)	31.826s (-15.9% 🟢)	1.885s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.437s (-18.0% 🟢)	33.209s (-17.5% 🟢)	1.772s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.469s (-4.8%)	35.093s (-2.8%)	2.624s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.803s (-2.3%)	14.019s (-4.9%)	0.215s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.831s (+3.1%)	14.163s (~)	0.333s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.933s (~)	14.165s (-1.0%)	0.233s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.485s (-1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.544s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	16.556s (+10.0% 🔺)	17.031s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.475s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	50.126s (-8.0% 🟢)	51.179s (-9.3% 🟢)	1.054s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.932s (-11.3% 🟢)	55.122s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.189s	2	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	61.490s (+10.9% 🔺)	63.798s (+10.5% 🔺)	2.308s	2	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.222s (+3.0%)	2.010s (~)	0.788s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.265s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.745s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.266s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.743s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.513s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.493s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.530s (+6.2% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-5.6% 🟢)	4.178s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.711s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.549s (-5.2% 🟢)	3.865s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.317s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.551s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.326s (-7.2% 🟢)	1.774s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.329s (-0.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.681s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.333s (-1.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.675s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.394s (-2.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.615s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.987s (+0.8%)	3.341s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.354s	9	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	2.999s (+16.3% 🔺)	3.564s (+18.5% 🔺)	0.565s	9	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.402s (-8.9% 🟢)	3.704s (-15.8% 🟢)	1.302s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.537s (-7.2% 🟢)	4.334s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.797s	7	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.268s (+2.5%)	1.411s	8	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.448s (-1.1%)	4.010s (~)	0.562s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.504s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.506s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.650s (+1.4%)	4.010s (~)	0.360s	8	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.648s (-8.6% 🟢)	8.518s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.870s	4	2.22x
💻 Local	Express	8.226s (+22.4% 🔺)	9.023s (+28.6% 🔺)	0.797s	4	2.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.101s (+57.4% 🔺)	5.738s (+35.5% 🔺)	1.638s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.557s (+45.7% 🔺)	6.329s (+28.4% 🔺)	1.771s	5	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.770s (+48.2% 🔺)	6.765s (+33.8% 🔺)	1.995s	5	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.216s (+2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.248s (-1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.760s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.725s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.546s (+1.5%)	2.005s (~)	0.459s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.563s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.442s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.596s (-16.8% 🟢)	1.582s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.084s (+1.7%)	4.584s (+12.0% 🔺)	2.499s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.307s (+3.5%)	4.240s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.933s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.340s (-1.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.670s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.348s (-0.6%)	3.010s (~)	0.661s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.392s (+1.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.618s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.997s (-3.2%)	3.886s (-3.1%)	0.889s	8	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	3.199s (+7.6% 🔺)	4.011s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.811s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.206s (-11.6% 🟢)	4.239s (+1.2%)	2.033s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (-14.4% 🟢)	3.824s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.511s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (-12.8% 🟢)	4.190s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.673s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.469s (-1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.542s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.472s (-0.7%)	4.012s (~)	0.540s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.643s (+1.8%)	4.012s (~)	0.370s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.658s (-7.3% 🟢)	9.026s (-10.0% 🟢)	0.368s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Express	8.825s (+9.7% 🔺)	9.274s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.449s	4	2.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.702s (-16.0% 🟢)	4.421s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.720s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.094s (+4.0%)	4.831s (-4.4%)	1.737s	7	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.167s (-5.7% 🟢)	5.482s (+1.0%)	2.315s	6	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.773s (+20.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.234s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.794s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.212s	60	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.828s (-0.7%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.195s	59	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.977s (-1.2%)	1.076s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.098s	56	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	0.983s (+40.3% 🔺)	1.137s (+13.2% 🔺)	0.154s	53	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.135s (-15.9% 🟢)	9.512s (-17.7% 🟢)	1.376s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.132s (-15.6% 🟢)	11.522s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.390s	6	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.167s (+19.6% 🔺)	13.551s (+21.6% 🔺)	2.384s	5	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.891s (-2.4%)	2.007s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.116s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.892s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.100s (+3.5%)	0.207s	43	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.938s (-1.3%)	2.124s (-4.6%)	0.186s	43	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.005s (~)	3.547s (-1.1%)	0.542s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Express	3.007s (+23.2% 🔺)	3.470s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.463s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.424s (-5.4% 🟢)	28.011s (-7.3% 🟢)	1.588s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.862s (~)	30.002s (~)	2.140s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.334s (-4.0%)	30.384s (-3.8%)	2.050s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.801s (+19.1% 🔺)	4.075s (+2.5%)	0.275s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.821s (-1.9%)	4.009s (-3.4%)	0.188s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.926s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.256s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.148s (-1.1%)	9.865s (-1.5%)	0.717s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Express	9.157s (+25.3% 🔺)	9.787s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.630s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	76.448s (+7.7% 🔺)	77.965s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.517s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	76.928s (~)	79.292s (~)	2.364s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	77.841s (+1.7%)	80.075s (+2.1%)	2.234s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.007s (~)	0.758s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.282s (+2.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.286s (+1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.722s	60	1.15x
💻 Local	Express	0.586s (+0.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.419s	60	2.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.605s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.399s	60	2.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.509s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.159s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.650s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.516s (+10.5% 🔺)	3.266s (+11.3% 🔺)	1.750s	19	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.723s (+19.4% 🔺)	3.201s (-0.5%)	1.479s	19	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.525s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.484s (-3.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.522s	90	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.491s (-2.4%)	1.007s (~)	0.516s	90	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.491s (+0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.517s	30	5.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.547s (+6.4% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.461s	30	5.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.869s (+4.1%)	5.135s (+14.5% 🔺)	2.266s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.947s (+12.4% 🔺)	4.487s (~)	1.540s	21	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.959s (+25.4% 🔺)	6.127s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.167s	15	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.764s (+15.0% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.243s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.787s (+0.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.220s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.788s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.219s	120	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	11.131s (+11.2% 🔺)	11.845s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.714s	11	14.58x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.147s (~)	11.847s (~)	0.699s	11	14.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.722s (+1.9%)	8.425s (-2.2%)	1.703s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.218s (+8.1% 🔺)	9.523s (+8.4% 🔺)	2.306s	13	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.599s (+30.2% 🔺)	9.460s (+21.4% 🔺)	1.860s	13	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.198s (-2.4%)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (-2.5%)	1.018s (~)	0.820s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.198s (+19.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+80.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.812s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.201s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.809s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	0.207s (+48.1% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.017s (~)	0.810s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.211s (+2.0%)	1.001s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.800s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.653s (+4.8%)	3.288s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.224s (-39.6% 🟢)	4.037s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.383s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.943s (+6.8% 🔺)	3.218s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.643s (+142.4% 🔺)	4.343s (+3.2%)	2.400s	10	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.306s (+50.4% 🔺)	3.398s (+22.8% 🔺)	0.639s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.396s (+10.8% 🔺)	2.090s	10	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.596s (-2.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (+3.6%)	1.021s (~)	0.425s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.609s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+4.6%)	1.026s (~)	0.417s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.630s (+3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-16.1% 🟢)	1.025s (~)	0.395s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.732s (+0.8%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-8.5% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.290s	59	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	0.819s (+46.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.116s (+9.2% 🔺)	0.297s	54	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.782s (-8.9% 🟢)	4.912s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.334s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.644s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.861s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.447s (-0.7%)	6.158s (+1.8%)	0.257s (-9.2% 🟢)	6.903s (-0.9%)	2.456s	9	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	163.672s (+3489.0% 🔺)	165.788s (+2467.5% 🔺)	0.323s (+9.2% 🔺)	166.528s (+2143.3% 🔺)	2.856s	1	43.27x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.922s (-0.9%)	1.114s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.147s (+2.4%)	0.225s	53	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.955s (-2.5%)	1.147s (-3.8%)	0.000s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.161s (-4.6%)	0.206s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.970s (+2.6%)	1.244s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.000s (-64.6% 🟢)	1.271s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.301s	48	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.217s (-1.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+100.0% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.805s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.225s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.797s	30	1.33x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.475s (+18.4% 🔺)	4.942s (+18.4% 🔺)	0.002s (+2381.8% 🔺)	5.492s (+17.8% 🔺)	2.017s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.898s (+48.8% 🔺)	5.172s (+34.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-95.3% 🟢)	5.524s (+27.9% 🔺)	1.626s	11	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.965s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.874s (+4.6%)	0.002s (-5.0% 🟢)	6.284s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.319s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.746s (-1.9%)	2.099s (-1.8%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.114s (-1.5%)	0.368s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.756s (~)	2.132s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.147s (+1.6%)	0.390s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (-4.5%)	2.072s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.079s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.283s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	3.618s (+10.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.037s (+3.3%)	0.419s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.873s (+10.6% 🔺)	4.175s (+1.8%)	0.000s (-61.7% 🟢)	4.535s (+10.5% 🔺)	0.662s	14	2.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.071s (+4.6%)	5.489s (+0.9%)	0.001s (+46.7% 🔺)	6.050s (+1.6%)	1.980s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.680s (+11.0% 🔺)	6.330s (+10.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-80.4% 🟢)	6.765s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.085s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.021s (+18.7% 🔺)	6.280s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.235s (+117177.8% 🔺)	6.879s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.858s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	17/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	20/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes a performance regression in @workflow/builders where discoverEntries()’s WeakMap cache stopped hitting during dev rebuilds, causing duplicate esbuild “discovery” passes and flaky CI timeouts.

Changes:

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution into discoverEntries() so callers can keep passing the original inputFiles array reference (restoring WeakMap cache hits).
• Updates createStepsBundle() to call discoverEntries(inputFiles, ...) directly (removing the “always new array” discoveryInputs logic).
• Adds a changeset to ship the fix as a patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Resolves workflow/runtime inside discoverEntries() and uses internal entryPoints while caching by the original inputs reference.
.changeset/fix-discovery-weakmap-cache.md	Patch changeset documenting the dev rebuild performance fix.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

Fixes flaky E2E Local Dev Tests that started failing after #1669.

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution from createStepsBundle() into discoverEntries() so callers pass the original inputFiles array reference
• Restores the WeakMap<string[], DiscoveredEntries> cache hit when createWorkflowsBundle() and createStepsBundle() are called sequentially with the same inputFiles
• Eliminates the redundant second esbuild discovery pass per build that was pushing dev rebuild times past the 50s polling timeout on CI

Root Cause

PR #1669 added workflow/runtime to the discovery inputs inside createStepsBundle:

constdiscoveryInputs=resolvedWorkflowRuntime
? [...inputFiles,resolvedWorkflowRuntime]// new array reference every time
: inputFiles;

Since resolvedWorkflowRuntime is almost always truthy, this always created a new array, causing the WeakMap cache (keyed on array reference) to never hit. Each build() call ran two full esbuild discovery passes instead of one. Combined with the broader /.*/ onResolve filter (also from #1669), this roughly doubled an already-slower build, pushing total rebuild time past the 50-second polling timeout on CI.

Fix

The workflow/runtime resolution now lives inside discoverEntries() itself. The expanded entry points list is used internally for the esbuild build, but the original inputs array is preserved as the WeakMap key. Both createWorkflowsBundle and createStepsBundle pass the same inputFiles reference and share the cache.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf45928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	898	0	182	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	82	0	8	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	74	24	231
✅ 📋 Other	228	0	42	270
Total	4060	74	687	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

redis (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

turso (60 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNXKVA0NBQK0575XSSB86Z44
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN20YHVZR405HANHF06SZA
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN262EYNAFTQ71BA4334Q2
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN28BZ0NTF07CBSGENZ4WK
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXKVPM3HNQTTXBC4Q1440F1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN2MQV3YSXJZ1J2XTMVASD
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3GGPCQC1ZYJ1PGAYHQNS
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3WH4Q9KTABH0CNGSVM5Y
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN406BSGZZ1W9D1EK6S00A
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN42GGDSYWCK3ETRMV2K7X
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6SS0WN8KG617GR4EKG28
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNXNAGDGFDVRY0VEKCCDVAT6
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNXNBTBE554F5HHN0D9SFKG6
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNXNCFT2FBXM8ECF772T5PCQ
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNXNCSGXT01BESRYJC9KSR9K
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNXNCZG6PT2FD5RYPS5JSP5T
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNXND1TC6XTKDN0271EV78SF
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNXNDG6BRYENSK2QVHAMB4BH
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNXNDZQ44MJSYX3EB7VK0WHT
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNXNE5RFN5B7TR24MECQK67F
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNXNEBKD5X0WEVKHV11SJSSY
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNXNEJP74A4TYPRT6JXS6QE2
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNXNEVA23SKAYP9N794SGDZT
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNXNF2R8ZB29WBMMR2FYMCEB
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNFB33XMFBJ2H42BZ8AZ5A
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNXNFS32SMEW1NC49W6YA6CE
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNXNG1NKXRP31JSEBXCD8P7T
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNG9YW2W42PDQV73D6SFFP
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNGKJKSTC0DPQY8F92HCPN
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNXNH0ANMC0WA83PDN8ZG4H5
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNXNHPDCRJKAXXJZ8NM6H1G8
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNXNJ18SG5AR6B1WT37ZGYDR
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNXNJ8CW3JQ78P6E7053SSPR
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNXNJAPPQGA66DJ1ASP92QRC
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNJGR1CRB0ZH6EXEJGVP5Z

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	82	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	7	8
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	7	8
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	60	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	76	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (+19.8% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.057s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.950s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+5.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.951s	10	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.242s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.035s (-9.9% 🟢)	1.792s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.247s (-4.6%)	1.934s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.688s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.276s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.946s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.125s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.881s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.129s (+3.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.876s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.132s (+0.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (-0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.870s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.857s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.856s (-9.3% 🟢)	3.907s (-4.7%)	2.051s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.010s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.953s (+3.2%)	1.942s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.285s (+15.3% 🔺)	4.320s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.034s	10	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.878s (+0.8%)	11.017s (~)	0.139s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.878s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.140s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.884s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.135s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.933s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.091s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.953s (+3.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.069s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.773s (-5.3% 🟢)	17.956s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.183s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.083s (-3.0%)	18.888s (-4.0%)	1.805s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.540s (-7.6% 🟢)	19.864s (-3.2%)	2.324s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.468s (-0.7%)	15.021s (~)	0.553s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.483s (+2.2%)	15.020s (~)	0.537s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.518s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.504s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.925s (-0.5%)	15.028s (~)	0.102s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	14.953s (+5.0%)	15.029s (~)	0.076s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	29.941s (-16.2% 🟢)	31.826s (-15.9% 🟢)	1.885s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.437s (-18.0% 🟢)	33.209s (-17.5% 🟢)	1.772s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.469s (-4.8%)	35.093s (-2.8%)	2.624s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.803s (-2.3%)	14.019s (-4.9%)	0.215s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.831s (+3.1%)	14.163s (~)	0.333s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.933s (~)	14.165s (-1.0%)	0.233s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.485s (-1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.544s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	16.556s (+10.0% 🔺)	17.031s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.475s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	50.126s (-8.0% 🟢)	51.179s (-9.3% 🟢)	1.054s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.932s (-11.3% 🟢)	55.122s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.189s	2	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	61.490s (+10.9% 🔺)	63.798s (+10.5% 🔺)	2.308s	2	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.222s (+3.0%)	2.010s (~)	0.788s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.265s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.745s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.266s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.743s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.513s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.493s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.530s (+6.2% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-5.6% 🟢)	4.178s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.711s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.549s (-5.2% 🟢)	3.865s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.317s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.551s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.326s (-7.2% 🟢)	1.774s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.329s (-0.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.681s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.333s (-1.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.675s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.394s (-2.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.615s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.987s (+0.8%)	3.341s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.354s	9	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	2.999s (+16.3% 🔺)	3.564s (+18.5% 🔺)	0.565s	9	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.402s (-8.9% 🟢)	3.704s (-15.8% 🟢)	1.302s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.537s (-7.2% 🟢)	4.334s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.797s	7	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.268s (+2.5%)	1.411s	8	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.448s (-1.1%)	4.010s (~)	0.562s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.504s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.506s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.650s (+1.4%)	4.010s (~)	0.360s	8	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.648s (-8.6% 🟢)	8.518s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.870s	4	2.22x
💻 Local	Express	8.226s (+22.4% 🔺)	9.023s (+28.6% 🔺)	0.797s	4	2.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.101s (+57.4% 🔺)	5.738s (+35.5% 🔺)	1.638s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.557s (+45.7% 🔺)	6.329s (+28.4% 🔺)	1.771s	5	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.770s (+48.2% 🔺)	6.765s (+33.8% 🔺)	1.995s	5	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.216s (+2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.248s (-1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.760s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.725s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.546s (+1.5%)	2.005s (~)	0.459s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.563s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.442s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.596s (-16.8% 🟢)	1.582s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.084s (+1.7%)	4.584s (+12.0% 🔺)	2.499s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.307s (+3.5%)	4.240s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.933s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.340s (-1.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.670s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.348s (-0.6%)	3.010s (~)	0.661s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.392s (+1.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.618s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.997s (-3.2%)	3.886s (-3.1%)	0.889s	8	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	3.199s (+7.6% 🔺)	4.011s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.811s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.206s (-11.6% 🟢)	4.239s (+1.2%)	2.033s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (-14.4% 🟢)	3.824s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.511s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (-12.8% 🟢)	4.190s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.673s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.469s (-1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.542s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.472s (-0.7%)	4.012s (~)	0.540s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.643s (+1.8%)	4.012s (~)	0.370s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.658s (-7.3% 🟢)	9.026s (-10.0% 🟢)	0.368s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Express	8.825s (+9.7% 🔺)	9.274s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.449s	4	2.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.702s (-16.0% 🟢)	4.421s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.720s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.094s (+4.0%)	4.831s (-4.4%)	1.737s	7	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.167s (-5.7% 🟢)	5.482s (+1.0%)	2.315s	6	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.773s (+20.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.234s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.794s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.212s	60	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.828s (-0.7%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.195s	59	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.977s (-1.2%)	1.076s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.098s	56	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	0.983s (+40.3% 🔺)	1.137s (+13.2% 🔺)	0.154s	53	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.135s (-15.9% 🟢)	9.512s (-17.7% 🟢)	1.376s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.132s (-15.6% 🟢)	11.522s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.390s	6	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.167s (+19.6% 🔺)	13.551s (+21.6% 🔺)	2.384s	5	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.891s (-2.4%)	2.007s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.116s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.892s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.100s (+3.5%)	0.207s	43	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.938s (-1.3%)	2.124s (-4.6%)	0.186s	43	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.005s (~)	3.547s (-1.1%)	0.542s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Express	3.007s (+23.2% 🔺)	3.470s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.463s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.424s (-5.4% 🟢)	28.011s (-7.3% 🟢)	1.588s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.862s (~)	30.002s (~)	2.140s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.334s (-4.0%)	30.384s (-3.8%)	2.050s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.801s (+19.1% 🔺)	4.075s (+2.5%)	0.275s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.821s (-1.9%)	4.009s (-3.4%)	0.188s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.926s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.256s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.148s (-1.1%)	9.865s (-1.5%)	0.717s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Express	9.157s (+25.3% 🔺)	9.787s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.630s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	76.448s (+7.7% 🔺)	77.965s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.517s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	76.928s (~)	79.292s (~)	2.364s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	77.841s (+1.7%)	80.075s (+2.1%)	2.234s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.007s (~)	0.758s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.282s (+2.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.286s (+1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.722s	60	1.15x
💻 Local	Express	0.586s (+0.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.419s	60	2.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.605s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.399s	60	2.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.509s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.159s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.650s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.516s (+10.5% 🔺)	3.266s (+11.3% 🔺)	1.750s	19	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.723s (+19.4% 🔺)	3.201s (-0.5%)	1.479s	19	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.525s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.484s (-3.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.522s	90	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.491s (-2.4%)	1.007s (~)	0.516s	90	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.491s (+0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.517s	30	5.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.547s (+6.4% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.461s	30	5.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.869s (+4.1%)	5.135s (+14.5% 🔺)	2.266s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.947s (+12.4% 🔺)	4.487s (~)	1.540s	21	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.959s (+25.4% 🔺)	6.127s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.167s	15	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.764s (+15.0% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.243s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.787s (+0.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.220s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.788s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.219s	120	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	11.131s (+11.2% 🔺)	11.845s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.714s	11	14.58x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.147s (~)	11.847s (~)	0.699s	11	14.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.722s (+1.9%)	8.425s (-2.2%)	1.703s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.218s (+8.1% 🔺)	9.523s (+8.4% 🔺)	2.306s	13	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.599s (+30.2% 🔺)	9.460s (+21.4% 🔺)	1.860s	13	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.198s (-2.4%)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (-2.5%)	1.018s (~)	0.820s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.198s (+19.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+80.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.812s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.201s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.809s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	0.207s (+48.1% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.017s (~)	0.810s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.211s (+2.0%)	1.001s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.800s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.653s (+4.8%)	3.288s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.224s (-39.6% 🟢)	4.037s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.383s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.943s (+6.8% 🔺)	3.218s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.643s (+142.4% 🔺)	4.343s (+3.2%)	2.400s	10	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.306s (+50.4% 🔺)	3.398s (+22.8% 🔺)	0.639s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.396s (+10.8% 🔺)	2.090s	10	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.596s (-2.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (+3.6%)	1.021s (~)	0.425s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.609s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+4.6%)	1.026s (~)	0.417s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.630s (+3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-16.1% 🟢)	1.025s (~)	0.395s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.732s (+0.8%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-8.5% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.290s	59	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	0.819s (+46.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.116s (+9.2% 🔺)	0.297s	54	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.782s (-8.9% 🟢)	4.912s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.334s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.644s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.861s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.447s (-0.7%)	6.158s (+1.8%)	0.257s (-9.2% 🟢)	6.903s (-0.9%)	2.456s	9	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	163.672s (+3489.0% 🔺)	165.788s (+2467.5% 🔺)	0.323s (+9.2% 🔺)	166.528s (+2143.3% 🔺)	2.856s	1	43.27x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.922s (-0.9%)	1.114s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.147s (+2.4%)	0.225s	53	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.955s (-2.5%)	1.147s (-3.8%)	0.000s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.161s (-4.6%)	0.206s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.970s (+2.6%)	1.244s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.000s (-64.6% 🟢)	1.271s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.301s	48	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.217s (-1.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+100.0% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.805s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.225s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.797s	30	1.33x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.475s (+18.4% 🔺)	4.942s (+18.4% 🔺)	0.002s (+2381.8% 🔺)	5.492s (+17.8% 🔺)	2.017s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.898s (+48.8% 🔺)	5.172s (+34.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-95.3% 🟢)	5.524s (+27.9% 🔺)	1.626s	11	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.965s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.874s (+4.6%)	0.002s (-5.0% 🟢)	6.284s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.319s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.746s (-1.9%)	2.099s (-1.8%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.114s (-1.5%)	0.368s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.756s (~)	2.132s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.147s (+1.6%)	0.390s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (-4.5%)	2.072s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.079s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.283s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	3.618s (+10.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.037s (+3.3%)	0.419s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.873s (+10.6% 🔺)	4.175s (+1.8%)	0.000s (-61.7% 🟢)	4.535s (+10.5% 🔺)	0.662s	14	2.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.071s (+4.6%)	5.489s (+0.9%)	0.001s (+46.7% 🔺)	6.050s (+1.6%)	1.980s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.680s (+11.0% 🔺)	6.330s (+10.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-80.4% 🟢)	6.765s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.085s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.021s (+18.7% 🔺)	6.280s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.235s (+117177.8% 🔺)	6.879s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.858s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	17/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	20/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes a performance regression in @workflow/builders where discoverEntries()’s WeakMap cache stopped hitting during dev rebuilds, causing duplicate esbuild “discovery” passes and flaky CI timeouts.

Changes:

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution into discoverEntries() so callers can keep passing the original inputFiles array reference (restoring WeakMap cache hits).
• Updates createStepsBundle() to call discoverEntries(inputFiles, ...) directly (removing the “always new array” discoveryInputs logic).
• Adds a changeset to ship the fix as a patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Resolves workflow/runtime inside discoverEntries() and uses internal entryPoints while caching by the original inputs reference.
.changeset/fix-discovery-weakmap-cache.md	Patch changeset documenting the dev rebuild performance fix.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

Fixes flaky E2E Local Dev Tests that started failing after #1669.

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution from createStepsBundle() into discoverEntries() so callers pass the original inputFiles array reference
• Restores the WeakMap<string[], DiscoveredEntries> cache hit when createWorkflowsBundle() and createStepsBundle() are called sequentially with the same inputFiles
• Eliminates the redundant second esbuild discovery pass per build that was pushing dev rebuild times past the 50s polling timeout on CI

Root Cause

PR #1669 added workflow/runtime to the discovery inputs inside createStepsBundle:

constdiscoveryInputs=resolvedWorkflowRuntime
? [...inputFiles,resolvedWorkflowRuntime]// new array reference every time
: inputFiles;

Since resolvedWorkflowRuntime is almost always truthy, this always created a new array, causing the WeakMap cache (keyed on array reference) to never hit. Each build() call ran two full esbuild discovery passes instead of one. Combined with the broader /.*/ onResolve filter (also from #1669), this roughly doubled an already-slower build, pushing total rebuild time past the 50-second polling timeout on CI.

Fix

The workflow/runtime resolution now lives inside discoverEntries() itself. The expanded entry points list is used internally for the esbuild build, but the original inputs array is preserved as the WeakMap key. Both createWorkflowsBundle and createStepsBundle pass the same inputFiles reference and share the cache.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf45928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	898	0	182	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	82	0	8	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	74	24	231
✅ 📋 Other	228	0	42	270
Total	4060	74	687	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

redis (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

turso (60 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNXKVA0NBQK0575XSSB86Z44
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN20YHVZR405HANHF06SZA
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN262EYNAFTQ71BA4334Q2
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN28BZ0NTF07CBSGENZ4WK
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXKVPM3HNQTTXBC4Q1440F1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN2MQV3YSXJZ1J2XTMVASD
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3GGPCQC1ZYJ1PGAYHQNS
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3WH4Q9KTABH0CNGSVM5Y
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN406BSGZZ1W9D1EK6S00A
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN42GGDSYWCK3ETRMV2K7X
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6SS0WN8KG617GR4EKG28
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNXNAGDGFDVRY0VEKCCDVAT6
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNXNBTBE554F5HHN0D9SFKG6
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNXNCFT2FBXM8ECF772T5PCQ
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNXNCSGXT01BESRYJC9KSR9K
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNXNCZG6PT2FD5RYPS5JSP5T
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNXND1TC6XTKDN0271EV78SF
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNXNDG6BRYENSK2QVHAMB4BH
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNXNDZQ44MJSYX3EB7VK0WHT
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNXNE5RFN5B7TR24MECQK67F
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNXNEBKD5X0WEVKHV11SJSSY
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNXNEJP74A4TYPRT6JXS6QE2
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNXNEVA23SKAYP9N794SGDZT
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNXNF2R8ZB29WBMMR2FYMCEB
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNFB33XMFBJ2H42BZ8AZ5A
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNXNFS32SMEW1NC49W6YA6CE
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNXNG1NKXRP31JSEBXCD8P7T
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNG9YW2W42PDQV73D6SFFP
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNGKJKSTC0DPQY8F92HCPN
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNXNH0ANMC0WA83PDN8ZG4H5
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNXNHPDCRJKAXXJZ8NM6H1G8
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNXNJ18SG5AR6B1WT37ZGYDR
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNXNJ8CW3JQ78P6E7053SSPR
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNXNJAPPQGA66DJ1ASP92QRC
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNJGR1CRB0ZH6EXEJGVP5Z

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	82	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	7	8
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	7	8
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	60	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	76	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (+19.8% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.057s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.950s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+5.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.951s	10	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.242s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.035s (-9.9% 🟢)	1.792s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.247s (-4.6%)	1.934s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.688s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.276s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.946s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.125s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.881s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.129s (+3.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.876s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.132s (+0.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (-0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.870s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.857s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.856s (-9.3% 🟢)	3.907s (-4.7%)	2.051s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.010s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.953s (+3.2%)	1.942s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.285s (+15.3% 🔺)	4.320s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.034s	10	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.878s (+0.8%)	11.017s (~)	0.139s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.878s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.140s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.884s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.135s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.933s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.091s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.953s (+3.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.069s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.773s (-5.3% 🟢)	17.956s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.183s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.083s (-3.0%)	18.888s (-4.0%)	1.805s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.540s (-7.6% 🟢)	19.864s (-3.2%)	2.324s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.468s (-0.7%)	15.021s (~)	0.553s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.483s (+2.2%)	15.020s (~)	0.537s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.518s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.504s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.925s (-0.5%)	15.028s (~)	0.102s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	14.953s (+5.0%)	15.029s (~)	0.076s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	29.941s (-16.2% 🟢)	31.826s (-15.9% 🟢)	1.885s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.437s (-18.0% 🟢)	33.209s (-17.5% 🟢)	1.772s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.469s (-4.8%)	35.093s (-2.8%)	2.624s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.803s (-2.3%)	14.019s (-4.9%)	0.215s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.831s (+3.1%)	14.163s (~)	0.333s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.933s (~)	14.165s (-1.0%)	0.233s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.485s (-1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.544s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	16.556s (+10.0% 🔺)	17.031s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.475s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	50.126s (-8.0% 🟢)	51.179s (-9.3% 🟢)	1.054s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.932s (-11.3% 🟢)	55.122s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.189s	2	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	61.490s (+10.9% 🔺)	63.798s (+10.5% 🔺)	2.308s	2	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.222s (+3.0%)	2.010s (~)	0.788s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.265s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.745s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.266s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.743s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.513s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.493s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.530s (+6.2% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-5.6% 🟢)	4.178s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.711s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.549s (-5.2% 🟢)	3.865s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.317s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.551s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.326s (-7.2% 🟢)	1.774s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.329s (-0.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.681s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.333s (-1.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.675s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.394s (-2.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.615s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.987s (+0.8%)	3.341s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.354s	9	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	2.999s (+16.3% 🔺)	3.564s (+18.5% 🔺)	0.565s	9	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.402s (-8.9% 🟢)	3.704s (-15.8% 🟢)	1.302s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.537s (-7.2% 🟢)	4.334s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.797s	7	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.268s (+2.5%)	1.411s	8	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.448s (-1.1%)	4.010s (~)	0.562s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.504s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.506s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.650s (+1.4%)	4.010s (~)	0.360s	8	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.648s (-8.6% 🟢)	8.518s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.870s	4	2.22x
💻 Local	Express	8.226s (+22.4% 🔺)	9.023s (+28.6% 🔺)	0.797s	4	2.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.101s (+57.4% 🔺)	5.738s (+35.5% 🔺)	1.638s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.557s (+45.7% 🔺)	6.329s (+28.4% 🔺)	1.771s	5	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.770s (+48.2% 🔺)	6.765s (+33.8% 🔺)	1.995s	5	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.216s (+2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.248s (-1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.760s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.725s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.546s (+1.5%)	2.005s (~)	0.459s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.563s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.442s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.596s (-16.8% 🟢)	1.582s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.084s (+1.7%)	4.584s (+12.0% 🔺)	2.499s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.307s (+3.5%)	4.240s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.933s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.340s (-1.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.670s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.348s (-0.6%)	3.010s (~)	0.661s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.392s (+1.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.618s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.997s (-3.2%)	3.886s (-3.1%)	0.889s	8	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	3.199s (+7.6% 🔺)	4.011s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.811s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.206s (-11.6% 🟢)	4.239s (+1.2%)	2.033s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (-14.4% 🟢)	3.824s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.511s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (-12.8% 🟢)	4.190s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.673s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.469s (-1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.542s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.472s (-0.7%)	4.012s (~)	0.540s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.643s (+1.8%)	4.012s (~)	0.370s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.658s (-7.3% 🟢)	9.026s (-10.0% 🟢)	0.368s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Express	8.825s (+9.7% 🔺)	9.274s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.449s	4	2.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.702s (-16.0% 🟢)	4.421s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.720s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.094s (+4.0%)	4.831s (-4.4%)	1.737s	7	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.167s (-5.7% 🟢)	5.482s (+1.0%)	2.315s	6	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.773s (+20.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.234s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.794s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.212s	60	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.828s (-0.7%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.195s	59	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.977s (-1.2%)	1.076s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.098s	56	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	0.983s (+40.3% 🔺)	1.137s (+13.2% 🔺)	0.154s	53	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.135s (-15.9% 🟢)	9.512s (-17.7% 🟢)	1.376s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.132s (-15.6% 🟢)	11.522s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.390s	6	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.167s (+19.6% 🔺)	13.551s (+21.6% 🔺)	2.384s	5	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.891s (-2.4%)	2.007s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.116s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.892s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.100s (+3.5%)	0.207s	43	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.938s (-1.3%)	2.124s (-4.6%)	0.186s	43	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.005s (~)	3.547s (-1.1%)	0.542s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Express	3.007s (+23.2% 🔺)	3.470s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.463s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.424s (-5.4% 🟢)	28.011s (-7.3% 🟢)	1.588s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.862s (~)	30.002s (~)	2.140s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.334s (-4.0%)	30.384s (-3.8%)	2.050s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.801s (+19.1% 🔺)	4.075s (+2.5%)	0.275s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.821s (-1.9%)	4.009s (-3.4%)	0.188s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.926s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.256s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.148s (-1.1%)	9.865s (-1.5%)	0.717s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Express	9.157s (+25.3% 🔺)	9.787s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.630s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	76.448s (+7.7% 🔺)	77.965s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.517s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	76.928s (~)	79.292s (~)	2.364s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	77.841s (+1.7%)	80.075s (+2.1%)	2.234s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.007s (~)	0.758s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.282s (+2.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.286s (+1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.722s	60	1.15x
💻 Local	Express	0.586s (+0.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.419s	60	2.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.605s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.399s	60	2.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.509s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.159s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.650s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.516s (+10.5% 🔺)	3.266s (+11.3% 🔺)	1.750s	19	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.723s (+19.4% 🔺)	3.201s (-0.5%)	1.479s	19	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.525s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.484s (-3.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.522s	90	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.491s (-2.4%)	1.007s (~)	0.516s	90	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.491s (+0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.517s	30	5.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.547s (+6.4% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.461s	30	5.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.869s (+4.1%)	5.135s (+14.5% 🔺)	2.266s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.947s (+12.4% 🔺)	4.487s (~)	1.540s	21	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.959s (+25.4% 🔺)	6.127s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.167s	15	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.764s (+15.0% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.243s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.787s (+0.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.220s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.788s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.219s	120	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	11.131s (+11.2% 🔺)	11.845s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.714s	11	14.58x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.147s (~)	11.847s (~)	0.699s	11	14.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.722s (+1.9%)	8.425s (-2.2%)	1.703s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.218s (+8.1% 🔺)	9.523s (+8.4% 🔺)	2.306s	13	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.599s (+30.2% 🔺)	9.460s (+21.4% 🔺)	1.860s	13	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.198s (-2.4%)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (-2.5%)	1.018s (~)	0.820s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.198s (+19.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+80.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.812s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.201s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.809s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	0.207s (+48.1% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.017s (~)	0.810s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.211s (+2.0%)	1.001s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.800s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.653s (+4.8%)	3.288s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.224s (-39.6% 🟢)	4.037s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.383s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.943s (+6.8% 🔺)	3.218s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.643s (+142.4% 🔺)	4.343s (+3.2%)	2.400s	10	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.306s (+50.4% 🔺)	3.398s (+22.8% 🔺)	0.639s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.396s (+10.8% 🔺)	2.090s	10	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.596s (-2.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (+3.6%)	1.021s (~)	0.425s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.609s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+4.6%)	1.026s (~)	0.417s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.630s (+3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-16.1% 🟢)	1.025s (~)	0.395s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.732s (+0.8%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-8.5% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.290s	59	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	0.819s (+46.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.116s (+9.2% 🔺)	0.297s	54	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.782s (-8.9% 🟢)	4.912s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.334s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.644s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.861s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.447s (-0.7%)	6.158s (+1.8%)	0.257s (-9.2% 🟢)	6.903s (-0.9%)	2.456s	9	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	163.672s (+3489.0% 🔺)	165.788s (+2467.5% 🔺)	0.323s (+9.2% 🔺)	166.528s (+2143.3% 🔺)	2.856s	1	43.27x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.922s (-0.9%)	1.114s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.147s (+2.4%)	0.225s	53	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.955s (-2.5%)	1.147s (-3.8%)	0.000s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.161s (-4.6%)	0.206s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.970s (+2.6%)	1.244s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.000s (-64.6% 🟢)	1.271s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.301s	48	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.217s (-1.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+100.0% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.805s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.225s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.797s	30	1.33x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.475s (+18.4% 🔺)	4.942s (+18.4% 🔺)	0.002s (+2381.8% 🔺)	5.492s (+17.8% 🔺)	2.017s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.898s (+48.8% 🔺)	5.172s (+34.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-95.3% 🟢)	5.524s (+27.9% 🔺)	1.626s	11	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.965s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.874s (+4.6%)	0.002s (-5.0% 🟢)	6.284s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.319s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.746s (-1.9%)	2.099s (-1.8%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.114s (-1.5%)	0.368s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.756s (~)	2.132s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.147s (+1.6%)	0.390s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (-4.5%)	2.072s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.079s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.283s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	3.618s (+10.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.037s (+3.3%)	0.419s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.873s (+10.6% 🔺)	4.175s (+1.8%)	0.000s (-61.7% 🟢)	4.535s (+10.5% 🔺)	0.662s	14	2.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.071s (+4.6%)	5.489s (+0.9%)	0.001s (+46.7% 🔺)	6.050s (+1.6%)	1.980s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.680s (+11.0% 🔺)	6.330s (+10.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-80.4% 🟢)	6.765s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.085s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.021s (+18.7% 🔺)	6.280s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.235s (+117177.8% 🔺)	6.879s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.858s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	17/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	20/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes a performance regression in @workflow/builders where discoverEntries()’s WeakMap cache stopped hitting during dev rebuilds, causing duplicate esbuild “discovery” passes and flaky CI timeouts.

Changes:

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution into discoverEntries() so callers can keep passing the original inputFiles array reference (restoring WeakMap cache hits).
• Updates createStepsBundle() to call discoverEntries(inputFiles, ...) directly (removing the “always new array” discoveryInputs logic).
• Adds a changeset to ship the fix as a patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Resolves workflow/runtime inside discoverEntries() and uses internal entryPoints while caching by the original inputs reference.
.changeset/fix-discovery-weakmap-cache.md	Patch changeset documenting the dev rebuild performance fix.

---

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[TooTallNate]

Summary

Fixes flaky E2E Local Dev Tests that started failing after #1669.

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution from createStepsBundle() into discoverEntries() so callers pass the original inputFiles array reference
• Restores the WeakMap<string[], DiscoveredEntries> cache hit when createWorkflowsBundle() and createStepsBundle() are called sequentially with the same inputFiles
• Eliminates the redundant second esbuild discovery pass per build that was pushing dev rebuild times past the 50s polling timeout on CI

Root Cause

PR #1669 added workflow/runtime to the discovery inputs inside createStepsBundle:

constdiscoveryInputs=resolvedWorkflowRuntime
? [...inputFiles,resolvedWorkflowRuntime]// new array reference every time
: inputFiles;

Since resolvedWorkflowRuntime is almost always truthy, this always created a new array, causing the WeakMap cache (keyed on array reference) to never hit. Each build() call ran two full esbuild discovery passes instead of one. Combined with the broader /.*/ onResolve filter (also from #1669), this roughly doubled an already-slower build, pushing total rebuild time past the 50-second polling timeout on CI.

Fix

The workflow/runtime resolution now lives inside discoverEntries() itself. The expanded entry points list is used internally for the esbuild build, but the original inputs array is preserved as the WeakMap key. Both createWorkflowsBundle and createStepsBundle pass the same inputFiles reference and share the cache.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bf45928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 11, 2026 6:31am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	923	0	67	990
✅ 💻 Local Development	898	0	182	1080
✅ 📦 Local Production	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	898	0	182	1080
✅ 🪟 Windows	82	0	8	90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	133	74	24	231
✅ 📋 Other	228	0	42	270
Total	4060	74	687	4821

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

redis (7 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3

turso (60 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN1RC5BQFWVP77NAKPD969
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNXKVA0NBQK0575XSSB86Z44
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN20YHVZR405HANHF06SZA
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN262EYNAFTQ71BA4334Q2
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN28BZ0NTF07CBSGENZ4WK
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNXKVPM3HNQTTXBC4Q1440F1
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN2MQV3YSXJZ1J2XTMVASD
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNXN31AACKEY30M2G077PK0G
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3ABBMMG2C21ZRD5NXYEC
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3GGPCQC1ZYJ1PGAYHQNS
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN3WH4Q9KTABH0CNGSVM5Y
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN406BSGZZ1W9D1EK6S00A
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN42GGDSYWCK3ETRMV2K7X
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6NXM5YHYGK3T8HMXM1MM
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNXN6SS0WN8KG617GR4EKG28
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNXNAGDGFDVRY0VEKCCDVAT6
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNXNB4RNJCMR1DYZQ1V37P50
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNXNBTBE554F5HHN0D9SFKG6
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNXNCFT2FBXM8ECF772T5PCQ
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNXNCSGXT01BESRYJC9KSR9K
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNXNCZG6PT2FD5RYPS5JSP5T
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNXND1TC6XTKDN0271EV78SF
• runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNXNDG6BRYENSK2QVHAMB4BH
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNXNDZQ44MJSYX3EB7VK0WHT
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNXNE5RFN5B7TR24MECQK67F
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNXNEBKD5X0WEVKHV11SJSSY
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNXNEJP74A4TYPRT6JXS6QE2
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNXNEVA23SKAYP9N794SGDZT
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNXNF2R8ZB29WBMMR2FYMCEB
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNFB33XMFBJ2H42BZ8AZ5A
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNXNFS32SMEW1NC49W6YA6CE
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNXNG1NKXRP31JSEBXCD8P7T
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNG9YW2W42PDQV73D6SFFP
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNXNGKJKSTC0DPQY8F92HCPN
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNXNH0ANMC0WA83PDN8ZG4H5
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNXNHPDCRJKAXXJZ8NM6H1G8
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNXNJ18SG5AR6B1WT37ZGYDR
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNXNJ8CW3JQ78P6E7053SSPR
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNXNJAPPQGA66DJ1ASP92QRC
• resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNXNJD1AZJEND60KFY6AHFQ3
• getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNXNJGR1CRB0ZH6EXEJGVP5Z

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	83	0	7
✅ example	83	0	7
✅ express	83	0	7
✅ fastify	83	0	7
✅ hono	83	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	88	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	88	0	2
✅ nitro	83	0	7
✅ nuxt	83	0	7
✅ sveltekit	83	0	7
✅ vite	83	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	76	0	14
✅ express-stable	76	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	76	0	14
✅ hono-stable	76	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	63	0	27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	82	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	76	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	76	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	76	0	14
✅ vite-stable	76	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	82	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	6	0	0
❌ mongodb	56	7	8
✅ redis-dev	6	0	0
❌ redis	56	7	8
✅ turso-dev	6	0	0
❌ turso	3	60	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	76	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	76	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.043s (+19.8% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.961s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.044s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.057s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.954s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (-10.5% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.950s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.061s (+5.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.951s	10	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.242s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.035s (-9.9% 🟢)	1.792s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.247s (-4.6%)	1.934s (+7.4% 🔺)	1.688s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.276s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.946s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.125s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.881s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.129s (+3.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.876s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.132s (+0.8%)	2.009s (~)	0.877s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (-0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.870s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.857s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.856s (-9.3% 🟢)	3.907s (-4.7%)	2.051s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.010s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.953s (+3.2%)	1.942s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.285s (+15.3% 🔺)	4.320s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.034s	10	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.878s (+0.8%)	11.017s (~)	0.139s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.878s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.140s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.884s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.135s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.933s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.091s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.953s (+3.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.069s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	16.773s (-5.3% 🟢)	17.956s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.183s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	17.083s (-3.0%)	18.888s (-4.0%)	1.805s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	17.540s (-7.6% 🟢)	19.864s (-3.2%)	2.324s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	14.468s (-0.7%)	15.021s (~)	0.553s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.483s (+2.2%)	15.020s (~)	0.537s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.518s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.504s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.925s (-0.5%)	15.028s (~)	0.102s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	14.953s (+5.0%)	15.029s (~)	0.076s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	29.941s (-16.2% 🟢)	31.826s (-15.9% 🟢)	1.885s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.437s (-18.0% 🟢)	33.209s (-17.5% 🟢)	1.772s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.469s (-4.8%)	35.093s (-2.8%)	2.624s	2	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.803s (-2.3%)	14.019s (-4.9%)	0.215s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.831s (+3.1%)	14.163s (~)	0.333s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.933s (~)	14.165s (-1.0%)	0.233s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.485s (-1.5%)	17.029s (~)	0.544s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	16.556s (+10.0% 🔺)	17.031s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.475s	6	1.20x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	50.126s (-8.0% 🟢)	51.179s (-9.3% 🟢)	1.054s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.932s (-11.3% 🟢)	55.122s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.189s	2	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	61.490s (+10.9% 🔺)	63.798s (+10.5% 🔺)	2.308s	2	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.222s (+3.0%)	2.010s (~)	0.788s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.265s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.745s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.266s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.743s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.513s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.493s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	1.530s (+6.2% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-5.6% 🟢)	4.178s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.711s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.549s (-5.2% 🟢)	3.865s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.317s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.551s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.326s (-7.2% 🟢)	1.774s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.329s (-0.8%)	3.010s (~)	0.681s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.333s (-1.0%)	3.008s (~)	0.675s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.394s (-2.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.615s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.987s (+0.8%)	3.341s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.354s	9	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	2.999s (+16.3% 🔺)	3.564s (+18.5% 🔺)	0.565s	9	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.402s (-8.9% 🟢)	3.704s (-15.8% 🟢)	1.302s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.537s (-7.2% 🟢)	4.334s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.797s	7	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.857s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.268s (+2.5%)	1.411s	8	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.448s (-1.1%)	4.010s (~)	0.562s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.504s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.506s	8	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.650s (+1.4%)	4.010s (~)	0.360s	8	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.648s (-8.6% 🟢)	8.518s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.870s	4	2.22x
💻 Local	Express	8.226s (+22.4% 🔺)	9.023s (+28.6% 🔺)	0.797s	4	2.39x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.101s (+57.4% 🔺)	5.738s (+35.5% 🔺)	1.638s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.557s (+45.7% 🔺)	6.329s (+28.4% 🔺)	1.771s	5	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.770s (+48.2% 🔺)	6.765s (+33.8% 🔺)	1.995s	5	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.216s (+2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.248s (-1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.760s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.283s (+1.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.725s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.546s (+1.5%)	2.005s (~)	0.459s	15	1.27x
💻 Local	Express	1.563s (+6.6% 🔺)	2.005s (~)	0.442s	15	1.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.015s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.596s (-16.8% 🟢)	1.582s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.084s (+1.7%)	4.584s (+12.0% 🔺)	2.499s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.307s (+3.5%)	4.240s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.933s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.340s (-1.0%)	3.010s (~)	0.670s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.348s (-0.6%)	3.010s (~)	0.661s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.392s (+1.1%)	3.010s (~)	0.618s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.997s (-3.2%)	3.886s (-3.1%)	0.889s	8	1.28x
💻 Local	Express	3.199s (+7.6% 🔺)	4.011s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.811s	8	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.206s (-11.6% 🟢)	4.239s (+1.2%)	2.033s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (-14.4% 🟢)	3.824s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.511s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (-12.8% 🟢)	4.190s (-10.4% 🟢)	1.673s	8	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.469s (-1.1%)	4.011s (~)	0.542s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.472s (-0.7%)	4.012s (~)	0.540s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.643s (+1.8%)	4.012s (~)	0.370s	8	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.658s (-7.3% 🟢)	9.026s (-10.0% 🟢)	0.368s	4	2.50x
💻 Local	Express	8.825s (+9.7% 🔺)	9.274s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.449s	4	2.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.702s (-16.0% 🟢)	4.421s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.720s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.094s (+4.0%)	4.831s (-4.4%)	1.737s	7	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.167s (-5.7% 🟢)	5.482s (+1.0%)	2.315s	6	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.773s (+20.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.234s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.794s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.212s	60	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.828s (-0.7%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.195s	59	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.977s (-1.2%)	1.076s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.098s	56	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	0.983s (+40.3% 🔺)	1.137s (+13.2% 🔺)	0.154s	53	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.135s (-15.9% 🟢)	9.512s (-17.7% 🟢)	1.376s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.132s (-15.6% 🟢)	11.522s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.390s	6	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.167s (+19.6% 🔺)	13.551s (+21.6% 🔺)	2.384s	5	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.891s (-2.4%)	2.007s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.116s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.892s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.100s (+3.5%)	0.207s	43	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.938s (-1.3%)	2.124s (-4.6%)	0.186s	43	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.005s (~)	3.547s (-1.1%)	0.542s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Express	3.007s (+23.2% 🔺)	3.470s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.463s	26	1.59x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	26.424s (-5.4% 🟢)	28.011s (-7.3% 🟢)	1.588s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	27.862s (~)	30.002s (~)	2.140s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.334s (-4.0%)	30.384s (-3.8%)	2.050s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.801s (+19.1% 🔺)	4.075s (+2.5%)	0.275s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.821s (-1.9%)	4.009s (-3.4%)	0.188s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.926s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.256s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.148s (-1.1%)	9.865s (-1.5%)	0.717s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Express	9.157s (+25.3% 🔺)	9.787s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.630s	13	2.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	76.448s (+7.7% 🔺)	77.965s (+5.8% 🔺)	1.517s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	76.928s (~)	79.292s (~)	2.364s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	77.841s (+1.7%)	80.075s (+2.1%)	2.234s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.249s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.007s (~)	0.758s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.282s (+2.4%)	1.006s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.286s (+1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.722s	60	1.15x
💻 Local	Express	0.586s (+0.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.419s	60	2.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.605s (+4.2%)	1.005s (~)	0.399s	60	2.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.509s (-6.6% 🟢)	3.159s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.650s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.516s (+10.5% 🔺)	3.266s (+11.3% 🔺)	1.750s	19	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.723s (+19.4% 🔺)	3.201s (-0.5%)	1.479s	19	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.525s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.484s (-3.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.522s	90	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.491s (-2.4%)	1.007s (~)	0.516s	90	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.491s (+0.7%)	3.009s (~)	0.517s	30	5.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.547s (+6.4% 🔺)	3.009s (~)	0.461s	30	5.29x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.869s (+4.1%)	5.135s (+14.5% 🔺)	2.266s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.947s (+12.4% 🔺)	4.487s (~)	1.540s	21	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.959s (+25.4% 🔺)	6.127s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.167s	15	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.764s (+15.0% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.243s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.787s (+0.6%)	1.007s (~)	0.220s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.788s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.219s	120	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	11.131s (+11.2% 🔺)	11.845s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.714s	11	14.58x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.147s (~)	11.847s (~)	0.699s	11	14.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.722s (+1.9%)	8.425s (-2.2%)	1.703s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.218s (+8.1% 🔺)	9.523s (+8.4% 🔺)	2.306s	13	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.599s (+30.2% 🔺)	9.460s (+21.4% 🔺)	1.860s	13	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.198s (-2.4%)	1.004s (~)	0.012s (-2.5%)	1.018s (~)	0.820s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.198s (+19.7% 🔺)	1.001s (~)	0.002s (+80.0% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.812s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.201s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.010s (~)	0.809s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	0.207s (+48.1% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.017s (~)	0.810s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.211s (+2.0%)	1.001s (~)	0.001s (~)	1.010s (~)	0.800s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.653s (+4.8%)	3.288s (+9.7% 🔺)	0.224s (-39.6% 🟢)	4.037s (+6.1% 🔺)	2.383s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.943s (+6.8% 🔺)	3.218s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.643s (+142.4% 🔺)	4.343s (+3.2%)	2.400s	10	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.306s (+50.4% 🔺)	3.398s (+22.8% 🔺)	0.639s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.396s (+10.8% 🔺)	2.090s	10	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.596s (-2.8%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (+3.6%)	1.021s (~)	0.425s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.609s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.004s (+4.6%)	1.026s (~)	0.417s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.630s (+3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.004s (-16.1% 🟢)	1.025s (~)	0.395s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.732s (+0.8%)	1.012s (~)	0.009s (-8.5% 🟢)	1.022s (~)	0.290s	59	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	0.819s (+46.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.010s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.116s (+9.2% 🔺)	0.297s	54	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.782s (-8.9% 🟢)	4.912s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.334s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.644s (-15.1% 🟢)	1.861s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.447s (-0.7%)	6.158s (+1.8%)	0.257s (-9.2% 🟢)	6.903s (-0.9%)	2.456s	9	1.18x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	163.672s (+3489.0% 🔺)	165.788s (+2467.5% 🔺)	0.323s (+9.2% 🔺)	166.528s (+2143.3% 🔺)	2.856s	1	43.27x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.922s (-0.9%)	1.114s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.147s (+2.4%)	0.225s	53	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.955s (-2.5%)	1.147s (-3.8%)	0.000s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.161s (-4.6%)	0.206s	52	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.970s (+2.6%)	1.244s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.000s (-64.6% 🟢)	1.271s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.301s	48	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.217s (-1.7%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+100.0% 🔺)	2.023s (~)	0.805s	30	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.225s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.021s (~)	0.000s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.022s (~)	0.797s	30	1.33x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.475s (+18.4% 🔺)	4.942s (+18.4% 🔺)	0.002s (+2381.8% 🔺)	5.492s (+17.8% 🔺)	2.017s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.898s (+48.8% 🔺)	5.172s (+34.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-95.3% 🟢)	5.524s (+27.9% 🔺)	1.626s	11	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.965s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.874s (+4.6%)	0.002s (-5.0% 🟢)	6.284s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.319s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.746s (-1.9%)	2.099s (-1.8%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.114s (-1.5%)	0.368s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.756s (~)	2.132s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.147s (+1.6%)	0.390s	29	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (-4.5%)	2.072s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.079s (-8.4% 🟢)	0.283s	29	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	3.618s (+10.5% 🔺)	4.034s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-12.7% 🟢)	4.037s (+3.3%)	0.419s	15	2.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.873s (+10.6% 🔺)	4.175s (+1.8%)	0.000s (-61.7% 🟢)	4.535s (+10.5% 🔺)	0.662s	14	2.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.071s (+4.6%)	5.489s (+0.9%)	0.001s (+46.7% 🔺)	6.050s (+1.6%)	1.980s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.680s (+11.0% 🔺)	6.330s (+10.9% 🔺)	0.000s (-80.4% 🟢)	6.765s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.085s	9	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.021s (+18.7% 🔺)	6.280s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.235s (+117177.8% 🔺)	6.879s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.858s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	17/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	20/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes a performance regression in @workflow/builders where discoverEntries()’s WeakMap cache stopped hitting during dev rebuilds, causing duplicate esbuild “discovery” passes and flaky CI timeouts.

Changes:

• Moves workflow/runtime resolution into discoverEntries() so callers can keep passing the original inputFiles array reference (restoring WeakMap cache hits).
• Updates createStepsBundle() to call discoverEntries(inputFiles, ...) directly (removing the “always new array” discoveryInputs logic).
• Adds a changeset to ship the fix as a patch release.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
packages/builders/src/base-builder.ts	Resolves workflow/runtime inside discoverEntries() and uses internal entryPoints while caching by the original inputs reference.
.changeset/fix-discovery-weakmap-cache.md	Patch changeset documenting the dev rebuild performance fix.

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